Volume Of Gross Domestic Product Research Articles

ИНФЛЯЦИЯ И ЕЕ ВЛИЯНИЕ НА ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИЙ РОСТ СТРАНЫ

The scientific article contains a review of domestic and foreign literature on the issues of ensuring growth in the gross domestic product, pricing in the conditions of agricultural production, and import substitution. Data from the official website of the Federal State Statistics Service on the dynamics of the consumer price index and the level of gross domestic product in the period from 2017 to 2023 are presented. Statistical data on the dynamics of the level of the consumer price index showed significant changes both in the direction of increasing consumer prices and in the direction of their decrease. Thus, in 2022, a significant increase in consumer prices amounted to 3.55 percent, and in 2023, there was a decrease in consumer prices by 4.52 percent. The growth (decrease) rate of the consumer price index and gross domestic product was determined, a decrease in the gross domestic product in 2020 by 1.7 percent and a decrease in the consumer price index in 2019 by 1.2 percent were identified, and in 2023 there was a decrease of 4 percent. It is noted that the decline in gross domestic product in 2020 is associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. In order to identify the relationship between the level of gross domestic product and the consumer price index, the value of the correlation coefficient was determined. The positive value of the correlation coefficient recorded a direct relationship between the volume of gross domestic product and the consumer price index. A correlation coefficient value of 0.9 indicates a close relationship between the volume of gross domestic product and the consumer price index. Thus, the results of theoretical studies have been confirmed that the volume of gross domestic product is significantly influenced by the level of consumer prices.

Econometric modeling of the mutual impact of import-export operations in the Republic of Azerbaijan

The recent economic changes have led to the formation of new bases for the interaction of the domestic economy with the world economy, which has significantly increased the role of external economic factors in the country’s development. The volume of foreign trade, as well as the structure of export and import of goods, is mainly determined by the state of the country’s economy and production. Therefore, it is essential to analyze the impact of economic factors such as the volume of industrial production and domestic consumption, the volume of gross domestic product (GDP) and per capita income, the ratio of domestic and world prices, and the real exchange rate of the national currency. The primary objective of this article is to statistically analyze, reflect, and forecast the volume of export and import during the transition period of the economic development of the Republic of Azerbaijan. The econometric analysis of foreign trade operations, specifically import-export activities, in the Republic of Azerbaijan for the years 1995-2022 has been conducted in this research. Econometric research approaches were implemented using the operations of the Eviews 8 program package. Regression analysis, correlation analysis, construction of graphs, Descriptive Statistics, Dickey-Fuller test, Granger test, Cusum test, and Cointegration were performed using the tools in the Eviews 8 application package for evaluation.

Ways to optimize inter-budget relations in the Republic of Kazakhstan

In this article, the authors considered the principles of the budget system, implemented their comparative differentiation and analyzed the process of moving funds from one level to another in the form of a transfer of funds in inter-budgetary relations. Inequality of tendencies of formation of budget revenues in these regions is also noted, the needs for the emergence of inter-budget relations and the volume of gross domestic product in the territory of the republic with low concentration of the number and volume of large producers in the domestic market are determined in the context of regions. During the study, the authors also analyzed the volume of subventions from the republican budget, budget exemptions from the local budget and the ratio of subventions to budget exemptions: it is noted that the mechanism of subventions and exemptions leads to a decrease in the share of tax revenues in local budgets against the background of growth of transfers from the republican budget, which, in turn, contributes to a decrease in the independence of local authorities. The main purpose of the scientific article is to analyze the financial policy of the state with regard to the optimization of inter-budget relations in the RK, to identify problems and consider ways of solution. In assessing the state and identifying the problems of inter-budget relations in the country used general scientific methods of research, methods of statistical and comparative analysis. According to the results of the study it was established that to increase the tenge of inter-budget relations a number of measures are taken, in particular, the work on expanding financial autonomy and stimulating local executive bodies to develop the regional economy and increase the revenues of local budgets has been implemented. The conclusions and proposals of the study can serve as a scientific basis for the implementation of policies related to inter-budget relations of the RK.

Показатели и рейтинги в глобальном управлении: новые тенденции

Numerous indicators and ratings aimed at assessing and comparing states based on different criteria, such as volume of gross domestic product (GDP), freedom of speech, gender equality, or attractiveness of local cuisine, have become an integral part of contemporary communications and international relations. Country rankings can be used as a basis for agenda setting, political influence, or developing approaches to global governance. National governments sometimes use rankings developed by international intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations, or in some cases by business entities, as benchmarks for their countriesʼ development and national scorecards and indexes. Or, if the ratings are considered unsatisfactory, governments can distance themselves from such reports, accusing their authors of political bias. Lately, the phenomena of international indicators and ratings, the principles behind their development, and their influence and usage in the context of global governance have attracted attention of researchers specializing in international relations and other social science disciplines. This article examines different theoretical approaches to analyzing the phenomena of indexes and ratings and provides evaluation of the phenomena. The author focuses on the premises for the increasing interest in comparative approaches and emergence of newly developed ratings and indexes, highlights limitations and weaknesses of such approaches, and examines new trends in the field and possible scenarios of its future development in the context of current global transformations.

ENVIRONMENT CREATED FOR ATTRACTING FOREIGN INVESTMENTS AND ITS ATTRACTIVE LEVEL

The article considered the environment created for attracting foreign investments and its level of attractiveness. International rating and indices were studied in the assessment of investment attractiveness. The trend of changes in the volume of gross domestic product and foreign investment has been analyzed. Proposals and recommendations for attracting foreign investments have also been developed.

Government expenditure on education in the light of the paradigm of sustainable development: Econometric spatial models and models of dynamics

The knowledge economy is a paradigm of the post-industrial stage of the development of society, therefore research on the relationship between the level of the main economic indicators and state spending on education is relevant. The purpose of this article was to assess the impact of the main economic indicators on the state spending on education both in total and per capita. Econometric models based on spatial data as well as dynamics models were constructed, and the Goldfeld-Quandt test was performed. The study was conducted on the example of the most influential countries of the world and the member states of the European Union. It is shown that the growth of the total volume of gross domestic product and purchasing power parity is accompanied by the growth of the total volume of state education deductions and education deductions per capita. For countries with relatively low purchasing power parity, the correlation between these indicators is tight, and the dispersion of empirical data relative to theoretical data derived from the econometric model is not statistically significant. On the contrary, for countries with high purchasing power parity, the dependence between these indicators does exist, but there is a significant dispersion of empirical data relative to theoretical data. The Goldfeld-Quandt test showed that the countries that were selected for the study should be classified according to this feature to different sample populations. It was found that the volume of deductions for education per capita has little effect on the effectiveness of the educational process. Studies of the dynamics of education expenditures have shown that although Ukraine belongs to countries with a relatively low purchasing power parity and during 2015-2022 the growth rate of education expenditures significantly lagged behind the growth rate of economic indicators, the effectiveness of education remains relatively high. The obtained research results should be taken into account in practice in order to optimize the costs of financing the educational sector

ОЦІНКА ІНТЕГРАЛЬНОГО ПОКАЗНИКА МАКРОЕКОНОМІЧНОЇ СТАБІЛЬНОСТІ

The article defines features of macroeconomic stability, its factors and approaches to assessment. This is the state of the national economy, in which aggregate demand and supply are balanced, production and consumption are balanced. The main goal of the article is to evaluate the integral indicator of macroeconomic stability as a general indicator of the state's economic development based on the financial statements of 35 European countries in 2010, 2015 and 2020. Solving the specified task contributes to the identification of the leading countries and their main socio-economic and anti-crisis policies, which can serve as guidelines for the adoption of balanced strategic decisions by other states. It was determined that the integral indicator of macroeconomic stability is a versatile assessment of the effectiveness of the national economy on the world market. The main indicators of the state's economic development are an increase in the volume of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Gross National Income (GNI), a decrease in the level of inflation and unemployment, the stability of the national monetary unit, the Gini index close to 0, etc. In the conditions of globalization, the list of indicators is constantly expanding. The following research tools were used in the article: methods of analysis and synthesis, grouping, bibliographic analysis, comparison method, factor analysis, calculation of the integral indicator, graphic method, etc. The use of the method of principal components confirmed the hypothesis that the first factor includes those indicators that exert a stronger influence on macroeconomic stability. Based on the visualization of the integral indicator of macroeconomic stability, the leading country – Switzerland – was determined. The socio-economic features and anti-crisis measures of the specified state can be a reference point for other countries. Among these characteristics, the following are highlighted: creation of compensation programs for companies in the post-crisis period; creation a flexible labour market; allocation of funds for research and development (in Switzerland – 3 % of GDP); combination of digitization processes with investment policy. The results of research can be useful for state bodies when developing elements of national economic policy.

Refined Estimation of Potential GDP Exposure in Low-Elevation Coastal Zones (LECZ) of China Based on Multi-Source Data and Random Forest

With climate change and rising sea levels, the residents and assets in low-elevation coastal zones (LECZ) are at increasing risk. The application of high-resolution gridded population datasets in recent years has highlighted the threats faced by people living in LECZ. However, the potential exposure of gross domestic product (GDP) within LECZ remains unknown, due to the absence of refined GDP datasets and corresponding analyzes for coastal regions. The climate-related risks faced by LECZ may still be underestimated. In this study, we estimated the potential exposure of GDP in the LECZ across China by overlying DEM with new gridded GDP datasets generated by random forest models. The results show that 24.02% and 22.7% of China’s total GDP were located in the LECZ in 2010 and 2019, respectively, while the area of the LECZ only accounted for 1.91% of China’s territory. Significant variability appears in the spatial-temporal pattern and the volume of GDP across sectors, which impedes disaster prevention and mitigation efforts within administrative regions. Interannual comparisons reveal a rapid increase in GDP within the LECZ, but a decline in its share of the country. Policy reasons may have driven the slow shift of China’s economy to regions far from the LECZ.

Identification of parameters of a combined piece-linear regression model

Subject of research: the problem of estimating the parameters of a combined piecewise linear regression model.
 Purpose of research: to apply the apparatus of linear Boolean programming to identify its parameters. 
 Methods and objects of research: the object of research is a set of indicators of inventive activity in the Russian Federation, the methods are regression analysis and mathematical programming.
 Main results of research: an approach to estimating the parameters of a combined piecewise linear regression model by using the method of least modules is described, which makes it possible to reduce this problem to a linear Boolean programming problem. A combined piecewise linear model of inventive activity in the Russian Federation has been constructed, which can be used in various analytical and predictive calculations. The output variable of the model is the number of patent applications, and the input variable is the volume of gross domestic product, the number of graduate students and teaching staff.

ANALYSIS OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT FLOW IN THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN BASED ON THE ACCELERATOR MODEL

Foreign direct investments play a vital role in the economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Nowadays, foreign direct investments are considered to be one of the key aspects in economic integration of countries through creation and facilitation of beneficial links between various countries and economies. The purpose of the paper is to analyze the flow of foreign direct investment in the economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan and its impact on the gross domestic product using the theory of the multiplier-accelerator. While conducting the research the following scientific methods were employed: comparative analysis, analysis and synthesis, content analysis, logical, statistical, and mathematical, graphic. As a result of the undertaken research the features of the applying the multiplier-accelerator model were studied. Based on the collection of statistical data on the inflow of foreign investment and GDP in the Republic of Kazakhstan in the period from 2005-2021, an accelerator line was built. The main findings obtained in the course of the study made it possible to assess the impact of the inflow of foreign direct investment on the volume of gross domestic product, determine the cumulative effect and determine promising directions for the development of investment activity in the Republic of Kazakhstan.

Оценка объемов ВВП России

In this article, an econometric analysis of the volume of the gross domestic product of the Russian Federation is carried out. Based on quarterly data for 2018 – the 1st half of 2022, an additive time series model was built using dummy variables, and according to the resulting model, the volume of gross domestic product for the 2nd half of 2022 was predicted.

The Role of Human Capital in the Economic Development of Countries

Human capital is the main valuable resource of states, the development of the economies of countries and regions as a whole. In many works of scientists and economists, the problems of development, formation, and effective use of human capital are reflected. In a market economy, the development competitiveness of countries depends on the level of progress, which includes the introduction of new advanced innovations. For determining the level of development of countries, the indicators are taken as volume of gross domestic product, life expectancy, level of education and etc. The main factor on development and formation of human capital is education. In a market, the role of education has increased by providing socio-economic and competitive education. The main task of article is the creation of qualified education system in necessary conditions for each individual, which will be contributed to the development and improvement of human capital. The purpose of the study is to consider the rating of human capital in separate countries, their role in the economy and factors of human development. The main sources of the study were data from electronic resources and from the World Bank. The following tasks were solved: reflects the rating of human capital by country and region; the role of human capital in the economies of individual countries is determined; reflects the main measures for the development of human capital in countries and regions; tools and criteria for the development and improvement of human capital are defined.

ЦИФРОВА ЕКОНОМІКА ЯК ФАКТОР ЕКОНОМІЧНОГО РОЗВИТКУ ДЕРЖАВИ

Анотація. Досліджено роль цифрової економіки як фактору економічного розвитку держави. Установлено, що вплив цифрової економіки на економічний розвиток держави можна оцінити виходячи з її впливу на макроекономічні показники. Для оцінки впливу цифрової економіки як фактору економічного розвитку України побудовано регресійні моделі впливу цифрової економіки на валовий внутрішній продукт, темп інфляції та обмінний курс гривні відносно щодо США. Установлено, що розвиток ІТ-послуг в Україні має висхідний тренд, надійність якого становить 96 %. Доведено, що кореляція динаміки зростання обсягу наданих ІТ-послуг в Україні та валового внутрішнього продукту становить 79 %. Це доводить існування взаємозв’язку зростання валового внутрішнього продукту і розвитку цифрової економіки в Україні. Доведено обернений вплив розвитку цифрової економіки на темпи інфляції в Україні. Кореляція між ними становить 67 % і має від’ємне значення, оскільки розвиток ІТ-послуг сприяє зменшенню темпів інфляції та забезпечує підтримання цінової стабільності. Виявлено низький рівень кореляції між обсягом ІТ-послуг в Україні та динамікою обмінного курсу гривні щодо долара США. Це зумовлено тим, що ІТ-послуги споживаються резидентами і призводять до безпосереднього припливу іноземної валюти в Україну. Тестування моделей впливу цифрової економіки, що представлена ІТ-послугами, на показники економічного розвитку України показало: статистично значимий вплив ІТ-послуги мають на темп інфляції. Установлено, що низький вплив цифрової економіки на валовий внутрішній продукт в Україні зумовлений малою часткою цифрової економіки. Доведено, що зі збільшенням питомої ваги цифрової економіки її вплив на економічний розвиток держави зростає. Прогнозування трендових значень параметрів економічного розвитку показало, що в майбутньому в Україні зростатиме обсяг ІТ-послуг, а це сприятиме підтриманню цінової стабільності та зростанню обсягу валового внутрішнього продукту. За умови експорту ІТ-послуг цифрова економіка здійснюватиме позитивний вплив на укріплення гривні щодо долара США. Ключові слова: цифрова економіка, економічний розвиток, ВВП, інфляція, обмінний курс. Формул: 4; рис.: 4; табл.: 3; бібл.: 15.

Индустрия 4.0 в череде технологических укладов и промышленных революций: трансформация строительной индустрии

The article proposes axioms which reveal the features of technological paradigms` development through industrial revolutions. The role of technological paradigms in the development of society is considered and the mechanism of change from the currently dominant paradigm to the incipient one is investigated. The argument for the development of technological paradigms as large socio-economic systems is given, which gives a deep understanding of the regression of technological paradigms, and research points to the exhaustibility of evolutionary improvements of the existing fundamental innovation and the inevitability of a change in technological paradigms. It is determined that the main features of Industry 4.0 allow it to be identified and conclude that the influence of people`s knowledge and their living environment on the volume of gross domestic product of the country is evidently increasing. The results of the expert survey methodology determine different levels of Industry 4.0 interaction and the main factors that influence the world construction industry. Conclusion is made that within the framework of Industry 4.0, the main problem of economy is resource scarcity, and the low material intensity and energy intensity of production in Industry 4.0 will allow rejecting the principle of territorial location of production near raw materials, energy sources, labor resources.

ПІДПРИЄМНИЦТВО УКРАЇНИ В УМОВАХ ІНСТИТУЦІЙНИХ ЗМІН

The paper analyzes the trends of entrepreneurship in Ukraine during 2010-2020. Qualitative indicators are given to calculate the level of entrepreneurship development, in particular the value of gross domestic product, dynamics of change and indices of physical volume of gross domestic product, value of gross domestic product per capita, dynamics of change and indices of physical volume of gross domestic product per capita people. It is concluded that the current state and trends of entrepreneurship in Ukraine do not meet the potential of the state, do not ensure the proper level of well-being of society as a whole and each member of society. One of the reasons for this situation is the constant falling of domestic entrepreneurs into the so-called institutional traps. It is concluded that the institutional transformations that took place in Ukraine during all the years of independence failed to take into account the complexity of Ukraine's transition to a market path of development and therefore led to a large number of institutional traps that hinder entrepreneurship. In particular, such institutional traps as the dependence of Ukraine's economic development on the country's previous development trajectory have been identified and carefully analyzed; imperfection of the created legal system; the absence in many cases of an "effective" owner who could competently conduct economic activities, bring the state significant income in terms of taxes, etc .; the presence in Ukraine of a huge transactional sector of the economy; the country's legislature and executive ignored much of the advice of institutionalists, who believed that economic reforms could not weaken social role of the state, it is impossible to carry out incompatible measures at the same time, and it is possible to copy foreign experience of carrying out reforms only when these countries are at approximately the same level of development with our country. It is concluded that in order to prevent domestic entrepreneurship from falling into institutional traps, the state needs to plan from the very beginning the gradual dismantling of an outdated institution (system of rules of conduct or so-called "game" rules) and its replacement with a new one that would meet new, market business conditions.

The place of small agricultural entrepreneurship in the development of amalgamated territorial communities

The place of small agricultural entrepreneurship in the development of amalgamated territorial communities

Application of resource-efficient technologies in the framework of lean management of industrial enterprises

The article deals with the problem of processing Apple waste in production. It is shown how efficiently food production can be organized with the least losses and costs. It is proved that the technogenic type of development formed in the world economy, which does not sufficiently take into account the environmental and social costs of economic activity, reproduces the problems and dangers that threaten human civilization. Humanity is caught in a vicious circle: to create comfortable living conditions, it is necessary to increase the volume of gross domestic product, which requires more and more resources (primarily mineral), and their extraction, processing and consumption cause serious damage to the environment, contributing to the deterioration of living conditions and the growth of diseases, which negates efforts to create living comfort, and threatening climate change can make life on Earth itself problematic. Within the framework of lean management, the effectiveness of the process of obtaining Apple powder from waste is considered. Development of technologies for processing Apple pomace is an important task, the solution of which is necessary for the improvement of economic indicators of resource efficiency main by-products of fresh Apple pomace in the form of pectin containing products (extracts, pastes, powders, gelling concentrates); canned fruit (pur?ed foods, jam, secondary juice); drink (alcoholic and nonalcoholic); Apple powder; phenolic compounds; products of fermentation (food grade organic acids, enzymes, high-protein animal feed), etc. The use of resource-saving technologies will help strengthen the competitive advantages of industrial enterprises.

Assessment of the Balanced Functioning of Hierarchical Socio-Economic Systems

Balance is one of the properties of the system, and the problems associated with the assessment of balance, the choice of indicators, methods and tools that allow you to make informed management decisions in this area in the future are still open. The aim of the study is to develop and test a methodology for assessing the balance of the functioning of hierarchical socio-economic systems on the basis of the case of the regions of the Central Federal District of Russia. The hypothesis is that the proposed methodology can be effectively applied to study the balance of complex systems along with existing methods in the framework of a new theory of economic systems. The method consists in the formation of special indicators – the coefficient of harmony and the adjusted index of system balance, which allow us to assess the degree of balance of subsystems within the accepted space-time classification. The first of them takes into account the spread of generalized (integral) performance indicators that characterize the object, environment, process and project subsystems. The second one is the intensity of the relationships between them. The integral indicator is calculated by means of a special procedure for convolution of partial results (actual and normative). The norm is determined by a model of the relationship between performance and significant factor characteristics. The peculiarity of the proposed method is the possibility of its use at different levels of management. It also provides a reasonable comparison of the results of the functioning of various subsystems and elements by eliminating the influence of units of measurement and the scale effect; the mutual influence of the considered elements and subsystems is taken into account; the specific conditions of their operation are taken into account. The case of the regions of the Central Federal District is used to carry out a comparative analysis of the results of assessing the balance of subsystems using the volume of gross domestic product by region by type of economic activity for 2007-2018,. The conclusion is made about the possibility of using, along with the index of system balance, the coefficient of harmony. The practical results of the study can be used by government authorities to make decisions and develop measures aimed at ensuring the sustainable development of the regions of the Central Federal District.

Математичне моделювання прогнозування обсягів продукування будівельних відходів в різних країнах світу

Construction waste can be widely used in construction: as a filler and binder for the production of concrete, dry mixtures and other building materials, for the production of building materials with protective properties, etc. Tstudy of the volume of construction waste in different countries around the world by planning a second-order experiment by the Box-Wilson method using rotatable central compositional planning using the developed software, which is protected by a certificate of the work. The aim of the study is to determine by planning a regression model to predict the production of construction waste in different countries from the main parameters of influence. The regression dependence of forecasting the volume of construction waste production in different countries of the world on the main parameters of influence: population density, gross domestic product per capita, human development index, average latitude of the country. It is established that according to Fisher's criterion the hypothesis about the adequacy of the obtained regression model can be considered correct with 95 % reliability. The correlation coefficient was 0,99475, which indicates sufficient reliability of the obtained results. The obtained regression dependence can be used when developing a strategy for construction waste management. It was established that among the factors of influence that were considered, the volume of gross domestic product per capita has the greatest impact on the volume of construction waste production, and the index of human development has the least. The response surfaces of the target function are constructed - the volumes of construction waste production in different countries of the world and their two-dimensional cross-sections in the planes of impact parameters.

The impact of economic entities’ innovative activity on the indicators of sustainable development of Ukraine

The article is devoted to substantiating the impact of innovative activity of business entities on the indicators of sustainable development of Ukraine on the basis of the econometric modeling. It is proposed to consider this impact from the point of view of increasing the country’s gross domestic product (GDP) and the resulting factor of innovation implementations – the volume of innovative products sold. Analytical data from statistical reporting forms of Ukrainian enterprises were used by summarizing the data taken in the forms of statistical observation of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine. The models are developed based on two methodological approaches: a generalizing indicator of efficiency and effectiveness. According to the results of a study conducted by the authors, the most significant impact on the volume of GDP is exerted, in particular: among the performance indicators – the cost of innovation and the number of business entities that have implemented innovations; efficiency – the share of the volume of scientific and scientific and technical works performed in GDP. In contrast to the current models, the proposed ones provide a high level of accuracy in assessing indicators of the macroeconomic state of Ukraine, as a basis for forming an effective state policy of sustainable development. Based on the developed models, the current directions of improving and reforming the innovation ecosystem to increase the scientific potential of Ukraine are identified.