Vulnerable Classes Research Articles

Groundwater vulnerability and contamination risk mapping of semi-arid Totko river basin, India using GIS-based DRASTIC model and AHP techniques

Totko river basin is a semi-arid watershed, which undergoes severe water crisis during the dry season. Presently, due to increase in population, demand of food has increased leading to a rise in growth of high yield crop variety and usage of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. So, surface water as well as groundwater is getting polluted. In this study assessment of groundwater vulnerability of Totko river basin has been done using DRASTIC and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) models. For this, seven hydrogeological parameters have been considered which are; Depth to water level (D), Net Recharge (R), Aquifer media (A), Soil media (S), Topography (T), Impact of vadose zone (I) and Hydraulic Conductivity (C). Weight and rating analysis of the seven criteria and their sub-criteria have been done using generic DRASTIC algorithm and AHP comparison matrix. Ground Water Vulnerability Map (GWV) obtained from DRASTIC and AHP analysis has been divided into five vulnerable classes. Area of very high vulnerable zone is 6.53% more in AHP based vulnerability as compared to Generic DRASTIC. Similarly, these regions show a high nitrate concentration (30–50 ppm) in groundwater. GWV maps have been validated through nitrate concentration and the accuracy of the models have been assessed through Pearson's correlation coefficient and Kappa coefficient. To prevent groundwater contamination proper land use planning and watershed management are necessary, for which vulnerable zones need to be demarcated and DRASTIC is a useful model for vulnerability assessment.

Income Loss and COVID-19: Evidence from Tunisia

The purpose of this study is to analyze and to predict the individuals’ income loss associated with education, job sector, income brackets during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Tunisian context. A direct survey was conducted in 1842 Tunisian active worker and self-employment aged over 20 years (mean=35.61% female) between December 20, 2020, and February 8, 2021 in Grand Tunis region. Multinomial logistic regression had been used to assess the COVID-19 impact on an individual’s income change in the Tunisian context. The education attainment, job sector and income level had been mobilized to explain the income loss. We find that the education attainment, job sector and income predictor variables are statistically significant. In particular (1) the log-odds will decrease of being in ‘Partial Income Loss’ versus ‘No Income Loss’ class if the responder has a university degree. (2) The log-odds of being in ‘Partial Income Loss’ class relative to ‘No Income Loss’ class will increase if the individual is not in the Job state sector (3) The log-odds will decrease of being in ‘No Income’ versus ‘No Income Loss’ class if the responder has a secondary, or a university degree. Our predictions point out that four fifth of the responders losing their income temporarily or permanently during the year 2020. Tunisian government has to assist the vulnerable social classes and reduce the inequality between social classes.

Marginalized Groups and their Health in Society

Introduction: Health has its own social determinants (www. schulich.uwo.ca, 2022) which considerably affect the quality of provided healthcare (Baah, 2019). Chronic diseases place a significant burden on people in vulnerable social classes, races, and lower socio-economical positions and also on other groups of minorities (Havranek et al., 2015). Methods: The essence of our research was the comparison of the results of preventive medical examinations between marginalized and non-marginalized groups of patients. The chisquared test, T-test and the Chi-squared Independence Test for the contingency table were used in the processing of the data obtained. Results: In the overall evaluation of particular groups, we confirmed the significantly worse results of preventive medical examinations among marginalized patients compared to the majority population.Conclusion: The results of our research clearly confirmed a significantly higher incidence of cardiovascular risk factors among patients living in a marginalized group. Simultaneously, the results predict a higher prevalence of colon cancer in this group. Social justice is a challenge for public health and social work.

Chapitre 7. Comment engager le citoyen dans les discussions bioéthiques et environnementales ?

From the problem of the increase in the price of diesel by a few cents (cf. the movement of the Yellow Vests), we have moved on to the political question of the economic impact of the ecological transition on the middle and especially vulnerable social classes. In this same national debate in 2018, among the 32 questions asked was that of secularism. The environmental question is resolutely bioethical coupled with other concepts including freedom of conscience. It recalls the Rawlsian question of “how to live together?”. It is an integral part of the ongoing political programs for the 2022 presidential elections. How to debate and engage the citizen in bioethical and sustainable development discussions?

Bloodlines: National Border Crossings and Antisemitism in Weimar Germany

This article argues that national border crossings act as focal points for xenophobia. Two mechanisms converge to produce this pattern. First, when the nation-state is under pressure, border crossings make cross-national differences salient, producing a perceived link between international forces and socioeconomic problems of vulnerable social classes. Second, border crossings come to symbolize international threats and attract aggressive nationalist mobilization by radical movements who frame ethnic outsiders as an international evil. In this distinct spatial landscape, ethnic outsiders become scapegoats for broader social problems among individuals losing social status. I develop my argument through the study of local variation in antisemitism in Weimar Germany before the Holocaust. Statistical analysis of Jewish bogeymen and an in-depth exploration of local reports on antisemitism reveal how pluralism in the Weimar Republic started eroding among members of the lower-middle class living at the margins of the state. In doing so, I draw attention to the spatial sources of xenophobia and demonstrate that borders between nations activate borders within nations, shedding new light on the complicated relationship between pluralism and state formation.

ASSESSING LAND SUSCEPTIBILITY FOR POSSIBLE GROUNDWATER POLLUTION DUE TO LEACHING – A CASE STUDY ON ROMANIA

Pollution can occur in any environment, but the way the pollutants spread over depends on the environmental features. Some pollutants remain more or less confined to the contamination site, others do not. This paper proposes a territory zoning showing lands susceptibility for possible groundwater pollution through leaching in Romania, if pollution occurs. The method uses a GIS technique and takes into account soil permeability and texture, relief type, depth to groundwater and climatic water deficit. Six land susceptibility classes were obtained for the whole territory. The highest vulnerability to groundwater pollution was assessed for the most permeable sandy soils, or near - river soils, whereas the most resilient environment was assessed for the low permeable clayey soils. This land classification is aimed at drawing attention to stakeholders in order to rank and take the most appropriate measures to prevent and control pollution, if occurring. The regions that are most vulnerable to pollution should be managed with more care than the most resilient regions. If global warming continues, more severe rainfall events are expected to happen, thus enhancing the leaching of pollutants toward groundwater, specifically for the most vulnerable classes.

Software Vulnerability Prediction Using Grey Wolf-Optimized Random Forest on the Unbalanced Data Sets

Any vulnerability in the software creates a software security threat and helps hackers to gain unauthorized access to resources. Vulnerability prediction models help software engineers to effectively allocate their resources to find any vulnerable class in the software, before its delivery to customers. Vulnerable classes must be carefully reviewed by security experts and tested to identify potential threats that may arise in the future. In the present work, a novel technique based on Grey wolf algorithm and Random forest is proposed for software vulnerability prediction. Grey wolf technique is a metaheuristic technique and it is used to select the best subset of features. The proposed technique is compared with other machine learning techniques. Experiments were performed on three datasets available publicly. It was observed that our proposed technique (GW-RF) outperformed all other techniques for software vulnerability prediction.

Systematic Review of the Literature on Dental Caries and Periodontal Disease in Socio-Economically Disadvantaged Individuals.

Dental caries and periodontal disease represent a health problem and a social cost for the entire population, and in particular for socio-economically disadvantaged individuals who are less resistant to disease. The aim of this review is to estimate the prevalence and severity of the two dental pathologies, caries and periodontal disease, in the different classes of socio-economically disadvantaged subjects and to understand which of them are most affected. A systematic search of the literature was performed in MEDLINE (via PubMed), EMBASE and Web of Science after establishing a suitable search strategy for each database, using keywords related to socio-economically vulnerable classes and health outcomes. Socio-economically disadvantaged individuals are more susceptible to tooth decay and periodontal disease (with relative tooth loss) than non-vulnerable people. Additionally, when multiple vulnerabilities are combined in the same subject, these oral diseases worsen. There is no type of vulnerability more affected by caries and periodontitis than others, since overall they all have severe disease indices. The data from this systematic literature review might be useful for health policy makers looking to allocate more resources and services to socially disadvantaged individuals, resulting in making them more resilient to oral disease due to their social marginalization.

ENVIRONMENTAL FRAGILITY OF THE IRAÍ RIVER BASIN – WATER SUPPLY SOURCE FOR CURITIBA, PARANÁ

This research aimed to compare two methods of determining the environmental fragility of a vital source in the region of Curitiba, Paraná, the Iraí river basin. The determination of the environmental fragility was carried out based on the integration of geological, pedological, geomorphological characteristics and land use, using the emergent fragility and Natural Vulnerability to Soil Loss methods. Most of the Iraí River basin was classified as weak to intermediate environmental fragility by both methods. The methods showed equal fragility ratings in 74% of the basin area. The greatest fragilities were found in areas with recent sedimentation, soils with high instability, slopes higher than 12% and land use areas with low protective potential. The emergent fragility method highlighted the effect of land use, accentuating the fragility of the most vulnerable classes. In contrast, the Natural Vulnerability to Soil Loss method attenuated this land-use effect, softening the vulnerability. The fragility maps indicated that different results might be obtained, especially on the threshold between fragility classes and polygons where land-use makes the environment more vulnerable. Thus, the method selection for determining environmental fragility depends on the relevance necessary for land-use. The emergent fragility method is advantageous for showing the fragility in areas mainly occupied by classes of land use of high vulnerability.

Evaluation of Absolute Maximum Urban Heat Island Intensity Based on a Simplified Remote Sensing Approach

The Urban Heat Island (UHI) phenomenon can be harmful during the summer season jeopardizing the safety of some vulnerable population classes. Typically, the study of the UHI requires long data acqu...

Air temperature influences early Covid-19 outbreak as indicated by worldwide mortality

The Covid-19 outbreak has triggered a global crisis that is challenging governments, health systems and the scientific community worldwide. A central question in the Covid-19 pandemic is whether climatic factors have influenced its progression. To address this question, we used mortality rates during the first three weeks of recorded mortality in 144 countries, during the first wave of the pandemic. We examined the effect of climatic variables, along with the proportion of the population older than 64 years old, the number of beds in hospitals, and the timing and strength of the governmental travel measures to control the spread of the disease. Our first model focuses on air temperature as the central climatic factor and explains 67% of the variation in mortality rate, with 37% explained by the fixed variables considered and 31% explained by country-specific variations. We show that mortality rate is negatively influenced by warmer air temperature. Each additional Celsius degree decreases mortality rate by ~5%. Our second model is centred on the UV Index and follows the same trend as air temperature, explaining 69% of the variation in mortality rate. These results are robust to the exclusion of countries with low incomes, as well as to the exclusion of low- and medium-income countries. We also show that the proportion of vulnerable age classes and access to healthcare are critical factors impacting the mortality rate of this disease. The effects of air temperature at an early stage of the Covid-19 outbreak is a key factor to understand the primary spread of this pandemic, and should be considered in projecting subsequent waves.

Resolution of Debts and Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016: The Status of Government Dues and Taxes

The resolution of Corporate Debts has always been an intrinsic issue for the Government, because increase in distressed units would have a cyclic effect on the growth of the Indian economy. Therefore, since 1985, the Government has tried to arrest financial distress by way of statutory solutions. First, it was Sick Industrial Companies (Special Provisions) Act, 1985, and thereafter, a number of other legislations such as, the Recovery of Debts Due to Banks and Financial Institutions Act, 1993 and the Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act, 2002 were passed, but these efforts went in vain, since non-performing assets (NPA) kept escalating. The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 (IBC, 2016) was passed with much enthusiasm to check these increasing NPAs. But, with the passage of time, it has been realised that, IBC 2016 has not been that effective when it comes to combatting the growth of NPAs or recovery of debt especially of the government authorities. The worst hit is the recovery of the state taxes. Taxes are the links between the state and development of an economy, as they are collected for utilisation towards welfare goals of the government and therefore, any deficiency in the collection of taxes, has a direct impact on the prevalent inequality in the society and it also directly affects the rights of the vulnerable groups and marginalised classes, such as, their right to food, health and shelter and other human rights’ issues. The objective of the present research article, therefore, is first, to analyse the different legislations passed by the Parliament to look at the pertinent issues related to NPAs and collection of taxes. Second-, the purpose is to examine as to how the non-recovery of taxes directly affects the State welfare schemes, which further directly affects the human rights of the weaker sections of the society and vulnerable classes and third, as to how IBC, 2016 has addressed the issues of recovery of tax dues.

Developing an Assisting Device to Reduce the Vibration on the Hands of Elders

In our society, elderly people are one of the most vulnerable classes. At present, aging in the population is becoming a more and more serious issue. This might lead to several diseases related to aging such as Parkinson’s disease. From the viewpoint of assistive techniques, a device for disadvantaged groups should be created to lessen some of the inconveniences in their lives. Therefore, in this paper, a wearable mechanism to suppress axial vibration is proposed for people who suffer from unexpected tremors in their daily lives. Some investigations on Parkinson’s patients were carried out to infer their characteristics. A dynamic model of the gyroscopic system was then analyzed to formulate interactive torques in the working space. The control input was quantified concerning balancing the system state from the kinetic energy and using the feedback linearization technique. The framework of the proposed device was then described via mechanical analysis and prototype design. To validate the effectiveness of our approach, the system’s mathematical dynamics were simulated in a MATLAB environment. In a frequency range of 2–6 Hz, the system response adapted well to axial tremors. Our hardware in the proposed design was tested in different test scenarios such as in non-gyro- and gyro-based tremor suppression for real-world applications. Hand tremors were measured using wearable equipment with various levels of amplitude. From these results, it is clear that our method could have an effectiveness of up to 92.6%, which is considerably better than that in the non-gyro case. Hence, this innovative mechanism is expected to be employed in the fields of medical assistance, health care services, and robotics.

A Study on the Policy Directions for the Development of Skill Convergence in the Post-COVID19 Era

This study aimed to look for educational ways to prepare for the future society for education and people of talent who will lead the post-COVID-19 era. To this end, the factors necessary for the type of future talent in the post-COVID-19 era were identified by analyzing Big data. Based on the deducted factors composing the type of talent in the post-COVID-19 era, policy direction according to the emergence of the post-COVID-19 era were deducted through the interviews with the group of experts and delphi survey, and on the basis of this, this study sought for“a plan for the educational change in line with cultivation of people of talent in the post-COVID-19 era. The results of this study are as follows. First, through the big data analytics and analysis of the interviews, convergence, ICT utilization ability, creativity, self-regulated competency and leadership were found to be the factors necessary for the type of talent in the post-COVID-19 era. Second, it considered the innovation of digital education system and the support for vulnerable classes as the issue for cultivation of people of talent in the post-COVID-19 era. Third, the most important policy with regard to the educational direction for cultivation of people of talent in the post-COVID-19 era was cultivation of convergence talents. Convergence is a very important variable in the post-COVID-19 era since it creates new values by connecting things that are separated from each other. Hopefully, this study will build a basis for competency development, education and training in preparation for the post-COVID-19 era.

Measures for Expansion of Role and Program of Local Governments for Improvement of Local Safety

이 연구에서는 최근 각 지방자치단체에 대하여 적용하고 있는 주요 안전 평가 척도를 살펴보고 해외 국제안전도시들의 정책 및 운영 프로그램을 분석하여 우리나라 지방자치단체들이 지역사회와 지역 주민의 안전 증진을 위해 검토할 수 있는 정책적 방안을 모색하였다. 연구결과 지역사회 안전 증진을 위한 지방자치단체의 역할과 , 프로그램 확대를 위해서는 첫째, 지역적 환경이나 성별․연령별 인구구성, 소득수준, 외국인이나 이주 노동자 거주 비율 등 다양한 지역 여건을 고려한 프로그램 개발, 그리고 지역안전지수와 손상사망 비율과 같이 지역별 안전 지표 평가결과를 반영한 프로그램을 개발하고 우선순위를 선정하는 등 지역별 특성을 고려한 안전 증진 프로그램이 확대되어야 할 것이다. 둘째, 지역의 안전취약계층을 최일선에서 마주하는 지방자치단체의 관련 프로그램과 지원체계를 확대하기 위해 재난관리기금을 확충하여 각 지방자치단체가 안전취약계층에 대한 지원을 확대하도록 해야 할 것이다. 셋째, 지역주민과 경찰, 소방 등 관내 공공기관 뿐만 아니라 의료기관이나 교육기관, 주민자치단체 등 지역 내 모든 주체들이 참여하는 지역사회 안전 네트워크를 구성해야 할 것이다. 그리고 각 지방자치단체는 안전 관련 조직을 확대 개편하여 가칭 ‘재난안전과’를 설치함과 동시에 안전 분야에 대한 전문성을 갖춘 인력을 지속적으로 육성하여 이들에 대한 인사상 지원이 이루어지도록 해야 할 것이다. 넷째, 지방자치단체가 지역사회 안전 증진을 위한 제반 정책과 프로그램을 추진함에 있어 주기적 평가와 같은 환류 절차가 담보되도록 해야 한다. 그리고 이를 통해 지역사회의 손상사망이나 손상부상 등 손상지표와 지역안전지수를 지속적으로 점검하여 기존 프로그램의 수정과 신규 프로그램의 도입 등에 활용하도록 해야 할 것이다.This study sought for political measures for enabling local governments of Korea to examine for improving safety of local residents by examining key evaluation standards for safety that each local government has been applying recently and analyzing policies and operation programs of overseas safe communities. For expansion of role and program of local governments for improvement of local safety, study results show that First, development of programs considering various local conditions such as local environment, composition of population by gender ㆍ age groups, income level, residence ratio of foreigners and immigrant workers etc., and expansion of safety improvement programs considering regional characteristics such as development of programs that reflect the result of evaluation of safety indicators by regional groups same as local safety index or ratio of death by damage and determination of priority etc. Second, local governments need to expand support for safety vulnerable classes by increasing disaster management fund for expanding programs and support systems of local governments that face safety vulnerable classes in the first line. Third, it is necessary to organize network that all the subjects of the region such as medical and educational institutions, resident groups as well as local residents and public institutions including police and fire station within the jurisdiction participate. And each local government needs to establish a tentative name ‘Disaster and Safety Control Division’ and foster manpower specialized in safety by expanding and reorganizing a safety-related organization, and provide them with continuous personnel support. Fourth, in promoting all relevant polices and programs for improvement of local safety, local governments need to guarantee feedback procedures such as periodic evaluation etc. And through the foregoing, it is also necessary to keep checking indices of damage and local safety such as death or injury by damage within local communities and use them for correction of existing programs and introduction of new programs.

Groundwater vulnerability assessment using GIS-based DRASTIC model in Nangasai River Basin, India with special emphasis on agricultural contamination

Nangasai basin is a semi-arid watershed where agriculture is the main source of economy. In present day, increasing population demands increase in food productivity which leads to increase use of fertilizers and chemical pesticides in agriculture. These fertilizers on the other hand mix up with the groundwater and increase the pollution, which affects human health adversely. So, for controlling the groundwater contamination risk proper water resource management and assessment of groundwater vulnerability is extremely important. Total 7 hydrogeological parameters have been considered for this study, and the final groundwater vulnerability map has been prepared by overlay weighted method with the help of DRASTIC index, which is classified into 5 vulnerable classes (very high, high, moderate, low, and very low). In the south and south-eastern regions of the basin namely Deghi, Bankada, Baram, Macha, Katin, Tilabani high groundwater contamination is been observed. For validating the model, the water quality parameters-nitrate and TDS have been used with the accuracy of 89% and 86% respectively. Using effective as well as scientifically approved methods, the anthropogenic and agricultural contamination can be controlled and managed which will lower the risk of contamination. This map can be further utilized as a base map for management of groundwater pollution and its planning.

Seismic risk and loss estimation for the building stock in Isfahan: part II—hazard analysis and risk assessment

The second part of a seismic risk assessment study for the Iranian city of Isfahan is presented, focusing on the description of the hazard, the risk analysis, and the discussion of the results. This study utilizes the building exposure model, the fragility and the vulnerability curves illustrated in the companion paper. The earthquake occurrence source model adopted is based on the EMME14 hazard study. The site effects accounting for the soil nonlinear behavior are modeled by means of a Vs30 map derived from the topographical slope. The validity of this map is tested based on the local surface geology and geotechnical reports. The probabilistic seismic hazard maps for different return periods that account for site effects are generated and compared with the design spectra mandated by the Iranian national seismic design code. In addition, direct seismic monetary and human losses are estimated for two earthquake scenarios and also for 100- and 475-year return periods. We show loss maps and loss curves, offering insights on the most vulnerable building classes and the spatial distribution of the estimated losses. The results provide a basis for pre- and post-disaster emergency planning, for global and local urban planning, as well as for conceiving adequate risk mitigation strategies including devising fair earthquake insurance policies. This study may also serve as a blueprint for carrying out similar work in other urban areas of the Middle East.

“In These Times of Compassion When Conformity’s in Fashion”: How Therapeutic Jurisprudence Can Root out Bias, Limit Polarization and Support Vulnerable Persons in the Legal Process

In this paper, I consider the extent to which caselaw has – either explicitly or implicitly – incorporated the precepts of therapeutic jurisprudence (TJ), a school of legal thought that focuses on the law’s influence on emotional life and psychological well-being, and that asks us to assess the actual impact of the law on people’s lives. Two of the core tenets of TJ in practice are commitments to dignity and to compassion. I conclude ultimately that, with these principles as touchstones, TJ can be an effective tool – perhaps the most effective tool – in rooting out bias, limiting polarization, and supporting vulnerable persons in the legal process. But, this cannot and will not happen until more judges and practicing attorneys understand the potentially reformative (and transformative) role of TJ. My review of some relevant caselaw (both domestically and internationally) – a review that, to the best of my knowledge, has never previously been undertaken -- suggests that an incorporation of TJ principles is by no means a sure thing. This article will proceed in this manner: First, I will briefly consider the creation and dynamic growth of therapeutic jurisprudence over the past thirty years, looking specifically at the interplay between TJ and values of dignity and compassion. Then, I will assess the role of TJ in dealing with the questions most central to this paper: bias, polarization, and vulnerability. I next review court decisions – both domestic and from other nations -- in which TJ is explicitly mentioned (and in some cases, relied upon). Following this, I will look at some other relevant caselaw in which (1) TJ implicitly helped bring about a solution that minimized bias or polarization or offered support to vulnerable persons or classes, (2) the failure to employ TJ led to decisions that reinforced bias and ignored the needs of those who are vulnerable, or (3) a determination of one’s perspective is needed to determine if one sees the case as “pro-TJ” or “anti-TJ.” I then, in conclusion, offer some modest suggestions as to how TJ can best be employed to ensure decisions that are, optimally,-bias free via approaches that improve therapeutic functioning and do not sacrifice civil liberties.

Cyclone vulnerability assessment of the western coast of Bangladesh

Coastal Bangladesh is one of the hotspots of tropical cyclone’s landfall in South Asia. A spatial vulnerability assessment is required to formulate disaster risk reduction strategies. This study develops a comprehensive tropical cyclone vulnerability mapping approach by applying Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process (FAHP) and geospatial techniques and examines the spatial distribution of tropical cyclone vulnerability in the western coastal region of Bangladesh. We have selected 18 spatial criteria under the physical, social, and mitigation capacity categories as the components of vulnerability. Results indicate that the southern and south-eastern peripheral areas exhibit higher vulnerability to tropical cyclones since these areas comprise low elevation, gentle slope, closeness to the sea, a high number of historical cyclone tracks, vulnerable land cover classes (settlements and crops land), and poor socio-economic structures. These areas cover most of the Barguna, Khulna, Bagerhat, Jhalokati, and southern parts of Satkhira, and Pirojpur districts. The existing mitigation capacity measures, for example, the construction of cyclone shelters, embankments, road networks, and effective warning systems in these areas are not adequate levels. The findings would be useful for policymakers and local authorities in formulating appropriate cyclone risk mitigation plans in coastal Bangladesh.

Indicator-Based Assessment of Resilience and Vulnerability in the Indian Himalayan Region: A Case Study on Socio-Economy under Different Scenarios

The Indian Himalayan region is vulnerable to climate change because of its geospatial fragility. The present study gives a framework for the analysis of household and village-level resilience and vulnerability in the Bhagirathi Basin of Indian Western Himalayan region under different climate change scenarios. Villages were selected depending on different biophysical criteria to have a good representation of the study area. Household-level survey using the household economy approach was done in 646 households of 30 villages to collect information on indicators of natural, physical, financial and human capital assets and scores were generated for each category. A cumulative resilience score was obtained for each household and village. Future climate projections on mean annual temperature were also accessed under Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 4.5 to estimate the change in mean temperature of the studied villages and probable change in agricultural production. The result shows that most of the villages of Tehri Garhwal are clustered in vulnerable classes in comparison to Uttarkashi villages and vulnerability scores of 11 and 8 villages changed under climate shock and future agricultural production change scenarios, respectively. The study has manifold implications on further research and policy implementation under socioeconomic vulnerability in the Himalayan region.