Visual Frame Research Articles

Visual Framing Effects of News Coverage of Police Use of Deadly Force on Intergroup Relationships

The study examines the effects of visual framing in news coverage of law enforcement use of lethal force. In a 2X2 online experiment, participants read one of four versions of a news story that included visual racial cues (images depicting a Black vs. a White victim) and a delinquent/normative frame—depicting the victim wearing attire that signifies either normative or delinquent behavior (regalia vs. a hooded sweatshirt). Both race and delinquency framing influenced the readers’ stereotype endorsement and feelings toward Black Americans. However, judgment of the police officer’s behavior solely depended on the victim’s race. These findings demonstrate the importance of imagery accompanying news reporting on social issues in activating and intensifying White-centered intergroup biases. Implications for responsible journalistic practices are discussed.

Mapping Digital Religion: Exploring the Need for New Typologies

Today, it is challenging to separate online and offline spaces and activities, and this is also true of digital religion as online and offline religious spaces become blended or blurred. With this background, the article explores the need for new typologies of what is religious on the Internet and proposes a conceptual framework for mapping digital religion. Four types of that which is religious on the Internet are presented based on influential classification by Helland. He introduced (1) religion online (sites that provide information without interactivity) and (2) online religion (interactivity and participation). Helland’s concept is developed by, among others, adding two types: (3) innovative religion (new religious movements, cults, etc.) and (4) traditional religion (e.g., Christianity or Islam). Each type is illustrated by selected examples and these are a result of a larger project. The examples are grouped into three areas: (1) religious influencers, (2) online rituals and (3) cyber-religions (parody religions). Additionally, the visual frame for mapping digital religion is presented including the examples mentioned. The presented framework attempts to improve Helland’s classification by considering a more dynamic nature of digital religion. The model is just one possible way for mapping digital religion and thus should be developed further. These and other future research threads are characterized.

When the lens is too wide: The political consequences of the visual dehumanization of refugees

Photojournalistic images shape our understanding of sociopolitical events. How humans are depicted in images may have far-reaching consequences for our attitudes towards them. Social psychology has shown how the visualization of an ‘identifiable victim effect’ can elicit empathic responses. However, images of identifiable victims in the media are the exception rather than the norm. In the context of the Syrian refugee crisis, the majority of images in Western media depicted refugees as large unidentifiable groups. While the effects of the visual depiction of single individuals are well-known, the ways in which the visual framing of large groups operates, and its social and political consequences, remain unknown. We here focus on the visual depiction of refugees to understand how exposure to the dominant visual framing used in the media, depicting them in large groups of faceless individuals, affects their dehumanization and sets off political consequences. To that end we brought together insights from social psychology, social sciences and the humanities to test a range of hypotheses using methods from social and political psychology in 10 studies with the participation of 3951 European citizens. Seeing images of large groups resulted in greater implicit dehumanization compared with images depicting refugees in small groups. Images of large groups are also explicitly rated as more dehumanizing, and when coupled with meta-data such as newspaper headlines, images continue to play a significant and independent role on how (de)humanizing we perceive such news coverage to be. Moreover, after viewing images of large groups, participants showed increased preference for more dominant and less trustworthy-looking political leaders and supported fewer pro-refugee policies and more anti-refugee policies. In terms of a mechanistic understanding of these effects, the extent to which participants felt pity for refugees depicted in large groups as opposed to small groups mediated the effect of visual framing on the choice of a more authoritarian-looking leader. What we see in the media and how it is shown not only has consequences for the ways in which we relate to other human beings and our behaviour towards them but, ultimately, for the functioning of our political systems.

Facing hunger, framing food banks, imaging austerity

ABSTRACT This paper analyses the scopic regime established by images of UK food banks. Analysis of three popular images of ‘Food Bank Britain’ reveals the persistence of historical practices for visualizing hunger – namely, the dominance of faciality, infantilization of the hungry, and erasure of geographical context from visual frames. Drawing on the work of Judith Butler, this paper demonstrates how such images serve to ‘frame’ austerity – where framing describes the link between the bounding of the literal edges of an image and the epistemic, affective frames for understanding and feeling austerity that are mobilized. Rather than attempting to portray ‘real’ images of food banks, this scopic regime is instead marked by the production of ocular affects that structure the feelings of the viewer towards certain political ends. It is concluded that this framing of hunger denies the political life of food bank users, a process that in turn effaces the radical questions necessary to address the causes of hunger at a time of austerity.

Images of the emptied society. Alicante (Spain), local and global example of the consequences of the coronavirus

The starting hypothesis of this article is that the confinement suffered by the Spanish population during COVID-19 has brought at least three important consequences. The first, that the cities -Alicante, between them- and the Spanish towns were deserted, so that, in a certain sense, society was also emptied. The second, that the shelterdwellings expanded their traditional functions and assumed new ones, becoming “World-Homes”. And, third, that individualism and “communitas” have been reinforced, along with fear of Society, Nature and History.This starting hypothesis is confirmed, with nuances, by the content analysis of 14 photographs selected from hundreds, which the photojournalist, Rafa Arjones, from the newspaper Información, carried out during the confinement of Alicante (in phase 0, which lasted from March 14 to May 18, 2020). This city of 330,000 inhabitants is the capital of a dynamic province, located in the southeast of Spain. And, for this, we will use hermeneutics, concretized by linking three methods of image analysis: Panofsky's iconological analysis, K. Mannheim's documentary method and Visual Framing from Communication. In addition, these images will be contrasted with other 17 published in various media in Spain and the world, so that Alicante represents a local and, at the same time, global case of the impact of the pandemic on society.

La información de la pandemia de la Covid-19 en las portadas de los diarios. Estudio comparativo de Italia, Reino Unido, España, Francia, Portugal, Estados Unidos, Rusia y Alemania

<div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>La investigación presenta un estudio comparativo de las portadas de ocho países sobre la cobertura informativa de la pandemia en dos diarios impresos de Italia, Reino Unido, España, Francia, Portugal, Estados Unidos, Rusia y Alemania. Se analiza el número de noticias sobre la pandemia, el tipo de texto, la tipología de fuentes informativas, los personajes, el uso del color, la inclusión y enfoque de las fotografías o la ubicación en la página, entre otros parámetros. A partir de revisión de 288 portadas de 16 diarios del mundo (2 por país), recogiendo 1 478 piezas informativas de 710 noticias y 94 592 evidencias de datos, este trabajo emplea un enfoque descriptivo de análisis hemerográfico. El estudio concluye, entre otros aspectos, que la presencia </span>de afectados y de personal sanitario en las informaciones de portada es nimia; identifica un predominio de los géneros periodísticos informativos (breves y noticiosos, especialmente) y detecta el rol protagónico de las figuras políticas y el alto grado de politización de la crisis. Finalmente, se observa que los encuadres visuales en los diarios analizados tienden a fomentar la humanización a través de la representación emocional.</p></div></div></div>

COVID-19 and neuropsychiatric disorders: Common links and extended networks

Rod and Frame Testing (RFT) has been used to investigate the effects of an altered visual frame of reference on subjective visual vertical. RFT requires an individual to align a luminous rod as best they can with true vertical.

Exploring the time-course and the reference frames of adaptation to optical prisms and its aftereffects

Prism adaptation (PA) is used to investigate visuo-motor plasticity and to rehabilitate the syndrome of Unilateral Spatial Neglect (USN). After PA, participants show aftereffects (AEs), contralateral to the side of the optical displacement in several tasks. This study explored the features of these AEs, specifically the “egocentric” versus “allocentric, object-based”, reference frames involved, and their time course. In three experiments, healthy participants adapted to prismatic lenses inducing a horizontal displacement of the visual field. In Experiment #1, participants adapted to rightward displacing prisms. Four tasks were used requiring repeated pointings towards the participant's subjective egocentric straight-ahead, with the availability of proprioceptive or visual-proprioceptive signals, and, in some conditions, of an external allocentric visual frame (i.e., a rectangular paper sheet). Experiment #2 explored the role of the position of the allocentric frame, with AEs being tested by straight-ahead and frame bisection tasks, requiring pointing toward the external visual frame, placed in different positions of the working space. An egocentric visual proprioceptive task was administered after prism removal and after the execution of the allocentric tasks, to assess the effectiveness of the PA, as indexed by the AEs, and their persistence up to the end of the administration of the allocentric tasks. Experiment #3 differed from #2 in that participants adapted to leftward displacing lenses. Consistent with evidence from USN patients, in Experiment #1, in the egocentric tasks, AEs lasting up to 30 min after PA were found. In Experiment #2, AEs in “allocentric” tasks did not occur, regardless of frame position. Experiment #3 showed AEs in both the “egocentric” and the “allocentric” tasks, with the latter being minor in size. These findings illustrate that the spatial reference systems modulated by PA in extra-personal space primarily operate in spatial “egocentric” reference frames, with a comparatively minor and direction-specific role of “allocentric” frames.

Where Blackness dies: the aesthetics of a massacre and the violence of remembering

This article focuses on the presence of ‘Blackness’ in Latin America, and the role/location of ‘Blackness’ in the necropolitics of Mexico, in particular, as a visual mode of aestheticizing violence in the aftermath of the 2010 Tamaulipas massacre of 72 undocumented migrants. As an act of remembering the victims, Mexican journalists, writers, and activists created a digital altar: 72 Migrantes. Focusing on photography and narrative as visual frames of Blackness, this article analyzes the representation of Black bodies in the digital altar to conceptualize Blackness as: a constitutive part of violent landscapes; a symptom and supplement of that violence; and, conversely, the location itself from which to critique that violence. At stake is a call for Blackness to be read within hemispheric Latin Americanist visual studies as a locus for understanding antisociality and critical race theory by closely studying the role of the human, social death, and the aesthetics of remembrance. Over 10 years after the massacre, the arguments raised in this article both implicitly and explicitly underscore the need to conceptualize contemporary Blackness and death in the wake of the growing anti-racism activism, Black Lives Matter, and the disproportionate number of people of color who have died as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.

KONSTRUKSI PEMBINGKAIAN VISUAL EDHY PRABOWO DALAM KASUS KORUPSI BENUR PADA ILUSTRASI SAMPUL MAJALAH DAN KORAN TEMPO

Tempo publications between 23-30 November 2020, raised the issue of corruption in the export of lobster seeds (Bahasa: Benur). Tempo tried to present the figure of Edhy Prabowo on several covers by using a variety of intriguing visual illustrations, surreal depiction and signs. There is an effort to frame the figure of Edhy Prabowo in the case of fry export, visually as well as textually in the article contents . This study uses a qualitative approach with framing analysis method. The Gamson-Modigliani framing analysis model is used to analyze the main cover line texts contained in the cover illustration. To analyze Visual Framing, Rodriguez-Dimitrova's 4 levels of visual framing model was used. Of the 4 covers studied, Tempo seems to be trying to present its main subject in a denotative way, by using Edhy Prabowo's caricature and fry visuals appeared as the image focus. Abstract subjects such as 'export' are presented connotatively through symbols. Edhy Prabowo's visual framing process using illustrations on the cover of Tempo media looks like a visual story highlights, depicting one chapter after another. First act, Edhy Prabowo as an intellectual actor who has power in the fry export game. Second act, Edhy Prabowo fell into his own toy. Third act, flashback of the scheming of new rules for fry export. The fourth act, disclosure of the characters behind the scenes.

Visual deductive conflict frame (War Coverage)

This variable describes how a war is depicted in the photos published by a news organization. It thereby suggests what interpretation or perspective on a war is promoted through the visual layer of news discourse. Visual frame analyses of war coverage have largely relied on deductive analyses. As such, studies measure frames that have been derived from the existing literature or small pilot studies (cf. Jungblut & Zakareviciute, 2019). Some of these deductive frames have been applied in multiple studies that are focused on a variety of conflict cases (e.g. Schwalbe, 2013; Schwalbe & Dougherty, 2015). Field of application/theoretical foundation: Visual frame analysis is grounded in the framing approach that describes a media frame as the result of a journalistic process of selecting some aspects of a given social reality and making them more salient than others (Entman, 1993). As such, visual framing is often measured to analyze how a war is depicted in the news. Research thus aims to unravel what image of a war is transported to the audience and thereby seeks to understand if there is a bias towards one of the involved conflict parties. As a result, visual frames usually tend to be conceptualized as the dependent variable within a research design (cf. Jungblut & Zakareviciute, 2019; Schwalbe, 2013). References/combination with other methods of data collection: Experimental research designs have been used to analyze the effect of different visual frames. In this, research examines whether visual framing can affect recipients’ attitude towards conflict parties and whether frames can evoke an emotional response in the audience (Brantner, Lobinger & Wetzstein, 2011). Sample operationalization: Please indicate which of these frames is present in the photo. In each photo, multiple frames can be present at the same time. Frame Description Measurement Conflict Frame Depiction of the combatants, including weapons, troops, POWs, and combat 0 = frame is absent 1 = frame is present Human Interest Frame Depiction of noncombatants, such as civilians and humanitarian relief workers 0 = frame is absent 1 = frame is present Violence of War Frame Depiction of the results of conflict, such as injury, death, and destruction 0 = frame is absent 1 = frame is present Anti-War Protest Frame Depiction of anti-war demonstrations and protests 0 = frame is absent 1 = frame is present Media Self-Reference Frame Depiction of journalists at home and in the conflict zone 0 = frame is absent 1 = frame is present Politicians Frame Depiction of politicians and negotiations 0 = frame is absent 1 = frame is present Looting Frame Depiction of looting 0 = frame is absent 1 = frame is present Oil Resources Frame Depiction of oil fields and refineries 0 = frame is absent 1 = frame is present Information on Schwalbe, 2013 Author: Carol B. Schwalbe Research question/research interest: Visually Framing of the Iraq War in TIME, Newsweek, and U.S. News & World Report Object of analysis: Three News Magazines (TIME, Newsweek and U.S. News & World Report) timeframe of analysis: Time frame starts with the opening day of the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq (March 19, 2003) and ended with the transfer of limited sovereignty to the provisional Iraqi government (June 28, 2004). Info about variable Variable name/definition: Deductive visual conflict frame Level of analysis: Image Values: 0 = absent, 1= present (for each of the described frames) Scale: binary (nominal)

The Boston Marathon Bombings: A Case Study in Visual Framing Ethics

ABSTRACT On April 15, 2013, two bombs were ignited near the finish line of the Boston Marathon, killing three people and injuring hundreds. The news “frames” used to depict the Boston Marathon bombings have contributed to our collective interpretation of this event. This study adopts a mixed-method approach to understand the ethical nature of the news frames used to represent the bombings. First, content analytic methods were used to codify the visual framing devices employed by newspapers during the aftermath of the marathon bombings. Our content analysis indicated the most frequent image framing devices were crowd reactions and suspects, with headlines focused on the cause of the bombings. A qualitative thematic analysis was then conducted based on in-depth interviews with photojournalism experts. Our thematic analysis resulted in three key themes that guide photojournalism when covering tragic events: storytelling importance, editorial decision-making, and professional codes.

Framing similar issues differently: a cross-cultural discourse analysis of news images

ABSTRACT Few studies have focused on visual representation of crime-related events in news images across national contexts. In this study, eighty-three news images from two hundred Iranian and Dutch news articles published in national newspapers were qualitatively analyzed. These images were scrutinized for their use of semiotic strategies as well as the overall visual pattern. The findings showed few similarities and notable differences between news images in the two cultural contexts. The Visual Pattern Analysis led to identification of six visual framing patterns. While Iranian images focus on non-identifiable arrested criminals, Dutch images frame crime in terms of identifiable victims and crime location. Remarkably, crime is rarely framed in terms of social causes and solutions in either corpus. The discussion links the findings to the socio-cultural contexts in which images are produced and received. The visual discourse analysis raised questions about the production and reception of crime news images to be investigated in future studies.

Curation, morphology and encounter: the Jordanian Royal Tank Museum (RTM)

ABSTRACT This research traces the architectural spatial and curatorial intentions of (RTM) in Jordan, focusing on the arrangement of the displays and the morphology of the layout as pedagogical tools for unfolding the narrative. A case study approach was taken, with three modes of inspection: (1) a survey documenting RTM’s interiority and spatial organisation; (2) a syntactic-analytic-layer to examine how the museum’s permeability and visibility structures control visitors’ experiences; (3) an ethnographic-analytic-layer, with observations and interviews to document visitors’ exploratory behaviours. The museum employs a combination of architectural and internal semiotic settings. In some instances, strictly defined sequences of movement and visual frames impose a chronological-historical message. In others, RTM privileges well-defined sequences of exploration along less intricate subdivisions to confront visitors with choreographed thematic displays of contemporary and international messages. This study proposes a new methodology for investigating tank museums, situating the traditional ethnographic approach inside a broader morphological-syntactical alternative.

To Donate or Not To Donate: Visual Framing of the Rohingya Refugees, Attitude Towards Refugees and Donation Intentions

Abstract Visual representations of refugees likely have a determinative function in the ways policies are written and aid is dispensed for crises resolution efforts. We use theoretical concepts from the visual framing literature and two studies—a content analysis and an experiment—to examine the effects of six visual frames. We study the content of newspapers from four countries for the following visual frames: ‘individual’, ‘massified’, ‘mother and child’, ‘father and child’, ‘receiving aid’ and ‘working refugees.’ Next, we examine the impact of these frames on intention to donate. Findings demonstrate that individuals with higher positive attitude towards refugees showed higher intention to donate. However, among these participants, intention to donate was highest in the ‘individual’ frame condition. On the other hand, among the participants with lower positive attitude towards refugees, the highest intention to donate was in the ‘working refugees’ frame condition. Implications are discussed.

A Suggestive Interface for Untangling Mathematical Knots.

In this paper we present a user-friendly sketching-based suggestive interface for untangling mathematical knots with complicated structures. Rather than treating mathematical knots as if they were 3D ropes, our interface is designed to assist the user to interact with knots with the right sequence of mathematically legal moves. Our knot interface allows one to sketch and untangle knots by proposing the Reidemeister moves, and can guide the user to untangle mathematical knots to the fewest possible number of crossings by suggesting the moves needed. The system highlights parts of the knot where the Reidemeister moves are applicable, suggests the possible moves, and constrains the user's drawing to legal moves only. This ongoing suggestion is based on a Reidemeister move analyzer, that reads the evolving knot in its Gauss code and predicts the needed Reidemeister moves towards the fewest possible number of crossings. For our principal test case of mathematical knot diagrams, this for the first time permits us to visualize, analyze, and deform them in a mathematical visual interface. In addition, understanding of a fairly long mathematical deformation sequence in our interface can be aided by visual analysis and comparison over the identified "key moments" where only critical changes occur in the sequence. Our knot interface allows users to track and trace mathematical knot deformation with a significantly reduced number of visual frames containing only the Reidemeister moves being applied. All these combine to allow a much cleaner exploratory interface for us to analyze and study mathematical knots and their dynamics in topological space.

Understanding Variations in the Framing of People Living With HIV: A Mixed-Methods Study of Photos in Chinese News

We explore the framing of people living with HIV in news photos from China through two studies. Study 1 consists of a Q-sort exercise and post-sorting qualitative interviews with 10 Chinese individuals. Insights are used to develop operational definitions of visual frames for use in Study 2, a quantitative content analysis. News photos of 290 people living with HIV are analyzed in Study 2 (2000–2015). Results reveal unique features of Chinese news photos, such as blurring and pixelation despite positive framing. They also suggest variations in news framing by region (community structure).

Visual Framing of Political Candidates: Case Study of the 2014 Turkish Presidential Election Campaign

In the context of political communication, political campaigns are the periods when political bias in the news media comes to light. This is reflected in news photos and other visual contents as well as newspaper texts. Visual framing, a newer area in framing theory and research, helps us understand how media frames visual images of political candidates. This paper analyzes the photographs of the presidential candidates in the 2014 Turkish presidential election campaign by using the visual framing analysis method. The data for this study comprises photographs from ten daily national newspapers belonging to different media groups representative of the Turkish press. The results reveal the intensity of visual framing bias related to political bias and polarization in the Turkish press.

Picturing Presidents in Conflict Times: A Content Analysis of Photographs in CNN

This study analyzes the depiction of the presidents of the great nations during the conflict times in CNN (Cable News Network) website. The present study will depend on a great extent on the visual framing theory in order to be able to identify the frames that appeared in the visual coverage of those presidents, according to the presumption of veracity that readers ascribe to the role of photographs in producing the meaning. Therefore, this study will be considered very timely. The analysis is meant to focus on explaining how the international website presented the pictures of those presidents and how they are visually framed (involved or not, interacting or not… etc.). Also, the analysis will be based on (position of presidents focused or unfocused “foreground, background”, camera angle, types of shots… etc.). The study will depend on the Survey method which is considered one of the most important basic research methods in Social Sciences, the study will analyze a period of three months. A website is analyzed, which is CNN (Cable News Network). In general, CNN did not try to provide a balanced visual coverage of the president bias or preferential treatment, which can be evaluated in a number of ways. Some studies focus on the amount of space allocated for president, others consider We predicted that President Trump's photos would be more favorable than other presidents in terms of behavior, context, and perspective. By comparing the results, it was not as predicted.

"ЕСТЕТИЧНЕ" І "ЗМІСТОВЕ" СУЧАСНОЇ ТУРЕЦЬКОЇ ЛІТЕРАТУРИ: ЗОРОВА ПОЕЗІЯ Ю.БАЛА

The literary-critical study is devoted to the work of the master of Turkish visual poetry, Yusuf Bal, and contains a short excursion into the history of the development of Turkish literature in the late 20th – early 21st centuries and discussions about the visual literary works of this period. The main direction in the Turkish literature of the mentioned period is determined – postmodernism, represented by various modifications and its inherent specifics. In this context, the state of visual poetry in modern Turkish literature is considered; special attention is paid to the poetry of Y. Bal. The main features of the poetic heritage of Y. Bal are determined, a classification of his visual poems is proposed, the inner content and the outer shell of his works are analysed, the weighted "aesthetic" and "substantial" of the poetry of the Turkish author. Considering that in Turkey, modern visual poetry is presented in two types: 1) poetry, full of meaning and aesthetic design; 2) works in which visualization prevails, and the text core is either absent or only partially present, the work of Y. Bal is attributed to the first type, after all, the analysis of the works themselves, and the acquaintance with the interview given by the author, is evidence of the depth of the poetic word with its no less profound and talented visual framing. The theme of Yusuf Bal's works is as social and close to people as possible, the author's speech is not distinguished by excessive pretentiousness, rhythm and partial rhyme are inherent in his poetry, which makes his style even more relaxed and easy to understand. As a conclusion, the work of Y. Bal is a postmodern continuation of the centuries-old tradition of creating visual poetry, demonstrates the author's ability to combine content with an image, sometimes creating intrigue, a riddle, and can be an example to follow.