Civil Status Research Articles

Longitudinal method approach in assessing the Moldovan migrants’ stock

Estimating international migration is a challenging exercise despite the information technologies used, regular censuses conducted, and available advanced administrative systems in collecting data on vital events. Recent works estimated the stocks and flows of Moldovan migrants mainly by using national administrative sources on population counts and data from the population censuses in the destination countries. This study aims to assess the stock of Moldovan migrants of the 1980–1995 birth cohorts, for which a longitudinal method was applied. Thus, were compared de facto population of the corresponding generations to their initial size (number of births), adjusting by survival rate. The results of the study show the existing stock of Moldovan migrants of the 1980–1995 year of birth and the impact of outmigration on the changes in the size of the corresponding cohorts as of 2016 and its trend until 2022. During the analysed period was emphasised a plateau in the migrants’ stock of the generations born in the early 1980s with a moderate return migration in the 2020–2022 period. On the other hand, the cohorts of the late 1980s and 1990s registered a significant increase in the number of migrants, which corresponds with the period of the entrance in high migration mobility ages. The study covers the entire territory of Moldova, including the left bank of the Nistru River and Bender municipality. The methodological part provides a complete description of the method applied, which might be further considered for estimating the migrants’ flows and stocks by using vital statistics or population census data.

A Tracer’s Study on Senior High School Graduates of State University

The Philippines has graduated a few Senior High School (SHS) batches, but little research has been done on its graduates. In light of tracing and learning of their condition relative to the curriculum's exits, this investigation is conceptualized. It was created with Surigao del Norte State University (SNSU) in mind. Identifying which of these traits best explains statehood and the SHS strand using (SNSU) SHS graduates. The responses are vetted, organized by strand, and then randomly sampled. Out of 340 senior high school graduates from batch 2018 to 2022 there were only 167 replies from the respondents on the survey. The findings indicated that the majority of graduates are between the ages of 20 & above, and the proportion of male graduates is less to that of female graduates. Only 65.4% of respondents who are college students have courses that correspond to their SHS strands, although SNSU has an absorption rate of 131.75%. In comparison to when their state became a state, 100% of people pursued higher education, 59.4% are employed, and 8.1% are in business. The respondents' preferred strand was explained by sex, age, and there civil status both status and sexual explained the statehood

Reevaluating Auguste Comte’s Philosophy of Altuism among Teachers

This study explores the extent of altruism practiced by teachers and their willingness to sacrifice for the welfare of others. Using a quantitative research approach with a descriptive-survey design, the study examines the profile of respondents, including their sex, age, civil status, years of teaching, and grade level taught. Additionally, the research investigates the respondents' level of altruism and the motivating factors behind their altruistic behavior. The study also explores whether there is a significant association between the extent of altruism and the profile variables, as well as the reasons motivating altruistic behavior. The participants in this research comprised 31 (45%) male respondents, 36 (52%) female respondents, and 2 (3%) respondents who did not specify their age. Most respondents fell within the age bracket of 20-24 years (41%), with the least number of respondents aged between 55-59 years (3%). The majority of teachers had 0-3 years of teaching experience (46.38%), while only a few had 24-27 years of experience (1.45%). In terms of civil status, the majority were single (71.01%), while a smaller percentage were married (17.39%). Regarding teaching grade level, most respondents taught at the Junior High level (42.03%), followed by the Primary level (29%) and Senior High level (19%). The study found that teachers generally practiced altruism frequently and to a significant extent (M= 2.45, SD= 0.90). Specifically, the teachers were highly motivated to sincerely help students (M= 2.06, SD= 0.83). Analyzing the association between the extent of altruistic behavior and profile variables revealed a significant connection between the respondents' sex and their propensity to live for others (p-value= 0.036). Furthermore, a significant association was observed between the extent of altruistic behavior and the teaching grade level when grouped (p-value = 0.022). Based on the findings, it can be concluded that female teachers tend to exhibit more altruistic behavior than their male counterparts, and Primary teachers with a student-centered approach are significantly more altruistic compared to teachers at other grade levels. The study suggests several recommendations: 1) Male teachers should enhance their socio-affective skills, including compassion, generosity, and prosocial motivation. 2) Junior and Senior high school teachers should focus on practicing altruism more effectively, investing more time and patience with their students. 3) Respondents should be exposed to programs or activities that encourage the practice of authentic altruism to a significant extent

Security challenges in civil registration: safeguarding vital information in an evolving landscape

Civil registration is a fundamental process that captures vital events such as births, deaths, marriages, and divorces, enabling governments to create accurate demographic databases and deliver essential services to their citizens. However, in today's digital age, civil registration systems face numerous security challenges that jeopardize the integrity and confidentiality of vital information. This paper highlights some of the key security challenges encountered in civil registration systems and outlines potential strategies to address them. Firstly, the digitization of civil registration processes has opened new avenues for cyber threats. Malicious actors may attempt to compromise the security of databases, manipulate or steal vital records, or disrupt services through cyberattacks. Robust cybersecurity measures, including encryption, firewalls, intrusion detection systems, and regular security audits, are essential to safeguard sensitive data and ensure the continuity of civil registration operations. Secondly, the issue of identity theft poses a significant challenge to civil registration security. Fraudulent practices, such as the creation of fake identities or the alteration of existing records, can undermine the trustworthiness of the system and lead to the misallocation of resources. The implementation of identity verification mechanisms, such as biometrics or unique identifiers, can enhance the accuracy and integrity of civil registration data while reducing the risk of identity fraud. Thirdly, ensuring the privacy and confidentiality of individuals' personal information is critical in civil registration systems. With the increasing digitization and interconnectedness of data, there is a heightened risk of unauthorized access or data breaches. Strong data protection regulations, robust access controls, and encryption techniques can help mitigate these risks, fostering public trust and confidence in civil registration processes. Moreover, the challenge of inclusivity must be addressed to ensure the effectiveness and reliability of civil registration systems. Marginalized populations, including refugees, migrants, and those residing in remote areas, may face barriers in accessing civil registration services, leaving them vulnerable to identity-related challenges. Deploying mobile registration units, leveraging innovative technologies, and promoting community engagement are strategies that can improve inclusivity and extend the benefits of civil registration to all individuals.

Confucian Virtues: A Cornerstone for Student’s Leadership Modelling

The study employs a quantitative approach, utilizing a descriptive research design through surveys to gather data. The researcher seeks to answer specific questions regarding the profile of respondents (age, sex, civil status, and frequency of store visits), the importance of customer loyalty in terms of promotion, place, price, and product, and whether a significant relationship exists between customer loyalty and respondent profiles. Data analysis indicates that most respondents are female, married, visit the same convenience store 1-3 times a week, with an average age of 40.68. The respondents generally view selected convenience stores positively, appreciating their spacious area, competitive pricing, and quality products, but show a neutral perception towards promotions. While most aspects of customer loyalty do not show significant relationships with respondent profiles, there is a notable correlation between civil status and the perception of pricing. Female customers, particularly those who are married, tend to rate the pricing of convenience stores more favorably. The study's findings suggest that convenience stores cater to the needs of married females, who find them helpful for home-related purchases and time-saving. The stores are well-structured, offering a wide range of products at competitive prices, resembling regular supermarkets in many aspects. Overall, this research sheds light on the importance of customer loyalty for the success of convenience stores and highlights the need for tailored strategies to retain and attract specific customer segments. By understanding customer preferences and aligning services accordingly, convenience stores can strengthen their position in the competitive market and foster sustainable growth.

Exploring the Financial Literacy of 4Ps Beneficiaries

This research focuses on evaluating the financial literacy of 4Ps beneficiaries in Brgy. Mabua, Surigao City. The study includes a sustainability plan and recommendations based on the findings.The primary data sources for this study are the 4Ps beneficiaries in the mentioned barangay. The research explores the respondents' profiles, including age, sex, civil status, educational attainment, and employment status. The study aims to identify any significant differences among these variables.To accomplish this, a quantitative descriptive research design was employed, using a survey method. Adoptive questionnaires were personally administered to 46 respondents to collect the required data. The analysis involved using frequency and percentage to assess the respondents' profiles and Mean (M) to determine their financial literacy.The results, determined through ANOVA, indicate that there are no significant differences between respondents' age, sex, civil status, and educational attainment regarding financial literacy. However, there are notable differences in financial behavior and financial awareness variables based on respondents' employment status

Quality of vital event data for infant mortality estimation in prospective, population-based studies: an analysis of secondary data from Asia, Africa, and Latin America

IntroductionInfant and neonatal mortality estimates are typically derived from retrospective birth histories collected through surveys in countries with unreliable civil registration and vital statistics systems. Yet such data are subject to biases, including under-reporting of deaths and age misreporting, which impact mortality estimates. Prospective population-based cohort studies are an underutilized data source for mortality estimation that may offer strengths that avoid biases.MethodsWe conducted a secondary analysis of data from the Child Health Epidemiology Reference Group, including 11 population-based pregnancy or birth cohort studies, to evaluate the appropriateness of vital event data for mortality estimation. Analyses were descriptive, summarizing study designs, populations, protocols, and internal checks to assess their impact on data quality. We calculated infant and neonatal morality rates and compared patterns with Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data.ResultsStudies yielded 71,760 pregnant women and 85,095 live births. Specific field protocols, especially pregnancy enrollment, limited exclusion criteria, and frequent follow-up visits after delivery, led to higher birth outcome ascertainment and fewer missing deaths. Most studies had low follow-up loss in pregnancy and the first month with little evidence of date heaping. Among studies in Asia and Latin America, neonatal mortality rates (NMR) were similar to DHS, while several studies in Sub-Saharan Africa had lower NMRs than DHS. Infant mortality varied by study and region between sources.ConclusionsProspective, population-based cohort studies following rigorous protocols can yield high-quality vital event data to improve characterization of detailed mortality patterns of infants in low- and middle-income countries, especially in the early neonatal period where mortality risk is highest and changes rapidly.

Philippine Charity Sweepstakes Medical Assistance Program Insights for Sustainable Implementation

The Philippine Charity Sweepstakes Office is mandated to promote the health and well-being of Filipinos. This study determined the challenges encountered by the beneficiaries of the Medical Assistance Program (MAP) of PCSO in terms of expectation and performance. Likewise, it looked into the level of MAP implementation in terms of product, environment, and delivery, and if differences exist in the level of implementation as perceived by the respondents when grouped according to profile such as gender, age, civil status, highest educational attainment, estimated monthly family income, and amount of medical assistance received. It also determined if the challenges encountered by the respondents act as predictors of their perception of the level of implementation of MAP. This was a descriptive study, which utilized a validated and reliability-tested researcher-made survey questionnaire. The 321 respondents consisted of the beneficiaries of the MAP program who, at the time of data collection, were at the hospital help desk, processing their application for medical assistance. The data were processed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences and employed tools such as frequency, percentage, mean, Analysis of Variance, and Linear Regression. The results revealed that challenges encountered by the respondents were less challenging and the level of implementation was highly implemented. Subsequently, no significant differences were established in their perception of the level of implementation of MAP when grouped according to profile but their challenges encountered act as predictors of their perception of the level of implementation of the Medical Assistance Program.

Examining the continuum of resistance model in two population-based screening studies in Sweden

In studies recruited on a voluntary basis, lack of representativity may impair the ability to generalize findings to the target population. Previous studies, primarily based on surveys, have suggested that generalizability may be improved by exploiting data on individuals who agreed to participate only after receiving one or several reminders, as such individuals may be more similar to non-participants than what early participants are. Assessing this idea in the context of screenings, we compared sociodemographic characteristics and health across early, late, and non-participants in two large population-based screening studies in Sweden: STROKESTOP II (screening for atrial fibrillation; 6,867 participants) and SCREESCO (screening for colorectal cancer; 39,363 participants). We also explored the opportunities to reproduce the distributions of characteristics in the full invited populations, either by assuming that the non-participants were similar to the late participants, or by applying a linear extrapolation model based on both early and late participants. Findings showed that early and late participants exhibited similar characteristics along most dimensions, including civil status, education, income, and health examination results. Both these types of participants in turn differed from the non-participants, with fewer married, lower educational attainments, and lower incomes. Compared to early participants, late participants were more likely to be born outside of Sweden and to have comorbidities, with non-participants similar or even more so. The two empirical models improved representativity in some cases, but not always. Overall, we found mixed support that data on late participation may be useful for improving representativeness of screening studies.

Identification of Reasons for Culpable Homicides and Attempted Murders: A Case Study for the Kelaniya Police Division

Culpable Homicides and attempted murders are ultimate crimes that could create ripple effects on a society which could go far beyond the original loss of human life. Owing to the unpredictable nature of such crimes that require complex investigations the objective of this study was to come up with an appropriate model to identify the reason for a culpable homicide or an attempted murder using a statistical approach. This study use data collected from 12 Police stations in Kelaniya Police Division relating to the incidents happened between 2010 and 2020. The Pearson Chi-square test was used in identifying the influential explanatory variables. Out of the 18 variables, 8 predictors including Weapon used, Relationship, Location, Civil Status of the perpetrator were statistically associated with the identified reasons at 5 % level of significance. Multinomial logistic regression followed by four data mining models including classification tree, support vector machine (SVM), k-nearest neighbour (KNN), and probabilistic neural network (PNN) were employed initially with a training and testing set which was randomly selected in the ratio 90:10. The 4 data mining models were then fitted separately by using the bagging technique. The accuracies were compared using the confusion matrixes and rates of misclassifications of the critical classes. Out of the fitted models, the highest accuracy of 93.75 % was shown by the PNN model with a spread of 0.6. The identified model can be used as a decision support tool by crime investigators and relevant authorities for wise decision making.

Metro Roxas Water District Frontliners’ Experiences and Coping Mechanisms amidst COVID-19 Pandemic: Insights for Policy Directions

The Metro Roxas Water District (MRWD), as a service provider of basic commodity in Roxas City, has to consider the frontliners’ experiences amidst the epidemic in improving its organizational and operational systems. This study determined the MRWD frontliners’ experiences and their coping mechanisms during COVID-19 pandemic, which included 153 MRWD frontliners of the 247 population. A validated researcher-made questionnaire was used. The collected data were examined using percentage, frequency, mean, t-test, ANOVA, and Pearson r. Results revealed that respondents perceived their experiences as highly experienced and coping mechanisms were highly applicable. There were significant differences in their experiences and coping mechanisms when grouped according to age, nature of work assignment, and employment status, while no significant differences when grouped according to gender, civil status, and number of years in service. A significant relationship was found between their experiences and coping mechanisms. MRWD management provided necessary responses in addressing the pandemic’s effects based on respondents’ perception. Job roles and assignments were changed in coping with the demand of flexible schedules, additional work and infection prevention among MRWD frontliners and their clients. Result on the experiences and coping mechanisms employed by frontliners as outcome of management intervention and frontliners’ own personal judgment in time of duty in compliance with health protocols and protecting themselves served as insights for the management to set the policies that will help employees and clients to respond, comply, and adjust with more ease should the same situation arises in the future.

General knowledge and practice of household dog owners regarding gastrointestinal parasites in Cebu, Philippines.

Canine gastrointestinal tract (GIT) parasites are of public health and veterinary concern and are harmful to both humans and animals. The risk of transmitting GIT parasites can be minimized depending on dog owners' knowledge and management practices. Therefore, this study aimed to assess dog owners' general knowledge and practices regarding GIT parasites. A structured questionnaire containing 10-point Likert statements was administered to 130 respondents in Cebu, Philippines, to obtain information about their profile (age, sex, civil status, and educational attainment) and data regarding their home environment, number of dogs and other pets owned, and their knowledge and practices regarding canine GIT parasites. These respondents had previously provided canine stool samples for fecalysis. Most respondents were female (65.4%), 18-24 years old (55.4%), single (71.5%), and educated to college level (49.2%). Housing styles were mostly gated (76.9%), and >50% had a garden. The majority owned 1-3 dogs (56.9%) and did not own any other pets (73.8%). All knew about canine GIT parasites. There was a significant association between GIT parasite positivity in dogs and the owner's sex (p = 0.005). Gastrointestinal parasite positivity was also associated with the owner's knowledge about the transmission of parasites from the mother's milk to her puppies (p = 0.001), canine intestinal parasites potentially causing weight loss, diarrhea, and vomiting (p = 0.001), and dogs potentially becoming infected with parasites from licking or sniffing the soil or grass where other animals have been (p = 0.005). Moreover, there was a significant association between GIT parasite positivity and the owner's practice of daily cleaning of the areas where the dog defecated (p = 0.001), deworming every 6-12 months (p = 0.001), and unfailingly following the vaccination and deworming schedule (p = 0.006). Finally, the summative knowledge and practice level of the owners were significantly associated with GIT parasite positivity (p = 0.001). This study highlights the need for continuous education of dog owners to maintain good knowledge and practices to prevent GIT parasite infection. Frequent deworming (once a month) of adult dogs is recommended.

Identity and its trance

Identity is a widely debated topic. The fact that human beings want to change sex and gender poses a fundamentally societal question. Long marginalized, this reality has become a phenomenon with varying degrees of media coverage. The definition and place of sex, gender, itsacceptance and transformation are anthropologically characteristic of the human race and its very nature. The question is that of the limits of the body, of biology and anatomy. We are entering a process of transition through transgenderism, its medicalization and change of civil status. Things can be seen as a trajectory, not a state.

Report on the scientific conference Thirty Years of the Polish-Ukrainian Agreement of 1993 on Legal Aid: Evaluation of Effectiveness in Civil and Commercial Matters

The report focuses on the international scientific conference Thirty Years of the Polish-Ukrainian Agreement of 1993 on Legal Aid: Evaluation of Effectiveness in Civil and Commercial Matters held on March 20, 2023, at the University of Warsaw. During the conference proceedings, the following issues were discussed: the significance of the 1993 Agreement as a source of law, its procedural issues, commercial contracts and ADR, registration of civil status in Polish-Ukrainian relations and conflict-of-law issues in relations with Ukraine.

Conditional Divorce (Ṭalāq Muʿallaq) in Classical Fiqh and Civil Status Law

İslam toplumlarında sıklıkla talâk, şarta bağlanabilmektedir. Genelde bir şeyi teşvik etmek, engellemek, pekiştirmek gayesi ile yapılmaktadır. Söz konusu şart, karı koca ve üçüncü şahıslar ile ilgili olabileceği gibi alım satım gibi önemli-önemsiz her bir konuda olabilmektedir. Talâkın gerçekleşmesi bazen bir mekâna, geçmişteki bir olaya, gelecekteki bir olaya veya evliliğe bağlanabilmektedir. 
 Bu çalışmamızda konu ile ilgili dört mezhebin yanında Caferî, İbazî, Zeydî ve Zâhirî mezheplerinin görüşlerini inceledik. Ahvâl-i şahsiyye kanunlarının ve muasır alimlerin yaklaşımlarını ortaya koyduk. 
 Dört mezhep, İbâzîler ve Zeydîlere göre şarta bağlanan talâk meselesinde, şart gerçekleştiği takdirde boşama da gerçekleşmektedir. Zâhirî ve Caferîlere göre ise boşama gerçekleşmemekte, boşamanın Allah’ın emrettiği şekilde ve derhal boşanmayı ifade eden siygalarla yapılması gerekmektedir. İbn Teymiyye ve İbn Kayyim’e göre şarta bağlanan talâkın gayesi boşamak ise boşama meydana gelmekte, boşama kastı olmayıp talâkın yemin gibi kullanılması olduğu takdirde yemin hükümleri geçerli olup, boşama meydana gelmemekte, yemin kefareti gerekmektedir. 
 Cumhurun görüşüne göre talâkın bağlandığı şartın aile hayatı ile ilgili olup olmamasına, kadınla kocanın birbirini sevip sevmemelerine, şartın konuluş gayesine ve Sünnî talâka uygun olup olmadığına bakılmamıştır. Konulan şartın iptal edilmesine ve bundan rücu‘ edilmesine izin verilmemiş, şartın gerçekleşmesi ile her hâlükârda talâkın gerçekleşmesine hüküm verilmiştir. Söz konusu şartın kadının yapabileceği bir şey olup olmadığı da değerlendirmeye alınmamıştır. 
 Şartlı talâk bazen üç talâk ile yapılmaktadır ki dini ve toplumsal sıkıntılara sebep olmakta, karı koca birbirine haram hale gelmekte, aileler dağılmakta, birbirinden ayrılmak istemeyenler birbirlerine dönmek için çeşitli hilelere başvurmakta veya çözüm yolları arayışına girmektedirler. 
 Modern dönemde ahvâl-i şahsiyye kanunlarında ve bazı İslam hukukçuları nezdinde şartlı talâkın hükmünün değişimi söz konusudur. Ahvâl-i şahsiyye kanunları şarta bağlanan talâkın ya her türlüsünü geçerli saymamakta ya da niyete göre boşama maksatlı olanları geçerli saymakta, yemin maksatlı olanları ise geçerli saymamaktadır. Bu iki görüş, talâk dairesinin kapsamının daraltılması noktasında insanların maslahatına olmuştur. Bazı ülkeler ise boşamanın mahkeme huzurunda olması şartını getirerek, boşamaya bir disipline ederek müneccez olmayan boşamalara engel olmuşlardır.
 Bu boşama sünnî boşamaya uygun olup olmama açısından değerlendirilmelidir. Kur’ân ve sünnetteki boşamalar derhal boşamayı ifade eden/müneccez olan boşamalardır. Şarta bağlı boşamalar müneccez olmadığından Sünnî talâka uymamaktadır. Nikah nasıl şarta bağlanamıyorsa, boşanma da şarta bağlanamamalıdır. Şarta bağlanılan talâkla, evlilikler geçici süreye bağlanmış olmakta, bu yönü ile geçici evliliğe benzemiş olmaktadır. Boşanma, ayrılma ihtiyacı olduğunda başvurulabilecek bir işlemdir. Başka maksatlara ve muamelelere alet edilmemelidir. 
 Boşamanın şarta ve zamana izafe edilebilmesi, lafızların boşamalarda esas alınması talâk kapsamını çok genişletmiştir. Bu şekildeki bir talâk usulünün şeriatın koyduğu sınırları aştığını ve konuluş amacı çerçevesinden çıktığını görmekteyiz. Bu şekildeki boşamanın gerçekleşeceğine dair Kur’ân’da bir delil bulunmadığı gibi, Resulullah (sav) döneminde böyle bir boşama ve bu boşamanın gerçekleşeceğine dair bir rivayet de gelmemiştir. Bu durum Hz Peygamberden sonra ortaya çıkan bir mesele olup, ictihadî bir mevzudur. 
 Talâkın sınırları ve kuralları vardır ki bunlara uyulmalıdır. Kur’ân ve Sünnet, talâk için belli bir prosedür getirmiştir. Bu prosedüre uymayan uygulamalar geçerli olmamalıdır. 
 Cumhurun görüşünü destekleyecek bir nass olmaması, aile kurumuna zarar vermesi, bu şekildeki talâk biçiminin Kur’ân ve Sünnetle uyumlu olmaması ve bid‘î talâkların engellenmesi adına boşamanın gerçekleşmeyeceği görüşünü doğru buluyoruz. Şarta bağlanan talâk genelde yemin manasında kullanılsa da, şeriatta böyle yemin biçimi olmadığından yemin de sayılmamalıdır.
 Bu görüş aile kurumunu koruyan, makâsıdü'ş-şerîa ile uyumlu ve bu konudaki toplumsal problemlere bir çözüm olup, talâk kapsamının sınırlar altına alınması adına önemli bir adımdır.

A Study on the Atghar Kuriana and Vimruli Tourist Destination’s Challenges to Sustainability

The study mainly focuses on the limitations and challenges of Atghar Kuriana and Vimruli as a tourism destination and local communities’ attitude toward tourism. Actually, there is a little study about this amazing tourist destination, though it is an emerging tourist destination in Bangladesh. This study was conducted following survey research methodology; a separate survey questionnaire for tourists and local communities were developed to serve study objectives. The survey was conducted using both open and close-ended questionnaires. This study uncovered that tourists who visited there have bewitched enjoying the natural beauty, boating, zig zag canals, row upon row boats loaded with guava, amra and lemon but dissatisfaction over sanitation facility, quality restaurants and cottages, recreational and entertainment facilities, safety security, eve teasing, sound pollution as well as actually no authority to look after the overall activity. Moreover, there is no difference both gender and civil status in terms of visitors’ response to destination facilities as well as visitors’ knowledge on sustainable tourism, but collectively gender civil status revealed a significant difference. I hope the results of the survey might be worthwhile to policy makers, private entrepreneurs and marketers while formulating their policies, to attract local and foreign tourists and also to ensure sustainability of this amazing tourist destination.

Ambiguity Affirmed: Commentary on the Judgement of the European Court of Human Rights in the Case of Valdís Fjölnisdóttir and Others v. Iceland of 18 May 2021

The text comments on the European Court of Human Rights judgement of 18 May 2021 in the case of Valdís Fjölnisdóttir and others v. Iceland. The case is another judgement of the ECtHR dealing with the phenomenon of surrogate motherhood. Indeed, the legal consequences of surrogate motherhood vary and result in challenges both in national and international legal contexts. The judgement commented on is of high importance as it dealt with links between surrogate motherhood and adoption, as well as illustrated modern challenges for civil status registration. The text provides for an in-depth analysis of the judgement concerned and identifies some ambiguity and lack of consistence in the Court’s approach to surrogate motherhood. In the course of its analysis the Valdís Fjölnisdóttir and others case is assessed as a lost chance in this respect.

DAVAOEÑOS’ PREFERRED CHARACTERISTICS OF SHOPPING MALLS DURING COVID-19

The purpose of this study is to determine the preferred selected characteristics of shopping malls among Davaoeños during Covid-19. It specifically seeks to determine the level of preference among Davaoeños’ preferred shopping mall characteristics according to (1) service experience, (2) internal environment, (3) convenience, (4) utilitarian factors, (5) proximity, and (6) demonstration. This study also seeks to determine if there is a significant difference in the preference level for shopping malls when respondents are grouped according to their profiles. Quantitative research design was used, and simple random sampling was utilized with 100 respondents. As for the major findings, there is a significant difference in the shopping mall’s internal environment when respondents are grouped according to their age, occupation, and civil status.

«Проблемные ситуации» как методика судебно-психиатрического исследования: параметры оценки и проверка внутренней согласованности

<p style="text-align: justify;">In order to standardize “The Problem situations” as a forensic instrument, a study was conducted with the aim to identify the parameters of the assessment and to check the internal consistency of the instrument. The sample consisted of 47 subjects who underwent inpatient forensic psychiatric examination in connection with the decision on the issue of changing their civil status, with schizophrenia, intellectual disabilities and organic mental disorders. Primary and secondary evaluation parameters were identified by the content analysis. Correlation analysis was used to check the internal consistency of the instrument. On the example of the first problematic situation, the procedure for identifying secondary parameters is shown. It has been established that the correlation analysis between the secondary parameters belonging to three categories: causes — consequences — solutions, confirms the results of a qualitative analysis and biclustering. Significant correlations between semantic similar secondary parameters that are related to different problem situations were revealed. A conclusion was made about the internal consistency of the instrument and about its assumed construct validity.</p>

Assessment of Malaria Related Anemia and Underweight in Under-Five Age Children in Estie Woreda, South Gondar Zone of Amhara Region, South East Ethiopia

Background: Malaria remains a challenging health problem in malaria endemic regions. Malaria associated anemia represent a major public health problem in sub-Saharan Africa. Both, anemia (reduced in hemoglobin level) and underweight in terms of (weight-for-age) was a critical problem of malaria directly or indirectly. The objective of this study was to assess malaria related anemia and malaria related underweight among under-five years age children in Arushe wanqat kebele. Children’s were selected through systematic random sampling technique to select the first children from new vital event registration master list of Arushe wanqat kebele, and then totally 364 children were included. Parasitological, hematological and anthropometric measurements were conducted. Questionnaire survey was also used in order to assess malaria related anemia and weight on children whose age were below five years. Data was analyzed using SPSS software version 20 and was presented in frequency, table, pie chart, bar graph and percentage form. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), correlation(r), and Chi-square (X2) tests were used to verify the possible association between Plasmodiums pecies, anemia, and underweight at different age (in months). Results: Prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum accounted for 101(27.8%), Plasmodium vivax accounted for 84(23.1%), and mixed infection (both P. falciparum and P. vivax) also accounted for 14(3.8%). The correlation (r) between Plasmodium species and hemoglobin concentration (r = 0.628; p = 0.000); Plasmodium species and weight measure (r = 0.77; p = 0.000). The prevalence of malaria related anemia and underweight were 70.4% and 51.3%, respectively. Plasmodium falciparum is the most prevalent species and a notorious cause of anemia among children who were less than five years old. Both anemia (reduction of Hb. in g/dl) and underweight have a positive linear relationship. Malaria-related anemia was also more prevalent than malaria-related underweight among children. The result of the study indicates that there was a strong association between malaria and anemia (association is significant between Plasmodium species and hemoglobin concentration; p < 0.05); there is also an association between malaria and weight loss or underweight (association is significant between Plasmodium species and weight-for-age z-score; p < 0.05) at different age groups. Conclusion: The prevalence malaria-related anemia among children in Arushe wanqat kebele was 38.67%.On the other hand, the prevalence of malaria-related weight loss or underweight among children in Arushe wanqat kebele was 28.02%. So, the findings of this study also revealed that malaria remains a public health problem that contributes for anemia and underweight on under five children.