Volume Fraction Of Solid Phase Research Articles

Electrochemical Change Induced by Spherical Indentation in Lithium-Ion Batteries

Since the Young’s modulus of the separator is weaker than that of the other materials inside a lithium-ion battery, local deformation may cause blockage or rupture of the separator, resulting in internal short-circuit or other disasters. This study collects the stress–strain relationship of various materials within the battery, and combines the mechanical model with the electrochemical model through the coupled relationship between the volumetric strain and the volume fractions of solid and liquid phases. From a two-dimensional electrochemical simulation of a spherical indentation on a layer-structured battery, it is found that there is local negative value of the side reaction overpotential on the negative electrode adjacent to the separator after the battery is deformed. A higher strain will cause a decrease in the negative overpotential, leading to a more serious deposition of lithium during the charge process. The deformation-dependent overpotential is evaluated and the lithium deposition is then quantified. Moreover, the issue of the separator thickness is explored. We find that under an indentation, the thickness does not affect the charging voltage, while a thinner layer will reduce the separator porosity and thus lower the overpotential and increase the chance of lithium deposition.

Mathematical Model Research on the Influence of Fluid Parameter Characteristics on the Solid Fluidization Exploration Process of Hydrate Reservoir

Objective: In order to further study the characteristics of flow parameters in the wellbore during solid fluidization drilling, based on the physical model of solid fluidization exploration of hydrate reservoir, a gas-liquid-solid three-phase flow model is established during the drilling process. Methods: The parameter changes of wellbore pressure, section gas holdup, liquid volume fraction, temperature and wellbore hydrate decomposition rate under the influence of different wellhead choke pressure, displacement and drilling fluid density during solid fluidization are analyzed. Results: The analysis results of the case will show that under different wellhead choke pressures, hydrate begins to decompose at 400m to 500m, and with the increase in wellhead choke pressure, the wellbore pressure and the volume fraction of liquid and solid phase at the same position increase significantly, and the gas production rate and the gas volume fraction decrease. The results also show that under different drilling fluid rates, hydrate begins to decompose at 500m to 550m, and with the increase in drilling fluid rate, bottomhole pressure and wellbore temperature increase, the situation of hydrate decomposition becomes better, and gas volume fraction decreases. Conclusion: With the increase of drilling fluid density, hydrate begins to decompose at 500m to 600m, the wellbore temperature increases, and the hydrate decomposition is delayed. Meanwhile, the difference in the location of hydrate decomposition becomes smaller.

Thermal Management of Solar Photovoltaic Cell by Using Single Walled Carbon Nanotube (SWCNT)/Water: Numerical Simulation and Sensitivity Analysis

Despite the attractiveness of Photovoltaic (PV) cells for electrification and supplying power in term of environmental criteria and fuel saving, their efficiency is relatively low and is further decreased by temperature increment, as a consequence of absorption of solar radiation. In order to prevent efficiency degradation of solar cells due to temperature increment, thermal management is suggested. Active cooling of solar cells with use of liquid flow is one of the most conventional techniques used in recent years. By use of nanofluids with improved thermophysical properties, the efficiency of this cooling approach is improvable. In this article, Single Walled Carbon Nano Tube (SWCNT)/water nanofluid is used for cooling of a PV cell by considering variations in different factors such as volume fraction of solid phase, solar radiation, ambient temperature and mass flow rate. According to the findings, use of the nanofluid can lead to improvement in performance enhancement; however, this is not significant compared with water. In cases using water and the nanofluid at 0.5% and 1% concentrations, the maximum improvement in the efficiency of the cell compared with the cell without cooing were 49.2%, 49.3 and 49.4%, respectively. In addition, sensitivity analysis was performed on the performance enhancement of the cell and it was noticed that solar radiation has the highest impact on the performance enhancement by using the applied cooling technique, followed by ambient temperature, mass flow rate of the coolants and concentration of the nanofluid, respectively. Moreover, exergy analysis is implemented on the system and it is noticed that lower ambient temperature and solar radiation are preferred in term of exergy efficiency.

CFD simulation of gas–solid fluidized bed hydrodynamics; prediction accuracy study

Abstract The present study aims at increasing the prediction accuracy of simulating gas–solid fluidized bed hydrodynamics. Two simulation packages, Fluent and MFIX, were used to predict the pressure drop, voidage, and solid-phase velocities by solving mass, momentum, and energy balance equations. A 2D multi-fluid Eulerian model with the kinetic theory of granular flow (KTGF) was applied to simulate the process by considering two different drag models. The same comparative criterion of average absolute relative deviation (AARD%) was considered to compare the present simulation with the previous works. Compared to the prior works, the minimum decrease in error (AARD% of 5.91%) was 3.17% related to the estimation of the time-averaged voidage by applying the Gidaspow model, while the maximum reduction in error (ARRD% of 5.88%) was 17.35% attributed to the prediction of pressure drop by employing the Syamlal-O’Brien model, both in Fluent software. However, MFIX software was the best CFD tool in predicting time-averaged voidage by AARD% values less than 9% under all conditions. Furthermore, similar patterns in contours were observed for solid-phase volume fraction and gas/solid phase velocities in both simulation tools, which are compatible with results from the literature without any significant difference.

Utilization of industrial waste of amla and apple pomace for development of functional biscuits: Physical, microstructural, and macroscopic properties

Food waste utilization using technological innovations can aid in addressing food waste issues. Thus, this study aimed to develop functional biscuits enriched with apple, amla, and apple–amla mix pomace (Industrial waste). The knowledge of the rheological properties of dough was considered during biscuit development. Besides, the effect of various combinations of apple, amla, and the mix pomace (5%–20% with 5% increment) on physical, textural, sensory, and microstructural characteristics of the functional biscuit was investigated. X-ray microcomputed tomography (X-ray μCT) scanning coupled with image analysis was used for microstructural characterization. The textural attributes and color characteristics of the functional biscuits were significantly different compared to the control sample. The dough formulation (pomace) and variation in microstructure properties significantly affected the physical, textural, and sensory properties. Furthermore, a remarkable reduction in the total volume (up to 25.4%) and total surface area of pores (up to 45.5%) of functional biscuit was noted. The volume fraction of solid phase showed an increasing trend as the composition of pomace rises and the porosity reduced drastically from 37.24% in control sample to 17.48% in apple–amla mix 20% sample. Three-dimensional images of biscuits analyzed by an X-ray μCT system also supported the quantitative results. The functional biscuit prepared by partial replacement of wheat flour by 10% amla pomace is best in dough rheology, microstructural, textural, and sensory attributes. In conclusion, amla, apple, and mix pomace biscuits enhance the nutritional, functional, and overall characteristics of the sample. The results of this study aid in utilizing waste (pomace) of the amla and apple industry into a valuable dietary product. Novelty impact statement The study is one of the few studies on apple and amla pomace and their utilization for functional food product development. Also, the effect of amla and apple pomace composite on biscuit preparation is a novel work. The replacement of apple and amla pomace up to 10% for biscuit preparation was desirable. At 20% replacement, the color, texture, internal structure, rheological properties, and sensory characteristics of developed biscuits were not desirable. X-ray microcomputed tomography (X-ray μCT) coupled with image analysis technology is novel in food processing. The internal structure analysis of biscuits prepared was very helpful in correlating various properties. The development of functional food from waste generated by the fruit processing industries can improve the economy of the industry at the same time, the environmental pollution problem can also be tackled.

Finite volume simulations of particle-laden viscoelastic fluid flows: application to hydraulic fracture processes

Accurately resolving the coupled momentum transfer between the liquid and solid phases of complex fluids is a fundamental problem in multiphase transport processes, such as hydraulic fracture operations. Specifically we need to characterize the dependence of the normalized average fluid–particle force $$\langle F \rangle$$ on the volume fraction of the dispersed solid phase and on the rheology of the complex fluid matrix, parameterized through the Weissenberg number Wi measuring the relative magnitude of elastic to viscous stresses in the fluid. Here we use direct numerical simulations (DNS) to study the creeping flow ( $$Re\ll 1$$ ) of viscoelastic fluids through static random arrays of monodisperse spherical particles using a finite volume Navier–Stokes/Cauchy momentum solver. The numerical study consists of $$N=150$$ different systems, in which the normalized average fluid–particle force $$\langle F \rangle$$ is obtained as a function of the volume fraction $$\phi$$ $$(0 < \phi \le 0.2)$$ of the dispersed solid phase and the Weissenberg number Wi $$(0 \le Wi \le 4)$$ . From these predictions a closure law $$\langle F(\phi,Wi) \rangle$$ for the drag force is derived for the quasi-linear Oldroyd-B viscoelastic fluid model (with fixed retardation ratio $$\beta = 0.5$$ ) which is, on average, within $$5.7\%$$ of the DNS results. In addition, a flow solver able to couple Eulerian and Lagrangian phases (in which the particulate phase is modeled by the discrete particle method (DPM)) is developed, which incorporates the viscoelastic nature of the continuum phase and the closed-form drag law. Two case studies were simulated using this solver, to assess the accuracy and robustness of the newly developed approach for handling particle-laden viscoelastic flow configurations with $$O(10^5-10^6)$$ rigid spheres that are representative of hydraulic fracture operations. Three-dimensional settling processes in a Newtonian fluid and in a quasi-linear Oldroyd-B viscoelastic fluid are both investigated using a rectangular channel and an annular pipe domain. Good agreement is obtained for the particle distribution measured in a Newtonian fluid, when comparing numerical results with experimental data. For the cases in which the continuous fluid phase is viscoelastic we compute the evolution in the velocity fields and predicted particle distributions are presented at different elasticity numbers $$0\le El \le 30$$ (where $$El=Wi/Re$$ ) and for different suspension particle volume fractions.

Phase-field modelling of directional melting of lamellar and rod eutectic structures

The melting of 2D lamellar and 3D rod eutectic structures was studied by multi-phase-field simulations. A binary model eutectic system was investigated in a standard directional solidification setup. Switching from solidification to melting was realised by inverting the pulling speed of the sample. Steady state melting profiles were obtained as the long-time solutions of the evolution equations solved in the minimal representative domains of the periodic structures. Series of simulations were performed using different volume fractions of the initial solid phases, different values of the temperature gradient, and different widths of the simulation domain. It was found that melting occurs with a nearly flat interface if the average composition of the initial solid structure is equal to the eutectic composition. If the volume fraction of the solid phases is changed and the average composition becomes off-eutectic, then the melting positions of the phases decouple: the phase of sub-eutectic amount will melt near the eutectic temperature, while the phase of super-eutectic amount will melt near its liquidus temperature corresponding to the off-eutectic mean composition. The lamellar/rod spacing imposed by the width of the simulation domain has only minor effect on the interface temperature. Besides the steady states, we could observe two kinds of instabilities in the regime of non-planar melting both in 2D and 3D. By increasing the lamellar spacing, oscillations may appear around the trijunction and along the phase boundaries. By decreasing the lamellar spacing and increasing the pulling speed, the lamellae/rods of the phase that protrude deeper in the melt become thinner and may eventually break up to a series of small spherical particles before melting completely.

Thermal conductivity evolution of early-age concrete under variable curing temperature: Effect mechanism and prediction model

The thermal conductivity and microevolution mechansim of early-age concrete (EAC) under variable curing temperature environments significantly influence the temperature cracks in massive concrete. An experiment was carried out to compare thermal conductivity evolution differences of EAC under variable curing temperature (VCT) and standard curing temperature (SCT) conditions. The concrete specimens of moisture and dry states were used to consider the effect of moisture content on thermal conductivity. Results showed that the moisture concrete thermal conductivity under VCT condition decreases with curing ages and is higher than SCT condition. For the dry samples, the thermal conductivity of VCT condition increases with curing ages and is lower than the SCT condition. The difference in thermal conductivity between VCT and SCT increases from zero to seven days and decreases after seven days. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) tests showed that the VCT leads to slower growth of pore structure and larger porosity of EAC due to the slower hydration rate under VCT condition. The thermal conductivity difference between VCT and SCT is mainly caused by the differences in water content, chemical components in solid phase, and porosity (solid-phase volume fraction). Meanwhile, the relation among thermal conductivity, porosity and most probable pore size shows that curing temperature has a great effect on hydration degree and controls the thermal conductivity evolution. Besides, a prediction model of EAC thermal conductivity under VCT condition was built based on hydration kinetics.

A diffuse-interface lattice Boltzmann method for fluid–particle interaction problems

In this paper, a diffuse-interface lattice Boltzmann method (DI-LBM) is developed for fluid–particle interaction problems. In this method, the sharp interface between the fluid and solid is replaced by a thin but nonzero thickness transition region named diffuse interface, where the physical variables change continuously. In order to describe the diffuse interface, we introduce a smooth function, which is similar to the order parameter in the phase-field model or the volume fraction of solid phase in the partially saturated lattice Boltzmann method (PS-LBM). In addition, to depict the fluid–particle interaction more accurately, a modified discrete force term is also proposed and included in the evolution equation of the DI-LBM. Some classical problems are used to test the DI-LBM, and the results are in good agreement with some available theoretical and numerical data. Finally, it is also found that the DI-LBM is more efficient and accurate than the PS-LBM with the superposition model.

On the directional elastic modulus of the TPMS structures and a novel hybridization method to control anisotropy

Unlike random cellular materials, in TPMS structures the ligament size and orientation distribution are constant, leading to a directional dependency of the mechanical properties. In this work, the directional dependency of elastic properties of seven TPMS-based structures has been studied in a wide range of the solid phase volume fractions (i.e., 10–90%). Our study indicates that the strong and weak directions in IWP, Gyroid, FRD, FKS, and Diamond are diagonal and axial, respectively. In contrast, Schwarz-P and Neovius structure show a reversed order. Then, the idea of designing hybrid structures consisting from Schwarz-P/Neovius and each of the other five structures in laminated or matrix-spherical inclusion form has been employed to obtain structures with a more uniform directional elastic modulus. First, the mathematical functions of the hybrid structures are presented. The functions are carefully parameterized to ensure a smooth transition between two structures. Then the effect of the combination ratio of the parent structures on the universal anisotropy index of the hybrid structures is investigated. Our study indicates that hybrid structures have more uniform directional elastic modulus compared to their parent structures, and an appropriate selection of the combination ratio of the parent structures can lead to the least universal anisotropy.

Characteristics of particle floating and heat transfer in an oscillating flow reactor

In order to study the floating and heat transfer characteristics of catalyst particles in oscillating flow reactor (OFR), a self-made OFR device was employed to measure the floating velocity and heat transfer coefficient under different operating conditions and solid volume fractions (Ren: 203–1008, Reo: 269–3307, αs: 5%–20%), and the corresponding mathematical models were proposed. The results shown that oscillatory force had a high correlation with the solid phase volume fraction in OFR, and the floating velocities in OFR were obtained by experiments and models respectively. Compared with other drag force models, the Gidaspow and Arastoopour model can better describe the force between catalyst particles and liquid in OFR. The heat transfer coefficient increased first and then decreased with increasing oscillatory intensity, and it decreased with increasing solid volume fraction. The predicted values of floating velocity Uf and heat transfer coefficient hOFR were compared with the experimental data, and the results shown that most of relative errors of Uf and hOFR are within the range of 20% and 30% respectively in this paper. The research results provide basic data and theoretical base for the industrial application of OFR.

Correlation Between Microstructure and Macroscopic Properties of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Composite Anode: Mesoscale Modeling and Deep Learning with Convolutional Neural Network

In this paper, we propose a framework for studying the linkage between microstructure and performance of Ni-YSZ anode in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) by using meso-scale modeling and deep learning. The discrete element method (DEM) and the mesoscale kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) method were respectively used to model the particle packing and sintering of composite Ni-YSZ anodes. Anodes with various microstructures were numerically synthesized by varying volume fraction, sizes and size distributions of solid phases and pores. Then, representative volume elements (RVEs) of anode microstructures were meshed for finite element modeling of the effective elastic modulus and thermal coefficient of expansion of the anode based on the homogenization theory. The triple phase boundary length density ( L TPB), tortuosity factor for each phase were also calculated based on RVEs. Based on a large dataset which consists of various anode microstructures (represented as ternary image stacks) and corresponding macroscopic properties, a deep convolutional neural network (CNN) was trained to capture the nonlinear functional relationship between anode microstructures and macroscopic properties. The deep learning CNN model was finally well validated against extra new samples with excellent predictive performances. This indicates that the CNN model can be used as a surrogate model for rapid direct access to macroscopic properties of composite anodes, if the microstructure of the anode is known. The macroscopic properties can be further used for continuum modeling of SOFCs. This framework is highly extendable for other single-phase or composite electrodes of SOFCs. In addition, the proposed framework provides a new ideal for multiscale and multiphysics modeling of SOFCs.

Study of critical suspension speed of impeller in two paddles stirred kettle

Experiments and numerical simulations were used to study the two-layer paddle stirring system. Glass bead particles and aqueous polyvinyl alcohol solution were used as the solid-liquid phases, and the variation of the critical suspension speed of impeller Njs under different parameters was analyzed by testing the parameters of liquid phase viscosity, solid phase particle size, and solid-phase mass fraction. The results showed that the main resistance (surface viscous resistance) increased with the increase of liquid-phase viscosity at particle size d=0.3 and d=0.5 mm, and this factor inhibited the solid-phase diffusion, resulting in an increasing trend of Njs with the increase of liquid-phase viscosity. At particle size d=0.8 and d=1mm, the main resistance (gravity) is not related to the liquid phase viscosity, and the intensity of turbulent pulsation in the kettle is enhanced with the increase of liquid phase viscosity, which is favorable to the solid phase diffusion, and Njs decreases with the increase of liquid phase viscosity. The increase in solid-phase volume fraction increases Njs.

A phase-field study on a eutectic high-entropy alloy during solidification

ABSTRACT In the present work, we adopt a computational approach to study the evolution of microstructure during solidification of a Ti-Fe-Co-Ni-Cu multi-component alloy system by regarding it as a Ti-(Cu, Ni)-(Fe, Co) pseudo-ternary-alloy system. The as-cast alloy has a eutectic morphology with lamellar structure between (Cu)SS and a Laves phase. A Kim-Kim-Suzuki (KKS) phase-field model for eutectic solidification is implemented for this multi-component alloy system using a MOOSE finite element framework. The model is implemented for different scenarios, which include the simulation of microstructures at eutectic temperature and for small degrees of undercoolings (ΔT = 2°C, 5°C, 8°C, 10°C). Analysis of the microstructure evolution reveals that an increase in undercooling leads to a higher growth velocity and a larger volume fraction of solid phases.

Influence of silica fume, metakaolin & SBR latex on strength and durability performance of pervious concrete

This study evaluates the performance of pervious concrete subjected to rapid freeze–thaw (F-T) cycling, calcium leaching and the combined attack of calcium leaching and F-T cycling. Silica fume, metakaolin and SBR polymer emulsion were incorporated at different levels into pervious concrete mixes to improve strength and durability performances. The results indicated that the addition of 5% fine sand and proper compaction had a positive influence on improving the resistance of pervious concrete to F-T cycling. The increase of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) from 5% to 10% significantly improved the resistance to rapid F-T cycling and to the combined attack of calcium leaching and F-T cycling. The optimum content of SCMs was 10% based on the mechanical and durability performance of pervious concrete with acceptable permeability. Calcium leaching in 6 M NH4NO3 solution combined with F-T cycling induced severe surface deterioration and internal damage compared to individual attacks of F-T cycling or leaching. Compared with control and polymer-modified mixes, pervious concrete incorporated SCMs possessed better resistance of calcium leaching and frost. The morphological changes caused by calcium leaching exhibits the decreased volume fraction of solid phases in a cement matrix and consequently increased the porosity, which ultimately degraded strength and durability performance of pervious concrete.

Phase equilibria in Cd0.80Mn0.20Te solid solutions

The thermal properties of Cd0.80Mn0.20Te solid solutions were investigated in this article. Two methods of heat treatment were used for thermography of alloys, which allowed investigating their thermal properties. One of the methods of thermography of samples was to heat them to the maximum temperature at which they were kept for a certain time, followed by cooling of the sample. The data obtained by this type of thermography allow obtaining graphs which characterized the crystallization parameters of the melt Cd0.80Mn0.20Te. It is shown that the crystallization of the Cd0.80Mn0.20Te melt occurs without supercooling at its overheating less than 14 °С in comparison with the beginning of melting temperature, which indicates the two-phase melt. It is also shown that the crystallization rate of the Cd0.80Mn0.20Te melt increases with decreasing crystallization temperature. Thermography of alloys by the second method of heat treatment is to conduct a series of isothermal holding during heating of the samples to the maximum temperature (1150 °C). Thus, the parameters of alloy melting were investigated. It was determined that the volume fraction of solid phase in the Cd0.80Mn0.20Te melt decreases from 100% to 0% in the temperature range 1078-1095 °С. Based on the obtained data of differential thermal analyses the Cd0.80Mn0.20Te ingot was grown under controlled conditions. After cutting this crystal we can see several monocrystalline areas of different sizes. IR microscope showed that the minimum number of inclusions &lt;7 mm in diameter distributed in different parts of the sample The value of the band gap in all samples ranges from 1.78 to 1.80 eV. The value of the resistivity of the crystal Cd0.80Mn0.20Te is 2•107 Ohm • cm at the beginning of the ingot and decreases by 2 orders of magnitude by the end of the ingot.

Numerical Simulation of Fine Particle Solid‐Liquid Two‐Phase Flow in a Centrifugal Pump

To study the effect of fine particle size and volume concentration on the performance of solid‐liquid two‐phase centrifugal pump, the mixture multiphase flow model, RNG k-ε turbulence model, and SIMPLEC algorithm were used to simulate the two‐phase flow of the centrifugal pump. The effects of particle size and volume concentration on internal pressure distribution, solid volume distribution, and external characteristics were analyzed. The results show that under the design discharge conditions, with the increase of particle size and volume concentration, the internal pressure of the flow field will decrease, and the volume fraction of solid phase in the impeller passage will also decrease as a whole. The solid particles gradually migrate from the suction surface to the pressure surface, and the particles in the volute channel are mainly concentrated in the flow channel near the outlet side of the volute. With the increase of particle size and volume concentration, the negative pressure value at the inlet of centrifugal pump increases, the total pressure difference at the inlet and outlet decreases, and the head and efficiency decrease accordingly.

Pneumatic transport of heavy minerals in a horizontal pipe: An Eulerian-Eulerian approach

Abstract This article presents a computational study based on the Eulerian-Eulerian model for computing the pressure drop and hydrodynamics of the gas-solid two-phase flow in a horizontal pipe. The solid particles considered in the analysis are the heavy minerals with a density of 7860 and 11,350 kg/m3. The flow situation corresponds to the upper limit of the dilute phase flow, where the inter-particle and the wall-particle collisions play a significant role. The numerical procedure agrees well with the experimental data and ensures good accuracy of the computed results. The analysis outcomes show that the gas-solid two-phase flow pressure drop increases with an increase in the inlet concentration and the density of the solid-phase. The radial distribution of the velocity and volume fraction profiles of both phases are asymmetric. The gas-phase possesses a relatively high velocity than the solid-phase. The gas-phase velocity reduces with an increase in the inlet concentration and the density of the solid-phase. The heavier particles have a slightly greater tendency to settle. With an increase in the inlet solid-phase volume fraction, the solid-phase concentration increases both at the top and the bottom portion of the pipe.

Simulation of a batch crystallizer using a multi-scale approach in time and space

The simulation of a crystallizer leads to a challenging problem with very different time and length scales. After checking a simple 0-D approach in time, and a brute-force coupling process describing the complete problem in space and time, the multi-scale methodology developed in this work combines three-dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics simulations on a short time-scale (to describe hydrodynamic features) with zero-dimensional simulations relying on a Population Balance Model over long time-scales to compute the evolution of all important particle properties (volume fraction, particle size distribution, slip velocities, mass transfer coefficients). The flow field in the crystallizer is almost homogeneous, apart for a stagnation zone below the impeller leading to an increased solid-phase volume fraction but smaller crystals. The diffusive mass transfer coefficient evolves in a non-monotonic way. A proper prediction of dynamically changing local supersaturations requires a closer coupling between the two simulation steps in the multi-scale framework.

A new two-phase flow model based on coupling of the depth-integrated continuum method and discrete element method

The evolution of the volume fraction of solid phase, basal entrainment and interactions between the solid and fluid phase have significant impacts on rheological behavior, dynamic characteristics, and volume amplification in some earth-surface flows, including debris flows, hyper-concentration flows, dam-break flows. In this study, we propose a new two-phase flow dynamic model based on coupling of the depth-integrated continuum method and discrete element method (DEM). The fluid phase is computed by the depth-integrated continuum method, while the solid phase is modeled by the discrete element method. The data exchange between the two phases is efficiently handled by setting shared variables between the separate computational frameworks. The basal topography is simultaneously updated by numerically monitoring when solid particles are entrained into the fluid or deposited from the fluid. The current method provides a guiding solution for the common need to couple computations among multiple models. We examine several computational cases and compare the results with the theoretical solution and the experimental results. We conclude that the computational framework has unique advantages, placing it in a position to solve some ticklish issues in the field of fluid-solid interactions.