VITEK-2 Compact Research Articles

Analysis of Antimicrobial Susceptibility in Bacterial Pathogens Associated with Urinary Tract Infections from Beijing Teaching Hospital in China, 2009-2017.

Since a urinary tract infection (UTI) is easy to relapse and difficult to treat, the antibiotic resistance rate has increased year by year in recent years. This study was to analyze the characteristics of the common pathogenic bacteria and the changes of antibiotic resistance in urinary system infection, so as to guide the standard use of antibiotics in a clinical urinary tract infection and control nosocomial infection effectively. A total of 5,669 strains of a urinary tract infection in the hospital from January 2009 to December 2017 were retrospectively analyzed. Bacterial identification and the antibiotic sensitivity test (AST) were analyzed by using a VITEK-2 Compact system. Of the 5669 pathogens, 3,256 (57.44%) of the strains were Gram-negative bacteria (GNB), 1,474 (26%) were Gram-positive bacteria (GPB), and 939 (16.56%) were fungi. Resistant rates of ESBL-producing strains were all significantly different from non-ESBL-producing strains in Escherichia coli (p < 0.05). The resistance rate of ESBL-producing strains to β-lactam antibiotics was all higher than that of non-ESBL-producing strains in Klebsiella pneumoniae (p < 0.05). The detection rate of vancomycin-resistantEnterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis was 37.3% and 3.1%, respectively, and the detection rate of linezolid-resistantEnterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis was 0.68% and 0%, respectively. The drug resistance rate of candida sp. to fluconazole, itraconazole, and voriconazole was 1.7%, 8.5%, and 3.4%, respectively. No amphotericin B-resistant strains were detected in the research. Among the 5669 strains isolated from urinary tract infection patients, GNB were the main pathogens. Escherichia coli was the major pathogen. The resistance rate of ESBLs-producingEscherichia coli was higher than that of non-ESBLs-producingEscherichia coli in general; meanwhile, β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitors and carbapenems maintained good antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli. The resistance rate of non-ESBLs-producingKlebsiella pneumoniae strains was significantly higher than that of ESBLs-producingKlebsiella pneumoniae strains, and drug resistance was more prominent; most of the antibiotic resistance rates were over 50%. The antimicrobial resistance rate of Enterococcus faecium was significantly higher than that of Enterococcus faecalis. There were rare linezolid-resistant strains. The antimicrobial resistance rate of imidazole to fungi was controlled less than 10%.

Characterization of Pathogenic Microflora Causing Suppurative Septic Postpartum Complications: a Retrospective Cohort Study

Background. Suppurative septic postpartum complications occupy a leading position in the structure of causes of maternal mortality. Information about the characteristics of pathogenic microflora in various forms of complications and analysis of its resistance to antibacterial drugs determine the choice of rational therapy for this pathology.Objectives — to characterize the isolated pathogenic microflora in obstetric patients with suppurative septic postpartum complications.Methods. A retrospective cohort study was conducted at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology No. 2 of the Omsk State Medical University and the Department of Gynecology of the Omsk Regional Clinical Hospital. The study included 123 cesarean section patients treated from January 2013 to December 2022 who were divided into three groups: Group A — uncomplicated course of postpartum endometritis, n = 55; Group B — complicated forms of postpartum endometritis, n = 48: B1 — local complications (suture failure following cesarean section; parametritis) n = 29; B2 — pelvic peritonitis, n = 19; Group C — septic complications following critical obstetric conditions, n = 20. The pathogenic microflora of uterine and abdominal cavities was examined; the extent of contamination with a pathogen and sensitivity to antibacterial drugs were determined. The isolated microorganisms were identified using a MicroTax bacteriological analyzer (Austria), Vitek2 Compact (France) and routine methods; a disk diffusion method was employed to determine the sensitivity of microorganisms to antibacterial drugs. Calculations were performed using licensed Microsoft Office Excel 2013 and Statistica 10 programs (StatSoft Inc., USA). Nonparametric nominal data were compared using Pearson’s chi-squared test with p-value determination.Results. The pathogenic microflora was dominated by S. epidermidis, E. faecalis, E. coli, and E. faecium. In 2018–2022, a statistically significant decrease was observed in the isolation rate of S. epidermidis (p = 0.016), E. faecalis (p &lt; 0.001), and E. faecium (p = 0.05). The highest resistance was exhibited by bacteria to the following antibiotics: S. epidermidis — cephalosporins (30.16%); E. faecalis — fluoroquinolones (33.33%); E. coli — cephalosporins (65.91%) and β-lactamase-resistant penicillins (40.91%); E. faecium — aminopenicillins (64.10%) and fluoroquinolones (50.0%); А. baumannii — fluoroquinolones, cephalosporins, carbapenems (100%), and aminoglycosides (84.2%). A contamination assessment revealed a high titer of isolated microorganisms in 60.53% of cases. We found a statistically significantly higher isolation rate of S. еpidermidis (p &lt; 0.001), E. faecium (p = 0.01), and A. baumannii (p = 0.02) in the setting of pelvic peritonitis as compared to uncomplicated endometritis. In the case of suppurative septic complications due to critical obstetric conditions, the isolation rate was higher for S. еpidermidis (p &lt;0.001), E. coli (p = 0.04), E. faecium (p = 0.005), A. baumannii (р&lt;0.001), and K. рneumoniae (p = 0.04).Conclusion. The antibiotic resistance of pathogenic microorganisms calls for the development of new organ system support technologies and the use of methods capable of sorbing microorganisms and their toxins in the area of inflammation.

Effect of Coffea arabica L on antibiotic-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is considered an opportunistic bacteria that causes many risks and because of its resistance to antibiotics, the virulence of this bacteria has increased. To get rid of the problem of bacterial resistance to antibiotics, effective medicinal plants were used to get rid of pathogenic bacteria so during this study, 200 samples were collected from patients with wounds and burn from Al-Sadiq Teaching Hospital in Babylon Governorate, distributed to 130 burn samples and 70 wound samples. The samples were cultured with specific and differential media. Where 30(15%) samples of P. aeruginosa were obtained and the diagnosis was confirmed by microscopy and biochemical tests and confirmed by VITEK-2 Compact. The sensitivity test showed its resistance to many antibiotics piperacillin 15/30 (50%) , piperacillin - tazobactam (4/30(13.3%), ceftazidime and cefepimewere each one (25/30(83.3%), Aztreonam 8/30(26.6%), Imipenem5/30(16.6%), Gentamicin 12/ 30(40%) 30, Tobramycin9/30( 30%), Amikacin 6/30(20%), ciprofloxacin 13/30(43.3%), ofloxacin 5/30(16.6%). Because of the role of alternative medicine in combating antibiotic-resistant bacteria, the effectiveness of the coffee plant was measured against antibiotic-resistant P. aeruginosa was sensitive to the coffee aqueous extract, Coffea arabica Linn. (Rubiaceae (.The properties of the active substances in coffee were determined using characteristic techniques UV-Visible Spectra analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The study aims to investigate the effectiveness of the Arabica coffee plant as a bacterial antibiotic to challenge the problem of pathogenic bacterial resistance to the used antibiotics.

Experimental translocation of intestinal bacteria caused by closed abdominal trauma, acute blood loss, internal haemorrhage

Bacterial translocation plays an important role in the development of multiple organ failure, which develops as a result of trauma. The severity of bacterial translocation is proportional to the degree of blood loss and damage. The purpose of the study was to establish the spectrum of microorganisms involved in translocation, their population levels, and explore changes in the microecology of mesenteric lymph nodes and liver tissue in white rats subjected to closed abdominal trauma, acute blood loss, internal haemorrhage, and their combination. Experiments were performed on 36 male rats. Biological material (mesenteric lymph nodes, liver tissue) was collected at 7 and 14 hours post-experiment and the samples underwent homogenisation and were then cultured according to laboratory protocols. Isolated bacteria were identified using a Vitek-2 Compact 15 analyser (bioMérieux, France), and their population level was evaluated in log10 CFU/g. Bacterial translocation was considered present when a positive result was obtained simultaneously in the mesenteric lymph nodes and in the tissue of the right lobe of the liver. It was established that the main role in translocation is played by E. coli, P. stuartii, P. mirabilis, P. aeruginosa. The combination of abdominal trauma with acute blood loss was accompanied by translocation and K. pneumoniae. Trauma combined with acute blood loss causes additional translocation of E. faecalis, E. cloacae, E. faecium; while internal haemorrhage led to S. aureus and S. epidermidis translocation. The spectrum of translocating microorganisms was more diverse and multi-component when the trauma was combined with internal haemorrhage. At 14 hours post-trauma, there was a tendency for increased population levels of the isolated bacteria compared to the 7-hour data. In all experimental groups, E. coli strains were cultured in the highest concentrations

Inhibitory activity of Mentha spicata oils on biofilms of Proteus mirabilis isolated from burns

Introduction and Aim: Proteus mirabilis is an opportunistic pathogen, infecting humans, through the release of endotoxins and enzymes such as urease, hemolysin, protease, DNase etc. One of the factors contributing to its virulence is its unusual ability to form crystalline biofilms. This study aimed to investigate the effect of Mentha spicata volatile oil on P. mirabilis biofilm formation. Materials and Methods: P. mirabilis was isolated from infected wound of burns of patients using conventional biochemical tests. Vitek 2-Compact System was used to confirm the diagnosis of bacterial isolates. The isolates were tested for their susceptibility to 11 antibiotics. Aqueous and alcoholic extracts as well as Volatile Oil and natural Menthol extracted from M. spicata were tested for their ability to inhibit biofilm formation by P. mirabilis. Results: In this study 16 out of the 45 burn injury samples were tested positive for P. mirabilis. Bacterial isolates were found to be resistant to the drugs Levofloxacin and Norfloxacin, with percentages of 10.2% and 11.8%, respectively. Majority of these isolates had the capacity to produce several virulence factors, including biofilm in variable amounts and the enzymes protease, hemolysin, DNase, and gelatinase. The volatile oil and natural component menthol extracted from M. spicata inhibited the formation of biofilm at increasing concentrations. Conclusion: The volatile oil and the natural menthol compound of M. spicata are effective in inhibiting biofilm formation by P. mirabilis.

Identification and pattern of antifungal susceptibility of Candida species isolated from cases of vaginitis in a tertiary care hospital in India.

Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is one of the most frequent reasons for gynecological consultations. Candida albicans is responsible in the majority of cases. Lately, VVC caused by non-albicans Candida spp. (NAC), which are resistant to routinely used antifungals, is on the rise. This study was designed to determine the prevalence of Candida in patients suffering from vaginitis and to assess the predisposing factors along with identification of Candida species and evaluation of their susceptibility profile. High vaginal swabs were collected from 225 women. Sample processing consisted of Gram stain and culture onto Sabouraud's dextrose agar and HiChrom Candida Differential agar. Isolates were identified and speciated using VITEK2 Compact System. Susceptibility testing was done using VITEK2 AST-Y S08 cards and disc diffusion. Candida spp. were isolated from 94 (41.8%) of the cases. C. albicans was the predominant species (71.6%) followed by other NAC spp. (28.4%). Pregnancy and diabetes were the most frequently implicated risk factors (67.1% and 44.4%). High resistance was observed in NAC spp. as opposed to C. albicans to all antifungal agents tested. Empirical therapy with routinely used antifungals can be initiated for C. albicans. In the case of NAC spp., identification should be followed by susceptibility testing.

Occurrence and Genomic Characteristics of Hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae in a Tertiary Care Hospital, Eastern India.

This study was conducted to find out the occurrence of hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae (hvKP) isolates from different clinical specimens in a tertiary care hospital of eastern India and investigate the distribution of virulence factors, capsular serotypes and antibiogram profile. The distribution of carbapenemase-encoding genes in convergent (hvKP and carbapenem-resistant) isolates was also studied. A total of 1004 K. pneumoniae isolates were obtained from different clinical specimens from August 2019 to June 2021 and hvKP isolates were identified using the string test. Genes of capsular serotypes K1, K2, K5, K20, K54 and K57, virulence-associated genes, rmpA, rmpA2, mrkD, allS, iroN, iutA, iuc, kfuB and ybtS, and carbapenemase-encoding genes, NDM-1, OXA-48, OXA-181, and KPC, were evaluated by polymerase chain reaction. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined primarily by the VITEK-2 Compact automated platform (bioMérieux, Marcy-l'Étoile, France) and supplemented by disc-diffusion/EzyMIC (HiMedia, Mumbai, India) wherever needed. Out of 1004 isolates, 33 (3.3%) were hvKP. Most frequent capsular serotype was K2 in 11 (33.3%). Amongst virulence genes, mrkD, iutA and kfuB were detected most frequently in 93.9%, 84.8% and 63.6% isolates respectively. Classical Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates were significantly more resistant than hvKP to cephalosporins, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, and fluoroquinolones (p < 0.05). Carbapenem resistance was seen in 10 hvKP convergent isolates with the most prevalent carbapenemase-encoding gene being OXA-48 and OXA-181 in 50% isolates. There is a need for continued surveillance of hvKP strains in view of the impending threat of a global spread of convergent strains.

Identification of some yeast species in traditional Turkish fermented sausage with Vitek 2 compact system

Fermented sausage, produced by traditional methods, matures by fermentation of microbial flora originating from the raw materials and the place of production. The source of contamination of the meat industry with yeasts, which are widespread in the environment, are the surfaces of the tools and equipment used in processing. Although the presence of yeasts in meat products contributes to the formation of flavor and aroma, some yeast species can cause undesirable flavors, discoloration, and the formation of a soft texture. Therefore, our study aimed to determine the yeast profile of fermented sausages using the Vitek2 Compact System, in which various biochemical tests were performed. In the sausage samples was detected Candida zeylanoides in 56.25%, Candida sake in 52.10%, Pichia farinosa in 25%, Cryptococcus laurentii in 10.42%, Candida glabrata in 4.17%, and Rhodotorula glutinis in 10.42% yeast species. The difference in yeast species in fermented sausages varied depending on the microbial load of the raw material and compliance with hygiene regulations during processing and fermentation conditions.

Clinical distribution and drug resistance characteristics of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae

To explore the clinical distribution and drug resistance characteristics of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP), in order to provide reference for the prevention and treatment of CRKP infection. Retrospective analysis was performed on 510 clinical isolates of CRKP from January 2017 to December 2021, and strain identification and drug sensitivity tests were conducted by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometer and VITEK-2 Compact microbial drug sensitivity analyzer. The carbapenemase phenotype of CRKP strain was detected by carbapenemase inhibitor enhancement test. The CRKP strain was further categorized by immunochromogenic method and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used for gene detection. The results showed that 302 strains (59.2%) were derived from sputum, 127 strains (24.9%) from urine and 47 strains (9.2%) from blood. 231 (45.3%) were mainly distributed in intensive care, followed by 108 (21.2%) in respiratory medicine and 79 (15.5%) in neurosurgery. Drug susceptibility test result shows that the resistant rate of tigecycline increased from 1.0% in 2017 to 10.1% in 2021, the difference was statistically significant (χ2=14.444,P<0.05). The results of carbapenemase inhibitor enhancement test showed that 461 carbapenemase strains (90.4%) of 510 CRKP strains, including 450 serinase strains (88.2%), 9 metalloenzyme strains (1.8%), and 2 strains (0.4%) produced both serine and metalloenzyme. 49 strains (9.6%) did not produce enzymes. Further typing by immunochromogenic assay showed that 461 CRKP strains were KPC 450 (97.6%) and IMP 2 (0.4%). 7 NDM (1.5%); 2 strains of KPC+NDM (0.4%); PCR results were as follows: 450 strains of blaKPC (97.6%), 2 strains of blaIMP (0.4%), 7 strains of blaNDM (1.5%), and 2 strains of blaKPC+NDM (0.4%). In conclusion, CRKP strains mainly originated from sputum specimens and distributed in intensive care department, and the drug resistance characteristics were mainly KPC type in carbapenemase production. Clinical microbiology laboratory should strengthen the monitoring of CRKP strains, so as to provide reference for preventing CRKP infection and reducing the production of bacterial drug resistance.

Relationship Between Drug Resistance Characteristics and Biofilm Formation in Klebsiella Pneumoniae Strains.

To conduct epidemiological analysis of Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) with hypervirulence, and to investigate its drug resistance phenotype, Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBLs) gene, virulence factor, capsular serotype and biofilm formation, so as to provide theoretical basis for further understanding of the drug resistance mechanism of K. pneumoniae with hypervirulence. K. Pneumoniae were isolated from clinical samples collected from inpatients. All strains were identified by VITEK2 Compact using fully automatic microbial analyzer, the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of antibiotics was determined by microbroth dilution test. The double disk diffusion method was used to detect the production of ESBLs, modified carbapenem inactivation method (mCIM) was used to detect the production of carbapenemase, and hypermucoviscosity phenotype was detected by wire drawing test. PCR was used to detect ESBLs gene, virulence factor and capsular serotype. Crystal violet staining was used to detect the ability of biofilm formation. The ESBLs genes detected in this study included strains blaTEM 35 (36.5%), blaSHV 51 (53.1%), and blaCTX-M 49 (51.0%). Most strains carried multiple ESBLs genes, but not all of them produce ESBLs. K1 and K2 accounted for 14.6% and 11.5% respectively. Most (91.7%) strains carried the fimH gene, and the other virulence genes were ybtS (53.1%), entB (46.9%), rmpA (41.7%), aerobactin (32.3%), allS (15.6%), kfu (15.6%). Of all the Klebsiella pneumoniae strains, 33 (34.4%) exhibited ESBLs phenotype, 16 (16.7%) were carbapenemase-producing, and 20 (20.8%) with ESBLs phenotype tested were resistant to all four drugs. The correlation between ESBLs-producing strains and biofilm formation was significantly increased compared to strains without ESBLs phenotype (P=0.035). Compared to hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae (hvKP), classical Klebsiella pneumoniae (cKP) has a tendency to acquire antibiotic resistance. Our study showed that genes encoding rmpA, K1 or K2, and kfu were highly associated with hvKP.

A Rapid Carbapenemase Genes Detection Method with Xpert Carba-R from Positive Blood Cultures Compared with NG-Test Carba 5 and Sequencing.

The objective of the current study was to evaluate the performance of Xpert Carba-R for the direct detection and identification of carbapenemase genes from positive blood cultures. Pathogens which extracted from positive blood cultures and identified using MALDI-TOF MS as Enterobacterales were included in this study. Xpert Carba-R was used for the rapid detection of carbapenemase genes from positive blood cultures. NG-Test CARBA 5 and polymerase-chain reaction (PCR) sequencing were used for the detection of carbapenemases and carbapenemase genes in positive blood culture isolates, respectively. Finally, antibiotic susceptibility tests were conducted using the VITEK-2 Compact system. A total of 133 positive blood cultures of Enterobacterales were collected and 27 of them were detected to carry carbapenemase genes using Xpert Carba-R. In comparison with PCR sequencing results, the sensitivity and specificity of Xpert Carba-R and NG-Test CARBA 5 were calculated as 100%. Additionally, Xpert Carba-R could significantly shorten the turnaround time by directly detecting positive blood cultures comparing with NG-Test CARBA 5. For 27 carbapenem-producing strains, the resistance rates of carbapenems and aztreonam were 96.3% and 92.6%, respectively. Strains carrying the blaKPC gene were all sensitive to ceftazidime-avibactam. All strains were sensitive to tigecycline and colistin. Xpert Carba-R is suitable for the rapid detection of main carbapenemase genes from positive blood cultures with high sensitivity and specificity. In comparison with NG-Test CARBA 5 and PCR sequencing methods, the timely and convenient method can be a useful test to guide optimal therapy and infection control.

Study of Some Resistance Genes in Clinical Proteus mirabilis.

Proteus mirabilis belongs to the family Enterobacteriaceae and is capable of transforming in shape from rod to elongated and swarming motility by flagella. It is an opportunity for bacteria and can cause different clinical diseases. Therefore, this study aimed to assay and detect a sequence of genes that encode for antibiotic resistance in multidrug resistance clinical isolates of Proteus mirabilis, including blaTEM, aac(6')-Ib, qnrA, IntI2, IntI1 and secondly to investigate the relationship in the phylogenetic tree among these genes in Iraq comparison with global strains in NCBI. The study included the identifying of 500 clinical samples depending on morphological and biochemical tests and confirming Proteus mirabilis diagnosis by the VITEK-2 Compact system. The confirmed isolates of Proteus mirabilis were 95 clinical isolates (19%). Antibiotic susceptibility test of all these isolates was done using twelve antibiotics tested using Amoxicillin, Aztreonam, Imipenem, Cefoxitin, Amikacin, Ceftazidem, Ciprofloxacin, Nalidixic acid, Gentamicin, Sulphamethazol-trimethoprim, Cefotaxime, Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid. The results showed that multidrug resistance Proteus mirabilis isolates contained the genes in different levels as follow blaTEM gene (90%), aac(6')-Ib gene (80%) ,IntI1 gene (100%), IntI2 gene (80%). These genes were sequenced and detected phylogenetic relationships among these genes and global genes were documented in NCBI. The results showed that some Iraqi isolates contain genetic variation compared to global strains. Therefore, this variation was detected and registered in NCBI of all five antibiotic resistance genes mentioned above and accepted under accession numbers of aacIb gene (LC613168.1), blaTEM gene (LC613166.1), IntI1 gene (LC613169.1), IntI2 gene (LC613170.1).

Immunological Evaluation of Individuals Infected with Acinetobacter baumannii.

Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) is a spherical rod-shaped Gram-negative non-lactose fermenting (Coccobacilli, Aerobic bacteria) bacteria. It is a member of the Moraxellacea family. A. baumannii is a pathogenic, opportunistic organism that infects humans in society and hospitals. In particular, patients with immune system defects are at risk, especially those with burn infections and those hospitalized in intensive care (ICU). It plays a vital role in many illnesses, including septicemia, pneumonia, meningitis, soft tissues, skin infection, endocarditis, and urinary tract infection (UTI). The current study included immunological evaluation of infection with A. baumannii. In the current study, 150 blood samples were obtained as follows: 100 blood samples were collected from infected individuals with A. baumannii admitted to hospitals in Baghdad. Fifty blood samples were obtained from healthy individuals and considered as the control. 10 ml of blood samples were collected from the venous blood of the participants. A. baumannii was collected and isolated from infected patients and diagnosed by traditional methods, using different culture media (MacConkey agar, blood agar, and Chromogenetic agar) and by biochemical assays, then the bacteria diagnosis was confirmed using the VITEK 2 ID-GN cards. Microscopic examination and culture diagnosis of bacteria were conducted, and the diagnosis was confirmed by complete biochemical examinations using VITEK2 Compact System. Assessments included the serum level of IL-17A and TNF-α for hospitalized patients infected with A. baumannii. The study recorded a significant increase in the serum level of IL-17A for patients infected with A. baumannii (479.83±26.21 pg/ml) compared to control subjects (69.32±4.53 pg/ml). The recorded data showed a significant increase in the serum level of TNF-α for patients infected with A. baumannii (98.05±28.89 pg/ml) compared to control (1.40±25.12 pg/ml).

Bacteriological Profile and Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of Tracheal Secretions Isolates Among Intensive Care Unit Patients at Tertiary Care Hospital

Introduction: Respiratory infections are associated with high morbidity and mortality, especially in critically ill patients. The excessive use of broad-spectrum antibiotics has led to the development of drug resistance, thus resulting in the emergence of pathogens which are difficult to treat. Materials and Methods: A total of 632 tracheal secretions were received in the Bacteriology section of the microbiology department of a tertiary care hospital from November 2019 to February 2020. Tracheal secretions were processed for culture according to standard operating procedures. Identification, phenotype detection, and antibiotic sensitivity testing were performed by automated VITEK-2 Compact system. Results: In total, 632 tracheal secretions were received during the study period, 559 cultures yielded significant pathogens and no organisms were isolated in 73 cultures. Among the Gram-negative organism 540 (97%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (30%) was the most common isolates. Gram-positive organisms 12 (2%) and Candida spp. 7 (1%) were isolated. The most common phenotype detected in Escherichia coli and K. pneumoniae was extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producer. Conclusions: K. pneumoniae was the most common isolate from tracheal secretion among intensive care unit patients. Colistin, followed by tigecycline, was found to be the most susceptible antibiotics. K. pneumoniae was found to be sensitive to tigecycline (69%) with minimum inhibitory concentrations of ≤ 1. 0.6%. K. pneumoniae was colistin resistant.

Detection of acquired resistance genes for vancomycin in local Iraqi isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae

The species were collected from 3 main hospitals in different regions in Baghdad, and presented by one hundred and seventy-four for various genders and ages. The collected sources were 60 samples of urine, 33 samples of wounds, 36 samples of burns, 45 sample of fecal material. A total 60 isolates were isolated and diagnosed according to microscopic, cultural and biochemical tests as well as Api – 20 E, VITEK2 Compact systems were performed as well as specific 16SrRNA gene was applied for molecular identification of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates deposited in the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) (From LC314482.1 - LC314486.1). As a result of these tests a total of 13 Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates were isolated and identified. For the precise detection of studied isolates in molecular techniques, chromosomal DNA was extracted. It was clear that the percentage of VanA gene appearance was 40% and 6.66% VanB gene for the selected isolates. Vancomycin-resistant genes were investigated for these bacterial isolates using specific primers for the resistant genes (VanA &amp; VanB). Results of gel electrophoresis of the PCR products for Klebsiella pneumoniae that they have the resistant genes (VanA &amp; VanB) appeared on chromosomal DNA.

Antimicrobial activity of A. paniculata against isolated MDR strains

Antibiotic resistance is a major problem and the greatest challenge to both hospitals and in the community. Initially, antibiotic-resistant strains were found to the hospital environment only, but now they can be present everywhere. It was therefore decided to conduct a short-term study on Andrographis paniculata's ability to inhibit the growth of some of the most resistant bacteria in the Doon Valley. Antimicrobial activity of Andrographis paniculate of leaf and steam extract was performed against different MDR isolates. The VITEK2 COMPACT device with a consistent inoculum was used to identify and evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility of clinical samples obtained in suspected critical patients at Indresh hospitals in Dehradun District. Clinical and laboratory guidelines were followed during the testing process ( Shri Mahent Indresh Hospital). Steam and leaf extract from A. paniculata leaf was tested for antibacterial activities using the disc diffusion method. The present study showing that the leaf extract and steam extract petroleum ether, acetone and ethyle acetate extract are most active against K. pneumoniae, E. coli, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acetinobacter, Pseudomonas sp. , Enterobacterium (MDR strains) and Candia albugin, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium, penicillium (pathogenic fungus.

Age &lt;18 years, malnutrition and immunosupression therapy: Risk factors for bloodstream infection caused by Coagulase Negative Staphylococci (CoNS)

Most blood culture contaminants are coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS), which are also the leading cause of nosocomial bloodstream infections. To date, no research in Indonesia has analyzed the potential causes of a CoNS infection in the bloodstream. The goal of this research was to better understand who is at risk for developing a CONS-related bloodstream infection while in a hospital setting. Secondary data from the CONS blood culture results at Dr. Kariadi Hospital Semarang were used in this retrospective cross-sectional study conducted between January 1 and December 31, 2016. The Vitek-2 Compact System (Biomerieux, USA) and the Kirby Bauer method (Clinical &amp; Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) of the USA) were used for the antibiotic identification and sensitivity testing, respectively. Multivariate with multiple logistic regressions and the Chi-Square test for categorical variables were used in the analysis. Among the study's 272 participants, 158 (58.1%) developed CONS-related bloodstream infections. Risk factors for central nervous system (CNS) bloodstream infection in 18-year-olds include preterm birth, low birth weight (LBW), compromised immunity, malnutrition, immunosuppressive therapy, and peripheral intravenous use. Age &gt;=18, malnutrition, and immunosuppression therapy all ranked high as risk factors in a multivariate analysis. Risk factors for CONS-causing bloodstream infections in people aged 18 include malnutrition and immunosuppressant therapy.

Genotypic and Phenotypic Expression of Antibiotic Resistance Patterns of Uropathogenic Enterobacteriaceae

AimTo determine the antibiotic resistance patterns, detection of carbapenemase genes in uropathogenic bacilli belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae family and to correlate it with clinical data.Materials and MethodsIdentification and antibiotic sensitivity testing of the uropathogenic Enterobacteriaceae was done by using VITEK2 Compact (C) system. Multiplex PCR was used to detect blaIMP, blaKPC, blaNDM1, blaOXA −48, and blaVIM genes.ResultsOut of 1602 urine samples, 417 (26%) showed significant growth, and in these 311 (74.6%) belonged to the Enterobacteriaceae family. Escherichia coli showed a relatively low rate of resistance to nitrofurantoin (17/205; 8.3%), with the majority of the isolates showing a MIC value of ≤16 µg/mL when compared to Klebsiella spp. (55/86; 64%), with MIC values for the majority of isolates being 128 µg/mL. Klebsiella spp. showed a relatively low rate of resistance to nalidixic acid (48/86; 55.8%) when compared with E. coli isolates (179/205; 87.3%). Out of 145 isolates tested, we found blaNDM in 11 (7.58%), bla OXA −48 in 8 (5.51%), bla VIM in 4 (2.75%), bla KPC in one (0.6%) and blaIMP in none of the isolates. Of these 3 isolates were carbapenem sensitive, the rest were resistant.ConclusionMost of the isolates were sensitive to fosfomycin, carbapenems and resistant to cephalosporins and nalidixic acid. We detected carbapenemase genes in 13 (59%) out of 22 carbapenem resistant isolates and 3 (2.4%) out of 123 carbapenem sensitive isolates.

Detection of Wzm gene in staphylococcus aureus ocular isolates to find out about biofilm formation and its link to antibiotic resistance

Objectives:This study's purpose is to find out what detection of Wzm gene by PCR-based investigation in staphylococcus aureusisolates isolated from patients with eye infectionsto identify biofilm formation and thecorrelation with antibiotic resistance. Methods and Materials: 160 eye swabs specimenswere collected from iraq hospitals, including Ibn Al-Haitham Teaching Eye Hospital inBaghdad, Al-Imam Al-Sadiq Hospital andHilla Teaching Hospital in Babylon.Distributedaccording to types of ocular infections 119Conjunctivitis32Blepharitis (Eyelids Infection)7 Keratitis 2Dacryocystitis. These samples were collected between November 2021 and March 2022. S. aureus isolates were identified by inoculated on manitol salt agar, blood agar for primary screening of Staphylococcus spp. and then confirmed by biochemical tests and Vitek2 Compact System, and by specific primer for 16S rDNA gene of Staphylococcus spp.CLSI-2021were used to investigate bacterial antibiotic susceptibility testing, microtiter plates andWzm gene for biofilm production. Results:Among theculture-positive growth consist of 57(41.007%) bacterial isolates of staphylococcus aureusand all (57) isolates showedthe percentage of antibioticresistant (100%) to Cefoxitin, (96.49%)toPencillin G, (94.73%) to Oxacillin while the lowest resistant percentages were found with Nitrofurantoin (1.75%). PCR has been used to investigate Wzm gene for biofilm production instaphylococcus aureus and the results showed that 39(68.42%) has Wzm gene.

Detection of virulence genes and antimicrobial susceptibility of salmonella spp isolated from diarrheal human in wasit province, Iraq

This study aimed to isolate Salmonella species from diarrheal human and to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility and virulence-associated genes. A total of 145 human stool samples were from Wasit province, during the period from November 2018 to August 2019. The isolates were identified according to colony morphology, Gram stain, biochemical, Analytical profile index strip (Api-20E) and serotyping. The antimicrobial susceptibility test was done by utilizing the VITEK-2 Compact system and a disc diffusion method. Salmonella isolates were tested to detect six virulence genes, namely sefA, mgtC, sopB, spvR, Stn and invA by PCR technique. Results showed that Salmonella spp was isolated from 9 out of 145(6.2%), S. Typhimurium 55.55%, S. Typhi 33.33%, and S. Enteritidis 11%. The highest isolation rate of species was in the group aged between 3 to 15 years (10.34%). The gender distribution was 7.14% in males and 4.91% in females. August and March recorded the highest level of isolated Salmonella which was 11.76% and 10%, respectively. Multidrug Antibiotic Resistance Index (MARI) of S. Typhimurium, S. Enteritidis, and S. Typhi were 0.4-0.86, 0.57, and 0.62-0.71, respectively.