Detection Of Volatile Organic Compounds Research Articles

Dynamic Interchain Motion in 1D Tetrathiafulvalene-Based Coordination Polymers for Highly Sensitive Molecular Recognition.

The application of electrically conductive 1D coordination polymers (1D CPs) in nanoelectronic molecular recognition is theoretically promising yet rarely explored due to the challenges in their synthesis and optimization of electrical properties. In this regard, two tetrathiafulvalene-based 1D CPs, namely [Co(m-H2TTFTB)(DMF)2(H2O)]n (Co-m-TTFTB), and {[Ni(m-H2TTFTB)(CH3CH2OH)1.5(H2O)1.5]·(H2O)0.5}n (Ni-m-TTFTB) are successfully constructed. The shorter S···S contacts between the [M(solvent)3(m-H2TTFTB)]n chains contribute to a significant improvement in their electrical conductivities. The powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) under different organic solvents reveals the flexible and dynamic structural characteristic of M-m-TTFTB, which, combined with the 1D morphology, lead to their excellent performance for sensitive detection of volatile organic compounds. Co-m-TTFTB achieves a limit of detection for ethanol vapor down to 0.5ppm, which is superior to the state-of-the-art chemiresistive sensors based on metal-organic frameworks or organic polymers at room temperature. In situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy, PXRD measurements and density functional theory calculations reveal the molecular insertion sensing mechanism and the corresponding structure-function relationship. This work expands the applicable scenario of 1D CPs and opens a new realm of 1D CP-based nanoelectronic sensors for highly sensitive room temperature gas detection.

A compact breath breathalyzer for identifying the non-alcoholic fatty liver disease biomarker

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a prevalent chronic liver disease worldwide. Currently, its diagnosis relies primarily on imaging and histological examinations, which are invasive and prone to misdiagnosis in the early stage. To address these limitations, detection and analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in human breath can be a rapid and non-invasive screening method for NAFLD. In this study, a compact breath breathalyzer was developed, utilizing a miniaturized gas chromatography chip with the STM32 microcontroller as the main control chip to manage airflow, temperature, and receive terminal signals from the photoionization detector. In the experiment, a gas mixture comprising five VOCs (pentane, acetone, toluene, octane, and decane) was selected as the simulated typical disease biomarkers in human breath to investigate the breathalyzer's performance and optimize testing conditions for multi-polar and wide-boiling-range breath samples. Results show that the breathalyzer can detect low-boiling components (< 100°C) such as the isoprene and acetone, with a detection limit less than 50 ppb which are two commonly biomarkers of NAFLD. Furthermore, breath samples were collected from 35 non-diseased individuals, and NAFLD early-stage patient samples were simulated by increasing the isoprene concentration by 10 ppb. Convolutional neural network (CNN) were used to identify the VOC signatures in gas chromatograms with predictive accuracy of 85% for the classification model. Therefore, the compact breath breathalyzer has potential application in the rapid and early screening of NAFLD.

Portable Mass Spectrometry for On-site Detection of Hazardous Volatile Organic Compounds via Robotic Extractive Sampling.

Various hazardous volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are frequently released into environments during accidental events that cause many hazards to ecosystems and humans. Therefore, rapid, sensitive, and on-site detection of hazardous VOCs is crucial to understand their compositions, characteristics, and distributions in complex environments. However, manual handling of hazardous VOCs remains a challenging task, because of the inaccessible environments and health risk. In this work, we designed a quadruped robotic sampler to reach different complex environments for capturing trace hazardous VOCs using a needle trap device (NTD) by remote manipulation. The captured samples were rapidly identified by portable mass spectrometry (MS) within minutes. Rapid detection of various hazardous VOCs including toxicants, chemical warfare agents, and burning materials from different environments was successfully achieved using this robot-MS system. On-site detection of 83 typical hazardous VOCs was examined. Acceptable analytical performances including low detection limits (at subng/mL level), good reproducibility (relative standard deviation (RSD) < 20%, n = 6), excellent quantitative ability (R2 > 0.99), and detection speed (within minutes) were also obtained. Our results show that the robot-MS system has excellent performance including safety, controllability, applicability, and robustness under dangerous chemical conditions.

Membrane-Based Pulsed Sampling Method for Extended Dynamic Range of Ion Mobility Spectrometry.

Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) has been widely studied and applied as an effective analytical technology for the on-site detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Despite its superior selectivity compared with most gas sensors, its limited dynamic range is regarded as a major drawback, limiting its further application in quantitative measurements. In this work, we proposed a novel sample introduction method based on pulsed membrane adsorption, which effectively enhanced IMS's ability to measure analytes at higher concentrations. Taking N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) as an example, this new sampling method expanded the dynamic range from 1 ppm to 200 ppm. The working principle and measurement strategy of this sampling method were also discussed, providing new insights for the design and application of IMS-based instruments.

Electrochemical detection of benzenediols using carbon-supported catalysts

A novel implementation of an electrochemical sensors making use of Screen-Printed Electrodes (SPE) has been discussed. SPE's modified with Carbon-supported Platinum (Pt/C) and Gold (Au/C) were used to detect the three benzenediol isomers, Catechol (CC), Hydroquinone (HQ) and Resorcinol (RS) in acidic media using traditional electrochemical analytical methods such as Cyclic Voltammetry (CV), Chronoamperometry (CA) and Differential Pulse Voltammetry (DPV). Detection of each benzenediol in isolation was possible by CV measurements, and peak oxidation potentials for each isomer were noted. Simultaneous detection of more than one, or all analytes in the same solution was also observed through DPV, once again noting the peak oxidation potentials. Quantification limits were observed using CA's across concentration values ranging from close to saturation down to 1 mM for CC and HQ, and 100 nM for RS, until the recorded current values were nearly indistinguishable to a blank 1 M HCl solution containing no analyte(s), and also evaluating the maximum possible linear range of sensing. The analytes were introduced to the sensor elements in controlled amounts and the electrochemical responses of the sensor elements were recorded and processed. Measurements were repeated across two potentiostats to ensure reproducibility. With these results, successful detection of benzenediols in acidic environment was possible using modified SPE's, proving a potential viable mechanism for quick, simple and inexpensive Volatile Toxic Organic Compounds (VTOC) detection and monitoring.

Enhanced butanone chemoresistive sensor utilizing cobalt oxide nanoparticles

Detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), particularly 2-butanone, has become crucial due to their widespread use and associated risks to human health. In this study, we present a novel synthesis method for spinel Co3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) employing a microwave-assisted hydrothermal approach followed by calcination and investigate their efficiency in VOC sensing applications. The Co3O4 NPs exhibit remarkable sensitivity and selectivity towards butanone at relatively low operating temperatures. VOC-sensing experiments reveal an optimal operating temperature of 250 °C, showcasing an advantage over existing sensors. Notably, the sensor exhibits high selectivity for butanone, with signal values 1.6–4.5 times higher than those for other VOCs, including acetaldehyde, ethanol, isopropanol, methanol, acetone, m-xylene, toluene, and benzene. Additionally, the Co3O4 NPs-based sensor demonstrates high sensitivity, detecting concentrations as low as 5 ppm of butanone, with fast response/recovery times of 41/86 s for 200 ppm of butanone and robust long-term stability. These findings underscore the potential of Co3O4 NPs as promising candidates for low-temperature butanone detection, which is essential for environmental and human health monitoring purposes.

Anisotropic sensing based on single ReS2 flake for VOCs discrimination

Selective and sensitive detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) holds paramount importance in real-world applications. This study proposes an innovative approach utilizing a single ReS2 field-effect transistor (FET) characterized by distinct in-plane anisotropy, specifically tailored for VOC recognition. The unique responses of ReS2, endowed with robust in-plane anisotropic properties, demonstrate significant difference along the a-axis and b-axis directions when exposed to four kinds of VOCs: acetone, methanol, ethanol, and IPA. Remarkably, the responses of ReS2 were significantly magnified under ultraviolet (UV) illumination, particularly in the case of acetone, where the response amplified by 10–15 times and the detection limit decreasing from 70 to 4 ppm compared to the dark conditions. Exploiting the discernible variances in responses along the a-axis and b-axis under both UV and dark conditions, the data points of acetone, ethanol, methanol and IPA gases were clearly separated in the principal component space without any overlap through principal component analysis, indicating that the single ReS2 FET has a high ability to distinguish various gas species. The exploration of anisotropic sensing materials and light excitation strategies can be applied to a broad range of sensing platforms based on two-dimensional materials for practical applications.

A battery-free, wireless, flexible bandlike e-nose based on MEMS gas sensors for precisely volatile organic compounds detection

Real-time detection of VOCs in the car cabin is crucial for protecting driver’s health. MOS gas sensors, with the advantages of low cost, simplicity and fast response, are widely used for gas monitoring. However, they typically exhibit broad-spectrum responsiveness to multiple gases. Despite numerous improvement strategies proposed from the perspective of MOS material modification, achieving ideal gas selectivity remains challenging. An e-nose based on gas sensor array is a promising approach for gas identification. However, the hardware circuit system and battery supply module in traditional e-nose result in large size, complex structure, and inconvenience in use. In this work, we synthesized MOS materials with different morphologies to form a microarray containing six MEMS gas sensors, and developed a novel belt-shaped wireless and battery-free flexible e-nose, where a mobile phone serves as its wireless power supply and data communication system. This design provides a flexible e-nose with excellent wearability and safety, allowing users to monitor surrounding gas conditions at any time conveniently. Subsequently, we design pattern recognition models using algorithms such as MLP, RF, XGBoost, and LGBM, in combination with ensemble learning strategies, achieving high accuracy in VOCs classification and low-error concentration prediction. This flexible e-nose holds significant application value for gas detection in car cabins and indoor environments.

Trenched microwave resonator integrated with porous PDMS for detection and classification of VOCs with enhanced performance

Microwave resonators combined with polymer absorption layers are widely used in volatile organic compound (VOC) detection based on their variable resonant frequencies. However, the response time is limited due to the polymer’s slow volumetric absorption of VOC molecules. By constructing a porous structure in Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), resulting in reduced the response time to as short as 71.1%. To mitigate the sensitivity decline caused by the porous PDMS, a trenched-substrate complementary split-ring resonator (CSRR) is proposed for enhancing the interaction between the electromagnetic fields (EMFs) and the porous PDMS with VOCs. The removal of the substrate beneath CSRR’s sensing region enhances the effective EMF, increasing frequency and amplitude sensitivities up to 175.5% and 137.8%, respectively. Responses to four common VOCs by the sensor show a maximum sensitivity of 217 Hz/ppm and a minimum limit of detection of 295 ppm. Additionally, resonant parameters and extracted lumped parameters are utilized to establish two decision-tree-based VOC classification models, achieving high accuracies of 98.71% and 99.59%, respectively. And the latter one fully utilizing responses throughout the swept band, proves superior in identifying similar substances. This sensor technology helps promote the sensitive detection and accurate classification of diverse VOCs.

Development of a UAV-borne sorbent tube sampler and its application on the vertical profile measurement of volatile organic compounds

Vertical detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is essential to expend our understanding of the distribution characteristics of VOCs and improve the predictive ability of existing air quality models. In this work, we report the development of a sorbent tube sampler based on an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) platform. Vertical profile measurement of VOCs with a vertical resolution of 25 m was achieved. The sampler consists of five lightweight VOC sorbent tubes and a 5-way solenoid valve, making it available for collecting five atmospheric VOC samples in a single flight with a time response of less than 30 min. The sampler weighed ∼ 1.45 kg and had dimensions of 240 mm × 220 mm × 100 mm with small penetration loss (< 10%) under 4-liter sampling conditions (flow rate of 200 mL/min). Commercialized SUMMA canisters were used as experimental controls to investigate the possible loss of self-made sampler for target compounds in the same sampling process. Comparison experiment on the ground showed that the concentration differences for all VOC species were lower than 0.14 μg/m3, proving the good reliability for VOCs measurements using sorbent tube sampler. The UAV platform also incorporated online instruments for meteorological parameters and O3 measurement. The sampler was successfully applied to characterize the vertical profiles of VOCs up to 100 m in October 2023 in the Huaihe River Basin of China. The UAV platform and the sorbent tube sampler demonstrate good performance and will be a valuable and reliable tool for vertical VOCs measurement.

Detection of Volatile Organic Compounds through Spectroscopic Signatures in Nanoporous Fabry-Pérot Optical Microcavities.

Increasingly complex modern gas-monitoring scenarios necessitate advanced sensing capabilities to detect and identify a diverse range of gases under varying conditions. There is a rising demand for individual sensors with multiple responses capable of recognizing gases, identifying components in mixtures, and providing stable responses. Inspired by gas sensors employing multivariable response principles, we develop a nanoporous anodic alumina high-order microcavity (NAA-HOμCV) gas sensor with multiple optical outputs for discriminative gas detection. The NAA-HOμCV architecture, formed by a Fabry-Pérot microcavity with distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) mirrors and an extended-length microcavity layer supporting multiple resonant modes, serves as an effective solid-state fingerprint platform for distinguishing volatile organic compound (VOC) gases. Our research reveals that the coupling strength of light into resonant modes and their evolution depend on the thickness of the DBR mirrors and the dimension of the microcavity layer, which allows us to optimize the discriminative sensing capability of the NAA-HOμCV sensor through structural engineering of the microcavity and photonic crystal mirrors. Gas-sensing experiments conducted on the NAA-HOμCV sensor demonstrate real-time discrimination between physiosorbed VOC gases (isopropanol, ethanol, or acetone) in reversible gas sensing. It also achieves superior ppb-level sensing in irreversible gas sensing of model silane molecules. Our study presents promising avenues for designing compact, cost-effective, and highly efficient gas sensors with tailored properties for discriminative gas detection.

Functional Construction of a Novel Lanthanide MOF for Efficient Ratio Luminescence Detection of Ethanol Vapor

AbstractIt is necessary to develop excellent sensors for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) detection from the perspective of environmental protection and human health. Luminescent lanthanide metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) have many advantages such as porosity, luminescence, and structural controllability, making them very suitable as luminescent sensing materials. Based on a functional oriented strategy, novel Ln‐MOFs are successfully constructed and their structure and properties are characterized in detail. A series of vapor luminescence sensing tests have shown that Eu/Tb doped L1‐Eu0.1/Tb0.9 not only exhibits high selectivity for alcohols, especially ethanol vapor, but also has high sensitivity and extremely low detection limit (9.76 mg L−1). To the knowledge, there are no reports on ratio luminescence sensors based on Ln‐MOFs for ethanol vapor, especially those with such excellent performance. Crystal structure determination demonstrates that ethanol binds to the framework through multiple hydrogen bonding interactions, altering the energy transfer efficiency between Tb3+ and Eu3+ to achieve ratio luminescence detection. In addition, L1‐Eu0.1/Tb0.9 has good repeatability, the prepared thin film sensing material also demonstrates the advantages of portability and processability. This work can provide some experience for the development of VOCs sensing materials with better performance.

Cooperative and Bifunctional Adsorbent-Catalyst Materials for In-situ VOCs Capture-Conversion.

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are gases that are emitted into the air from products or processes and are major components of air pollution that significantly deteriorate air quality and seriously affect human health. Different types of metals, metal oxides, mixed-metal oxides, polymers, activated carbons, zeolites, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and mixed-matrixed materials have been developed and used as adsorbent or catalyst for diversified VOCs detection, removal, and destruction. In this comprehensive review, we first discuss the general classification of VOCs removal materials and processes and outline the historical development of bifunctional and cooperative adsorbent-catalyst materials for the removal of VOCs from air. Subsequently, particular attention is devoted to design of strategies for cooperative adsorbent-catalyst materials, along with detailed discussions on the latest advances on these bifunctional materials, reaction mechanisms, long-term stability, and regeneration for VOCs removal processes. Finally, challenges and future opportunities for the environmental implementation of these bifunctional materials are identified and outlined with the intent of providing insightful guidance on the design and fabrication of more efficient materials and systems for VOCs removal in the future.

Detection and treatment of VOCs in the food industry

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are common pollutants in the atmosphere, which will do some harm to the environment and the human body. At present, the detection and treatment of VOCs are mainly concentrated in chemical, petroleum, pharmaceutical, household and other industries, but few scholars have studied the management of VOCs emitted by food industry. According to the characteristics of VOCs emitted from food industry, this article summarizes the research progress of relevant detection methods (gas chromatography, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry, electronic nose technology) for VOCs emitted from food industry in recent years, focusing on the research progress, advantages, and disadvantages of destruction technology (combustion method, low temperature plasma technology, biological method), treatment and recovery technology (adsorption method, absorption method, condensation method, membrane separation method) and combination technology for VOCs emitted from food industry. Based on the understanding of various governance technologies and the relevant policy requirements of VOCs governance, the future research trends in this field are prospected.

Single atom dispersed tungsten disulfide (WS2) based nanosensors for VOCs detection related to decomposed humans in disaster events

Locating and recovering the victims as a result of disaster events is extremely challenging due to vast search areas, hazardous nature of destroyed infrastructure, and large number of potential victims. An effective avenue for the victim’s detection is through the sensing of human-specific volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted both in life and in death. Motivated by this, we employed first principles density functional theory (DFT) calculations to study the sensing properties of pristine, vacancy-induced and single atom dispersed tungsten disulfide (WS2) monolayers towards 11 specific VOCs associated with decomposing humans. We found that pristine, and vacancy-induced WS2 weakly adsorbed the selected VOCs with adsorption energies (Eads) between −0.26 to −0.76 eV. However, the incorporation of selected single atoms of Co, Fe, Nb, and Ni in WS2 improved the sensing properties tremendously. In particular, Nb-WS2 adsorbed the incident VOCs with Eads values of −1.89, −209, −1.43, −0.94, −2.08, −1.57, −1.44, −1.47, −1.70, −1.03, and −2.14 eV for 2-Butanone, benzaldehyde, butanol, heptane, hexanal, methylamine, dimethyl disulfide, dimethyl trisulfide, pyridine, octane, and toluene, respectively, which are ideal for efficient sensing mechanism. Appropriate adsorptions were coupled with the measurable changes in the electronic properties (band gaps) of Nb-WS2, which is essential for proficient sensing. Charge transfer analysis, electro localization functions, electrostatic potentials, and work function calculations further authenticated the sensing propensities of single atom dispersed WS2. Finally, Langmuir adsorption model was employed to explore the sensing at diverse pressure and temperature settings. We believe that these results will help for the development of highly efficient nanosensors for the detection of VOCs related to decomposed humans in mass disaster events. This will increase the detection ability and the chance of locating these victims.

Detection and Analysis of VOCs in Cherry Tomato Based on GC-MS and GC×GC-TOF MS Techniques.

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) play a significant role in influencing the flavor quality of cherry tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme). The scarcity of systematic analysis of VOCs in cherry tomatoes can be attributed to the constraints imposed by detection technology and other contributing factors. In this study, the cherry tomato cultivar var. 'Zheyingfen1' was chosen due to its abundant fruit flavor. Two detection technology platforms, namely the commonly employed headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) and the most advanced headspace solid-phase microextraction-full two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC×GC-TOFMS), were employed in the analysis. The VOCs of cherry tomato cultivar var. 'Zheyingfen1' fruits at red ripening stage were detected. A combined total of 1544 VOCs were detected using the two aforementioned techniques. Specifically, 663 VOCs were identified by through the HS-SPME-GC-MS method, 1026 VOCs were identified by through the HS-SPME-GC×GC-TOFMS, and 145 VOCs were identified by both techniques. The identification of β-ionone and (E)-2-nonenal as the principal VOCs was substantiated through the application of the relative odor activity value (rOAV) calculation and subsequent analysis. Based on the varying contribution rates of rOAV, the analysis of sensory flavor characteristics revealed that cherry tomato cultivar var. 'Zheyingfen1' predominantly exhibited green and fatty attributes, accompanied by elements of fresh and floral flavor characteristics. In conclusion, our study conducted a comprehensive comparison of the disparities between these two methodologies in detecting VOCs in cherry tomato fruits. Additionally, we systematically analyzed the VOC composition and sensory flavor attributes of the cherry tomato cultivar var. 'Zheyingfen1'. This research serves as a significant point of reference for investigating the regulatory mechanisms underlying the development of volatile flavor quality in cherry tomatoes.

Optimization of volatile organic compounds sampling from dairy cow exhaled breath using polymer-based solid-phase extraction cartridges for gas chromatographic analysis

We explored appropriate technical setups for the detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from exhaled cow breath by comparing six different polymer-based solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridges currently on the market for gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) screening. Exhaled breath was sampled at a single timepoint from five lactating dairy cows using six different SPE cartridges (Bond Elut ENV (ENV); Chromabond HRX (HRX); Chromabond HRP (HRP); Chromabond HLB (HLB); Chromabond HR-XCW (XCW) and Chromabond HR-XAW (XAW)). The trapped VOCs were analyzed by dynamic headspace vacuum in-tube extraction GC-MS (DHS-V-ITEX-GC-MS). Depending on the SPE cartridge, we detected 1174–1312 VOCs per cartridge. Most VOCs were alkenes, alkanes, esters, ketones, alcohols, aldehydes, amines, nitriles, ethers, amides, carboxylic acids, alkynes, azoles, terpenes, pyridines, or sulfur-containing compounds. The six SPE cartridges differed in their specificity for the chemical compounds, with the XAW cartridge showing the best specificity for ketones. The greatest differences between the tested SPE cartridges appeared in the detection of specific VOCs. In total, 176 different VOCs were detected with a match factor >80%. The greatest number of specific VOCs was captured by XAW (149), followed by ENV (118), HLB (117), HRP (115), HRX (114), and XCW (114). We conclude that the tested SPE cartridges are suitable for VOC sampling from exhaled cow breath, but the SPE cartridge choice enormously affects the detected chemical groups and the number of detected VOCs. Therefore, an appropriate SPE adsorbent cartridge should be selected according to our proposed inclusion criteria. For targeted metabolomics approaches, the SPE cartridge choice depends on the VOCs or chemical compound groups of interest based on our provided VOC list. For untargeted approaches without information on the animals’ metabolic condition, we suggest using multi-sorbent SPE cartridges or multiple cartridges per animal.

Ultra-sensitive optical fiber ethanol gas sensor based on Vernier effect in cascaded Mach-Zehnder interferometer and Sagnac interferometer

Optical fiber-based sensors, which show the merits of high sensitivity, real-time, and rapid detection, have important research value in the detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). In this paper, a novel ethanol gas sensor was experimentally investigated based on the cascaded optical fiber-based Sagnac interferometer and Mach-Zehnder interferometer. The Sagnac interferometer was constructed with an anisotropic nematic liquid crystal (NLC) film which acted as the reactor with ethanol gas. A tapered single-mode fiber (SMF) was used to build the Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI). The two interferometers were parallelly and tandemly cascaded respectively to achieve the magnification of measurement sensitivity. Experimental results showed that the sensitivities were 8.561 pm/ppm with a magnification factor of 3.76 for the parallel cascaded structure and 7.924 pm/ppm with a magnification factor of 3.48 for the tandemly cascaded structure. The designed optical fiber-based ethanol gas sensor, showing the advantages of compact structure, high sensitivity, small size, and low cost, could be a competitive candidate for the detection of ethanol gas leakage.

The science behind the nose: correlating volatile organic compound characterisation with canine biodetection of COVID-19.

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic stimulated the advancement and research in the field of canine scent detection of COVID-19 and volatile organic compound (VOC) breath sampling. It remains unclear which VOCs are associated with positive canine alerts. This study aimed to confirm that the training aids used for COVID-19 canine scent detection were indeed releasing discriminant COVID-19 VOCs detectable and identifiable by gas chromatography (GC-MS). Inexperienced dogs (two Labradors and one English Springer Spaniel) were trained over 19 weeks to discriminate between COVID-19 infected and uninfected individuals and then independently validated. Getxent tubes, impregnated with the odours from clinical gargle samples, used during the canines' maintenance training process were also analysed using GC-MS. Three dogs were successfully trained to detect COVID-19. A principal components analysis model was created and confirmed the ability to discriminate between VOCs from positive and negative COVID-19 Getxent tubes with a sensitivity of 78% and a specificity of 77%. Two VOCs were found to be very predictive of positive COVID-19 cases. When comparing the dogs with GC-MS, F1 and Matthew's correlation coefficient, correlation scores of 0.69 and 0.37 were observed, respectively, demonstrating good concordance between the two methods. This study provides analytical confirmation that canine training aids can be safely and reliably produced with good discrimination between positive samples and negative controls. It is also a further step towards better understanding of canine odour discrimination of COVID-19 as the scent of interest and defining what VOC elements the canines interpret as "essential".

Facile synthesis of oxygen vacancies mediated Co3O4 by Mn doping for high-performance ethanol sensing

The detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) at extremely low concentrations holds significant importance in industry and daily life. In this study, Mn-doped Co3O4 materials with a mesoporous structure and oxygen vacancies were synthesized through manual grinding and calcination treatment. The structural characterization measurements showed that Mn doping restrained the crystal growth of the cobaltous oxides which was beneficial for the mesoporous structure, and appropriate oxygen vacancies. The 0.2Mn–Co3O4 sensor operated at the optimum operating temperature of 260 °C, showed a higher response (32.0) to 30 ppm ethanol, which was about 5.81 times as much as that of the pure Co3O4 (5.5). Additionally, to ethanol the 0.2Mn–Co3O4 sensor manifested ultra-low detection limit (11.6 ppb), fast response/recovery time (25/15 s) and superior stability. These exceptional performances may be attributed to the synergistic effect of mesoporous structure formation and appropriate oxygen vacancy concentration. Consequently, the Mn-doped Co3O4 sensor has great potential for detecting low-concentration ethanol in practical applications.