Voltage Divider Research Articles

A New Measurement Method for High Voltages Applied to an Ion Trap Generated by an RF Resonator.

A new method is proposed to measure unknown amplitudes of radio frequency (RF) voltages applied to ion traps, using a pre-calibrated voltage divider with RF shielding. In contrast to previous approaches that estimate the applied voltage by comparing the measured secular frequencies with a numerical simulation, we propose using a pre-calibrated voltage divider to determine the absolute amplitude of large RF voltages amplified by a helical resonator. The proposed method does not require measurement of secular frequencies and completely removes uncertainty caused by limitations of numerical simulations. To experimentally demonstrate our method, we first obtained a functional relation between measured secular frequencies and large amplitudes of RF voltages using the calibrated voltage divider. A comparison of measured relations and simulation results without any fitting parameters confirmed the validity of the proposed method. Our method can be applied to most ion trap experiments. In particular, it will be an essential tool for surface ion traps which are extremely vulnerable to unknown large RF voltages and for improving the accuracy of numerical simulations for ion trap experiments.

Design a battery management system (BMS) with an automatic cut off system on LFP (LiFePO4) battery type for powerbank application

A battery is a cell device that can store energy and be converted into a constant voltage. Overcharging and over-discharging conditions on the battery are often a problem. This research designed a Battery Management System (BMS) to monitor battery performance with an automatic Cut Off system. The prototype system uses a voltage divider circuit in the voltage measurement process, one channel relay as the process of cutting off the electric current and Arduino UNO microcontroller as a data processor. Testing on five cell LiFePO4 (LFP) 3.2 volt battery with 1200 mAh capacity using the charging and discharging method in measuring the battery voltage. The results of measuring the voltage in the charging process take 2 hours 25 minutes to reach a voltage of 3.26 V obtained an average error value of each cell measurement of 0.44%. While the discharging process, to reach the voltage of 2.00 V, required an emptying time of 7 hours 15 minutes for output without step-up and 2 hours 46 minutes for the output with step-up obtained an average measurement error value of each cell 1.11% and 1.39%.

Power factor measuring device using microcontroller for single-phase consumers

The paper presents a device with microcontroller for measuring the power factor used for single-phase low voltage electrical consumers. Voltage and current are measured, and the paper presents two constructive variants of pulse circuits (TTL compatible) used to measure the phase-shift between current and voltage. In the first constructive variant, without galvanic separation, the voltage measurement is performed with a voltage divider connected in parallel with the consumer, and the current measurement is made by a shunt resistor connected in series with the consumer. In the second construction variant, with galvanic separation, the voltage is measured by a step-down voltage transformer, and the current is measured with a current transformer that has a load resistance. The signals coming from the voltage and current measuring equipment are limited by a group of diodes, then amplified-separated, and the resulting signals are connected to the input of a XOR TTL logic gate. The signal from the XOR TTL gate output has constant amplitude pulses and time durations proportional to the phase-shift value between current and voltage. The signal after the XOR TTL gate is applied to the digital input of a microcontroller development board that, also, has an LCD shield. The program used to calculate the power factor according to the pulse length (proportional with phase-shift value) is presented. Experiments are performed with RL consumers to measure the power factor and the obtained measurements are compared with those measured with a precision device (power quality analyser).

Li memristor-based MOSFET synapse for linear I–V characteristic and processing analog input neuromorphic system

In this research, we propose a method that can significantly improve the linearity of current–voltage characteristics (L–IV) of synapse devices. Considering that analog input data are dependent on the L–IV, synapse devices having non-linear current–voltage characteristics can result in drastic conductance variations during inference operations. It means that the L–IV is one of the key parameters in the synapse device. To improve the L–IV, a triode region of a metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET) was utilized with a Li-ion-based memristor as a gate voltage divider, which results in gradual channel conductance changes (analog synaptic weights). The channel conductance of the MOSFET can be selectively controlled based on Li-ion intercalation and de-intercalation. A notably improved L–IV and analog synaptic weights were achieved, which enhanced the MNIST data set recognition accuracy from 35.8% to 92.03%.

Effect of voltage divider layer on self-current compliance resistive switching in Ta/TaOx/ITO structure with an ultra-low power consumption

Based on the Ta/TaOx/ITO structure, self-current compliance behavior in the resistive switching (RS) properties was investigated. The formation and rupture of metallic indium (In) conducting filaments (CFs), which contributes to the RS in this device, are confirmed by the variable temperature electrical test combined with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis. It showed high uniformity and endurance performance up to 108 switching cycles, including a lower power consumption. The excellent electrical performance can be attributed to the role of a series resistor of ITO because the adverse effects of the voltage (or current) overshooting can be efficiently suppressed, resulting in the controllability of the In CF formation and rupture. The XPS depth profile results confirmed the oxygen exchange at the TaOx/ITO interface, combined with the Ohmic conduction mechanism at low resistance state, indicating that the ITO interface acts as the series resistor rather than the Schottky barrier.

Solar Panel Measurement System using Arduino with Bluetooth

This project aims to develop a measurement of solar energy using Arduino. In this research, two parameters that been measured are light intensity and the voltage. The light intensity was measured using light dependent resistor (LDR) sensor. The voltage was measured using the voltage divider because the voltage generated by the solar panel are large for the Arduino as receiver. These parameters as the input value for the Arduino and the output was display at the Arduino Bluetooth Controller. The Arduino Bluetooth controller display output of the light intensity and the voltage value. The purpose of using Arduino is to convert the analog input of parameter to the digital output and display via Bluetooth .

Uniform voltage distribution analysis for high peak voltage antenna tuner switch

AbstractThis paper presents a theoretical analysis for achieving uniform voltage distribution among stacked field effect transistors (FETs) of RF tuner switch. The RF peak voltage (Vpeak) is limited by the unequal divided voltage drop among stacked FETs. A simplified equivalent capacitor circuit is established and an analytical expression is then derived for the first time to decide the value of ideal equivalent capacitance of each FET in the stack for achieving equal voltage division. Varying size of each stacked FET to set that the drain‐to‐source capacitance (Cds) equals to the capacitance from the proposed analytical expression can obtain a uniform voltage distribution, and thus a much higher Vpeak. To validate the proposed analytical expression, a 4‐shunt single‐pole single‐throw (4xSPST) switch is fabricated in HHGrace's 0.13 μm RF silicon‐on‐insulator process. Simulation and measurement results show that the switch features a uniform voltage distribution and a significant improvement in Vpeak.

Memristors as Candidates for Replacing Digital Potentiometers in Electric Circuits

Digital potentiometers are substantial components for the design of many mixed-signal electronic circuits and systems. Their capability to program resistance value almost instantly provides hardware designers an additional level of freedom. Unfortunately, this feature is limited to DC and lower frequencies, due to parasitic effects. Nowadays, memristors as continuously tunable resistors are becoming candidates for potentiometer successors. Memristors are two-terminal non-volatile devices which have less significant parasitic effects and a wide resistance range. The memristance value can be changed on the fly. Using nanotechnology, memristor implementation has a nanoscale footprint with nanosecond transition between resistive states. In this paper, we present a comparison between the frequency characteristics of digital potentiometers and the only commercially available memristors. Memristor parasitic effects dominate at higher frequencies which extends the bandwidth. In order to present the advantages of memristive circuits, we have analyzed and implemented tunable circuits such as a voltage divider, an inverting amplifier, a high-pass filter, and a phase shifter. A commercially available memristor by KnowM Inc. is used for this purpose. Experimental results obtained by the measurements verify that a memristor has equal or better characteristics than a digital potentiometer. Memristive realizations of voltage dividers and inverting amplifiers have a wider bandwidth, while filters and phase shifters with a memristor have almost identical frequency characteristics as the corresponding realizations with a digital potentiometer.

Efficient Ternary Compressor Design Using Capacitive Threshold Logic in CNTFET Technology

Ternary logic is a promising alternative to classical binary logic as it offers the benefits of reduced interconnect, higher operating speed and smaller chip area. In this paper, a new approach is proposed to implement the 3–2 compressor and 4–2 compressor circuits using the futuristic carbon nanotube field-effect transistors (CNTFET). A CNTFET unique feature of geometry dependent threshold variation is utilized in threshold detector circuits which have been used to perform ternary to binary conversion. The high power consumption of capacitive based designs is reduced by minimizing the occurrence of voltage division by performing intermediate processing on binary literals rather than performing the computation directly on ternary signals. It exploits the combination of ternary logic and binary logic design technique to achieve enhanced performance. The proposed compressor designs are examined exhaustively using the Synopsys HSPICE simulator with 32 nm Stanford CNTFET model under various test conditions such as different supply voltages, temperatures, load capacitors, and operational frequencies. The simulation results indicate the superiority of the proposed design in terms of power and power delay product as compared to earlier reported designs.

The Development of active capacitive voltage divider based on current transformer with compensation circuit

In order to solve the test of the frequency response characteristics of the DC voltage divider, this paper proposed an active voltage divider based on an electronically compensated current transformer. By setting different current transformer primary and secondary turns ratios, the voltage divider ratio could be changed. Through the three-winding design on a single iron core, the active compensation of the current transformer is realized and the linearity of the current transformer is improved obviously. The notch circuit is used to improve the measurement accuracy of the secondary current sampling circuit of the current transformer. Tests indicates that the voltage divider ratio varies with frequency not more than 20ppm, and phase shift is not more than 200μrad within 2500Hz.

Comparison of the response of different voltage dividers to low-level measurement using a large plastic scintillator intended for radiation portal monitors

The work deals with the comparison of voltage dividers with different wiring of resistors and capacitors. The voltage divider recommended by the manufacturer of the used photomultiplier (ET Enterprises, GB) was used as a reference. The aim was to assess the influence of different voltage dividers together with the large volume scintillation detector on detection parameters such as the efficiency of the measurement and dose rate linearity using 241Am, 137Cs, and 60Co gamma sources. The experiments showed relatively great differences between 15_10(_C) voltage divider (R1 and R2-R11, 15 MW and 10 MW) and the rest. Furthermore, it was confirmed that the voltage divider recommended by the manufacturer of the used photomultiplier showed the best results, but some of the measured dividers exhibited similar results and therefore can be used in radiation portal monitors as well.

Reference Switching Impulse Voltage Measuring System Based on Correcting the Voltage Divider Response With Software

The performance of a high-voltage switching impulse (SI) measurement system is highly dependent on the characteristics of the used voltage divider. Self-built or commercial voltage dividers do not always fulfill the requirements set for reference-level devices. Software corrections to improve the non-ideal divider response are easy to implement. This article describes the traceability and performance of the SI measurement systems of VTT MIKES up to 400 kV. Traceability is based on a calculable impulse voltage calibrator, which is used for calibration of a reference digitizer and a 10-kV divider. The 10-kV divider is then used to calibrate the 400-kV modular divider. Responses of both dividers are corrected using two different software methods. Implementation of these software methods allows state-of-the-art impulse parameter uncertainties. The most significant uncertainty component of time to peak is related to its definition and evaluation according to IEC 60060-1:2010 and IEC 61083–2:2013.

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A MODIFIABLE CLOSED-LOOP CONTROL SYSTEM FOR DC TO DC VOLTAGE REGULATION

Purpose. The aim of the work is the design and creation of a modifiable closed-loop control system for DC to DC voltage regulation. Originality. The regulation parameters of modifiable close-loop control system can be easily change by proposed windows application. With such a system the regulation parameters can be easily determined without a calculation. Methodology. The paper as an example provides a description of a one DC to DC converter which belongs to buck-boost family. Presented converter is composed of two switching devices. For implemented a control strategy the galvanic isolated control signals technique was made to achieve desired control methodology. Control signals as well as the regulation itself was made by an ARM microcontroller type of STM32F103C8T6. Based on used MCU the control algorithm for voltage regulation was made. With such MCU the user interface where the whole system can be monitored and controlled was made also. The user interface is a windows application which was created with the help of a Visual Studio. Results. The paper provides the results achieved by the proposed control system. The results illustrated by windows application were compared with the oscillograms. From the results the incorrect regulation parameters can be easily spotted. Practical value. The advantage of such a control system is in the possibility of using it for various DC to DC converters where the regulation parameters can be easily determined without calculation. The user only connects the control signals to switching devices and connect the output voltage through voltage divider into the analogue input of the MCU. Disadvantage of the proposed system is, it can not be used without a PC where the windows application is running. Figures 15, references 8.

Verification of a Capacitive Voltage Divider With 6-μrad Uncertainty Up To 100 kV

A reference setup for system calibration of industrial transformer loss measurement (TLM) systems consists of three main components, a voltage divider, a current transformer, and a power meter, and their phase displacements should each not be more than 10 $\mathrm {\mu }$ rad to achieve an overall system uncertainty of better than 20 $\mathrm {\mu }\text{W}$ /VA. We have extensively verified the uncertainty level of the current-comparator-based capacitive voltage divider (CVD) used in the TLM reference setup of the Van Swinden Laboratorium (VSL), both from the component level and the system as a whole. Different practical conditions relevant for on-site measurements are considered, e.g., measurement cable lengths, cable types, and grounding. The verification measurement results show an agreement of better than $(6 \pm 6) \times 10^{-6}$ in ratio error and $(4 \pm 6)~\mathrm {\mu }$ rad in phase displacement between the CVD component and system calibrations up to 100 kV. Requirements for achieving this agreement are adequate grounding of the CVD and the use of triax cable between the high-voltage (HV) capacitor and the CVD low-voltage electronics in case large distances have to be covered on-site. The $(4 \pm 6)~\mathrm {\mu }$ rad agreement in phase displacement is well within the required 10 $\mathrm {\mu }$ rad limit for voltage measurements as part of on-site TLM system calibrations with 20 $\mathrm {\mu }\text{W}$ /VA overall uncertainty at low power factors.

A GSM Based Intelligent Solar Energy Measuring System

A Photovoltaic (PV) power monitoring is important in PV systems for proper generation and transmission. With the need to monitor certain parameters like voltage, current and power in order to ascertain the power output of a solar system. In this project design, a GSM solar power monitoring system is designed in order to monitor the voltage, current and output power of a solar system and also transmit the monitored parameters in real time to a remote location via the SMS feature of the GSM technology. An 8 bit 18F452 PIC microcontroller is used as the control unit which controls the Pulse width Modulation (PWM) solar charge controller, IRF3205 MOSFETs as the switching transistors in the charge controller charging a 30AH 12v battery via a 30watts polycrystalline solar panel. Universal asynchronous synchronous receiver and transmitter (USART) is used as protocol for transmission between a Sim 900 GSM module and the microcontroller while the attention (AT) command is used as the communication protocol in sending measured power parameters from the microcontroller to the GSM module which in turn sends the measured parameters as SMS message to a remote location. ACS 712 hall effect current sensor for measuring current and a voltage divider network for measuring the PV cell voltage. The circuit board is printed on a Printed circuit board (PCB) using the traditional transfer method. C programming language is used in writing program codes embedded on the controller. This project design have been able to show that by employing the use of a wireless real time data monitoring (GSM technology), PV systems can be properly monitored remotely for consumption, operation, analysis and isolation in cases of fault detection.

High-Q Switched Oscillator With Capacitive Voltage Divider for Generating Mesoband High-Power Microwave Pulses

The switched oscillator (SWO) is a quarter-wave oscillator capable of generating mesoband high-power microwave (HPM) pulses. This paper presents a novel high-quality factor ( Q) SWO with a capacitive voltage divider (CVD). Unlike conventional SWOs, the transmission line energy of the proposed SWO is gradually coupled with the output load through the CVD. Thus, the proposed SWO can produce a mesoband pulse with a much higher power spectral density within the coupling bandwidth of a target in HPM effect testing. The frequency-domain output-voltage equation of the proposed SWO was obtained through a theoretical analysis of the equivalent circuit of the SWO. Through a numerical analysis, the time-domain output waveform of the proposed SWO was demonstrated to have a high quality factor, and the circuit parameters of the equivalent circuit of the SWO were set to achieve a high quality factor. The circuit parameters selected in the numerical analysis were used in an electromagnetic simulation to determine the design parameters of the parallel-plate transmission line (PPTL)-based SWO with the CVD built on a printed circuit board. The proposed SWO was fabricated and its performance was assessed. For a breakdown voltage of 8.7 kV, the output voltage of the fabricated SWO showed a quality factor of 25, which is more than two times larger than the quality factors of conventional SWOs. Thus, the proposed SWO was demonstrated to produce high- Q mesoband HPM pulses, and it has the potential to be applied in HPM effect testing. Moreover, the proposed SWO improves operator safety by preventing the output load from being charged by a high-voltage power supply.

Development of 200 kV multi-function pulsed radiation system

<sec>A multi-functional pulsed radiation system with a peak voltage of 200 kV, an impedance of 2 Ω, and a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 30 ns is developed. The system can be switched flexibly in two states of generating pulsed electron beam and pulsed X-ray by changing the cathode and anode. It consists of a pulse power driving source, a vacuum diode, and an experimental cavity. A Marx generator, a high energy storage water transmission line, and two pulse compression switches are utilized to generate a high voltage on diode. An effector can be placed in the experimental cavity which has the same vacuum as diode. An insulation structure of transmission line and a diode are optimized to guide in system design. The system can provide a multi-functional experimental platform for investigating pulse power technology, system-generated electromagnetic pulse, biological radiation effect, etc.</sec><sec> The Marx generator generates a high-voltage pulse with hundreds of nanoseconds in FWHM and hundreds of kilovolts in peak value. The pulse is compressed by the main switch and pulse forming switch and then loaded to the diode. Electrons are emitted from diode cathode under the high-voltage pulse and accelerated in the gap. The electrons are extracted directly or converted into X-ray through the anode. Aluminized polyethylene is used as an anode when pulsed electron beam is generated, and tantalum film is used when pulsed X-ray is generated. Working state can be switched by changing the cathode and anode of diode.</sec><sec> The result shows that a current of 83 kA pulsed electron beam and an average energy of 67 keV X-ray are generated. Pulsed X-ray has good uniformity and low electron proportion (0.02%). In order to monitor the operation state and output parameter of the system comprehensively, a complete measurement system is established. Three capacitive voltage dividers are set at the beginning of transmission line, the end of pulse forming line, and the end of output line, while a B - dot current monitor is set at the diode. A Faraday cup is developed to measure the current intensity and the total energy of pulsed electron beam. For energy spectrum, dose and electron proportion, the measurement system composed of pulsed X-ray including spectrometric system, dose system and Rogowski Coil is build.</sec>

CHARACTERIZATION AND COMPARSION OF NEUTRON GENERATORS OF IEC AND LINEAR D-T BY THE SPECTROMETRIC SYSTEM NGA-01

This article focuses on description of two different neutron fields from linear and cylindrical Inertial Electrostatic Confinement (IEC) neutron generators. Both of these generators are well defined and commonly used. They use a deuterium-tritium reaction that produces neutrons with energies in the range 13 – 16 MeV, depending on the direction and the energy of the incoming deuterium nucleus. Two-parametric spectrometric system for neutron/gamma mixed fields NGA-01 was used to characterize neutron spectra in the proximity of generators. The cylindrical 45x45 mm stilbene scintillator was connected to this device using an active voltage divider. This way, we were able to measure neutron energies in the range 1 - 15 MeV while filtering out gamma radiation, even when counts per second is high. For the neutron spectrum calculation recoil spectra using deconvolution through maximum likelihood estimation was used. Measured neutron spectra have been compared with simulations realized via MCNP6. According to the theoretical prediction, these two types of generators produce different neutron fields. In case of the linear generator the target is very close to point located tritium bombarded by deuterons. Thus the neutron spectrum varies depending on the angle between the detector axis and the axis of the generator. Both experimental results and simulation show a shift of the neutron energy peak in pulse height histogram. For IEC type generators the neutron spectrum is more complicated. The shape and the position of the neutron energy peak depend heavily on the position of the detector. The most prominent effect is in the position in the plane perpendicular to the generator axis. In this case, the peak splits into two peaks that can be measured and distinguished. These results were verified by the diamond detector which was also used for characterization of the IEC type generator.

Highly Sensitive Piezoresistive Sensors Based on a Voltage Divider Circuit With TFTs for Ultra-Low Pressure Detection

A highly sensitive piezoresistive tactile sensor combined with the thin-film transistors (TFTs) is produced in this letter. The sensor uses two-dimensional Ti <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> C <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> -MXenes as piezoresistive material which is one type of transition metal carbide, nitride and/or carbonitride with a lamellar structure. A voltage divider circuit is designed by connecting piezoresistive material with TFT technology. TFT works in the subthreshold and saturation region during the sensing process to ensure that the magnitude change of current is measured in a small voltage range. The tactile sensor shows high sensitivity of 4636.1 kPa $^{-1}$ , ultra-low tactile detection of 0.98 Pa, and extremely durability for 1,500 sensing cycles. Resultantly, the sensor demonstrates excellent potential for electronic touchscreens and advanced medical testing.

Study on a New Power Frequency Capacitive Voltage Transducer for Gas Insulated Substations Based on Capacitive Voltage Division

The IVT for power frequency is an essential facility in the power system. Due to the requirement for high-voltage insulation, the sensing part of the conventional IVTs is bulky and costly. The purpose of this article is to propose a new voltage measurement method based on capacitive voltage divider for GIS. The equivalent circuit of the measurement method is built. The numerical simulation model for the measurement system is built based on the actual size of GIS with rated voltage of 220 kV. And FEM is employed to analyze the transfer relation and the accuracy of the proposed measurement method. The experiments are conducted in the laboratory and at an actual GIS platform, respectively. The transfer relation between the applied voltage and the induced voltage is obtained. Compared with conventional IVTs, the dimension of the measurement system is very small. Due to the low voltage of the sensing part, the insulation problem of the sensing part is avoided. And due to simple structure and linear characteristics, the transfer relation of the proposed measurement system can be obtained with high accuracy.