Visual Experience Research Articles

Imaginative storytelling – novel immersive production practices and processes for mobile cinematic, interactive 360-degree and real-time VR

ABSTRACT This article adopts creative practice research to explore novel Virtual Reality (VR) production practices and processes for mobile cinematic VR (MCVR), parallel interactive narratives in VR (PIN VR) and real-time VR (RT VR). As a result of Creative Practice research, Imaginative Storytelling analyses and describes these original production approaches and processes for immersive storytelling and illustrates emerging aesthetic formations, which shape new imaginative experiences in VR. These diverse representations of VR are examined through three case studies, A New Dawn [A New Dawn. 2021. Dir. Schleser (VR). Australia. Swinburne University of Technology.], Table for Two [Table for Two. 2022. Dir. Remedios (VR). India. Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad].) and Phases of Motion [Phases of Motion. 2021/2023. Dir. Berrett (VR). Australia. Swinburne University of Technology]. Each experience focuses on exploring innovative production processes for moile cinematic, interactive 360-degree and real-time VR. By means of outlining three distinctive approaches to VR production, contemporary developments and new directions in immersive storytelling are demonstrated. This research contributes to the expansion of storytelling and storyliving approaches in which navigators become co-creators of VR experiences.

A Self-Efficacy Theory-Based Study on the Teachers’ Readiness to Teach Artificial Intelligence in Public Schools in Sri Lanka

Objectives . This article explores teacher readiness for introducing artificial intelligence (AI) into Sri Lankan schools, drawing on self-efficacy theory. Similar to some other countries, Sri Lanka plans to integrate AI into the school curriculum soon. However, a key question remains: Are teachers prepared to teach this advanced technical subject to schoolchildren? Assessing teacher readiness is crucial, as it is intricately linked to the overall success of this initiative and will inform the development of appropriate policies. Participants . This study surveyed over 1,300 Sri Lankan public school teachers who teach Information and Communication Technology (ICT) using the snowball sampling approach. The respondents represent approximately 20% of the total ICT teacher population in Sri Lanka. Their readiness to teach AI was assessed using a general teacher self-efficacy scale specifically developed based on the well-established Self-Efficacy Theory. While key demographic factors like gender, education level and educational background were also collected, their impact analysis is not included in this article. Study Method . The study was conducted based on the premise that teachers’ readiness to teach AI hinges on their self-efficacy towards teaching AI in the classroom. This premise was substantiated through a review of existing research, and a conceptual model of teachers’ self-efficacy for AI instruction was developed. To assess this model, a nationwide survey targeting school ICT teachers was conducted. The questionnaire used in the survey was based on existing research on evaluating teacher self-efficacy. Data analysis, focusing on testing and validating the conceptual model, primarily employed the PLS-SEM approach. Findings . This study identified several key findings: (1) Teachers generally reported low self-efficacy regarding their ability to teach AI; (2) Teachers’ self-efficacy was most influenced by their emotional and physiological states, as well as their imaginary experiences related to teaching AI; (3) Surprisingly, mastery experiences had a lesser impact on their self-efficacy for teaching AI; and (4) Neither vicarious experiences (observing others teach AI) nor verbal persuasion had a significant impact on teachers’ self-efficacy. Additionally, the study revealed that the teachers’ own level of expertise in AI, along with their social capital, is insufficient to deliver a standard AI curriculum. Conclusions . The analysis of the results found that Sri Lankan teachers currently lack the readiness to teach AI in schools effectively. Potential lapses in certain sources of self-efficacy were also identified. It further revealed the need for a more systemic approach to teacher professional development. Therefore, the study recommends further research exploring the potential of incorporating a socio-technical systems perspective into the government’s teacher training initiatives.

A subjective and objective fusion visual fatigue assessment system for different hardware and software parameters in SSVEP-based BCI applications.

With the development of brain-computer interface industry, large amounts of related applications have entered people's vision. BCI applications based on steady-state visual evoked potentials (SSVEP) are widely used because they do not require pre-training and have high information transmission rates. However, in the actual use of SSVEP stimulus paradigm, the subjects will produce visual fatigue with the use, and fatigue will affect the transmission efficiency. In this experiment, an experimental environment consisting of two paradigm stimulus frequencies (7.5Hz, 15Hz), three resolutions (800 × 600, 1280 × 720, 1920 × 1080) and three refresh rates (120Hz, 240Hz, 360Hz) is set up. The Likert scale is used to collect subjective fatigue and preference scores, and the EEG acquisition system and eye tracker are used to collect objective data. Using the proposed information entropy-CRITIC algorithm to combine subjective and objective indicators, a fatigue assessment system (display screen fitness-DSF) is innovated to score different experimental environments. The higher the DSF score, the better the visual experience. The results show that when using the 7.5Hz SSVEP paradigm, the combination of 360Hz and 1920 × 1080 can bring the best visual experience. When using the 15Hz SSVEP paradigm, the combination of 240Hz and 1280 × 720 is the best. DSF provides powerful help for hardware and software selection guidance and vision protection when using SSVEP-based BCI applications.

Simulation methods realized by virtual reality modeling language for 3D animation considering fuzzy model recognition

The creation of 3D animation increasingly prioritizes the enhancement of character effects, narrative depth, and audience engagement to address the growing demands for visual stimulation, cultural enrichment, and interactive experiences. The advancement of virtual reality (VR) animation is anticipated to require sustained collaboration among researchers, animation experts, and hardware developers over an extended period to achieve full maturity. This article explores the use of Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML) in generating 3D stereoscopic forms and environments, applying texture mapping, optimizing lighting effects, and establishing interactive user responses, thereby enriching the 3D animation experience. VRML’s functionality is further expanded through the integration of script programs in languages such as Java, JavaScript, and VRML Script via the Script node. The implementation of fuzzy model recognition within 3D animation simulations enhances the identification of textual, musical, and linguistic elements, resulting in improved frame rates. This study also analyzes the real-time correlation between the number of polygons and frame rates in a virtual museum animation scene. The findings demonstrate that the frame rate of the 3D animation within this virtual setting consistently exceeds 40 frames per second, thereby ensuring robust real-time performance, preserving the quality of 3D models, and optimizing rendering speed and visual effects without affecting the system’s responsiveness to additional functions.

A study on color visual perception of museum exhibition space based on eye movement experiments

Color is an essential element in the exhibition space of museums, influencing people’s visual experience. To quantitatively study the relationship between color and individual visual perception in museum exhibition spaces, the study used eye-tracking technology combined with a questionnaire, exploring the relationship between color and visual perception in the exhibition environments of history museums in terms of hue, saturation, and brightness of color. Taking the Ruijin Central Revolutionary Base in Jiangxi Province as a historical display space for research, the results show that when the saturation is 69–77%, or the hue is red (0°H), the exhibited. environments have stronger color attractiveness. The study demonstrated that the first fixation duration in eye movement data significantly negatively correlates with the subject’s personal preference, comfort, pleasure, and attractiveness. Researchers can use this as an evaluation parameter for visual perception of exhibition space.

An eccentricity gradient reversal across high-level visual cortex.

Human visual cortex contains regions selectively involved in perceiving and recognizing ecologically important visual stimuli such as people and places. Located in the ventral temporal lobe, these regions are organized consistently relative to cortical folding, a phenomenon thought to be inherited from how centrally or peripherally these stimuli are viewed with the retina. While this eccentricity theory of visual cortex has been one of the best descriptions of its functional organization, whether or not it accurately describes visual processing in all category-selective regions is not yet clear. Through a combination of behavioral and functional MRI measurements in 27 participants (17 females), we demonstrate that a limb-selective region neighboring well-studied face-selective regions shows tuning for the visual periphery in a cortical region originally thought to be centrally-biased. We demonstrate that the spatial computations performed by the limb-selective region are consistent with visual experience, and in doing so, make the novel observation that there may in fact be two eccentricity gradients, forming an eccentricity reversal across high-level visual cortex. These data expand the current theory of cortical organization to provide a unifying principle that explains the broad functional features of many visual regions, showing that viewing experience interacts with innate wiring principles to drive the location of cortical specialization.Significance Statement What is the organizing principle of high-level visual cortex? Visual stimuli experienced extensively during childhood, like faces or scenes, give rise to specialized regions in visual cortex. These regions emerge in consistent locations across individuals, thought to result from the retinotopic input of earlier visual cortex. The field has quantified this input as a medial-lateral gradient of retinotopic eccentricity in ventrotemporal cortex that has not yet been mapped beyond the fusiform gyrus. By performing receptive field mapping in limb-selective cortex for the first time we uncover a u-shaped eccentricity gradient which reverses near the lateral Fusiform. These findings produce a parsimonious model of cortical organization incorporating previously uncharacterized regions, offering a new organizing principle of high-level vision.

Strengthening Tourism Products Through Storytelling Exploration in Kemiriombo, Gerbosari Village, Samigaluh District, Kulonprogo Regency

Kemiriombo, a hamlet in Gerbosari Village, Kulon Progo, Yogyakarta, is known for its diversity of spices (empon-empon) cultivated and processed by the local community. This area has significant potential for developing tourism based on local culture and traditions, but the tourism narrative has not been optimally managed. This study aims to explore the potential of storytelling as a strategy for developing tourist destinations in Kemiriombo. The methods used include observation, interviews, Focus Group Discussions (FGD), surveys, and community participation to understand the needs and expectations of the local community. The study found that Kemiriombo has tourism potential such as the processing of empon-empon at Rumah Jamu Menoreh, local cultural arts such as Jathilan, Gejog Lesung, and Karawitan, as well as culinary traditions like Sega Brongsong and Legondo. The 5W1H technique (Who, What, When, Where, Why, How) was applied in the storytelling analysis to produce engaging narratives that can promote local cultural identity. Storytelling plays a crucial role in introducing local products and traditions, enhancing tourist attraction, and preserving community culture. Through the development of strong narratives, Kemiriombo is expected to become a tourist destination that offers not only visual experiences but also emotional and social dimensions for visitors. The integration of local traditions and storytelling innovation is expected to positively impact the welfare of the local community.

Enhanced auditory responses in visual cortex of blind rats using intrinsic optical signal imaging

Functional maturation of the visual cortex is induced by visual experiences during critical periods. Blind animals and humans exhibit improved auditory abilities after losing their vision. Here we investigated the response of the visual cortex to white noise stimuli during the progression of photoreceptor degeneration in a rat model of blindness (Royal College of Surgeons [RCS] (rdy/rdy) rats). Optical coherence tomography of RCS (+/+) rats with normal visual function revealed normal photoreceptor cells, whereas 3-month-old RCS (rdy/rdy) rats demonstrated photoreceptor cell degeneration. Visual cortex responses (VCRs) to a single flash stimulus were negligible in 3-month-old photoreceptor-degenerated rats. However, VCRs with white noise stimuli were significantly increased in blind versus RCS rats (+/+). Slight changes in the intrinsic optical signals of the control rats were observed on the ventral side of the visual cortex. In contrast, responses were markedly increased throughout the visual cortex of RCS (rdy/rdy) rats. These results indicate that the visual cortex rapidly acquires auditory system function over the first 3 months of life and that the entire visual cortex, rather than just the portion close to the auditory cortex, responds to white noise.

Effects of long-term neural adaptation to habitual sspherical aberration on through-focus visual acuity in adults

We investigated how long-term visual experience with habitual spherical aberration (SA) influences subjective depth of focus (DoF). Nine healthy cycloplegic eyes with habitual SAs of different signs and magnitudes were enrolled. An adaptive optics (AO) visual simulator was used to measure through-focus high-contrast visual acuity after correcting all monochromatic aberrations and imposing + 0.5 μm and − 0.5 μm SAs for a 6-mm pupil. The positive (n = 6) and negative (n = 3) habitual SA groups ranged from 0.17 to 0.8 μm and from − 1.2 to – 0.12 μm for a 6-mm pupil, respectively. Although all optical conditions were identical, and the subjective DoFs were expected to be the same for all participants, the DoFs of individuals differed between the positive and negative habitual SA groups. For the positive habitual SA group, the mean DoF with positive AO-induced SA (2.14 D) was larger than that with negative AO-induced SA (1.88 D); for the negative habitual SA group, a smaller DoF was measured with positive AO-induced SA (1.94 D) than that with negative AO-induced SA (2.14 D). Subjective DoF tended to be larger when the induced SA in terms of sign and magnitude was closer to the participant’s habitual SA. Our findings suggest that neural adaptation to habitual SA compensated for optical blur at multiple object distances, perceptually expanding DoF. As a result, the outcomes of optical treatments for presbyopia may differ due to the neural compensation mechanism influenced by an individual’s visual experience with their habitual optics.

Estimation of horizontal spatial specifications for ideal head-mounted displays in practical conditions

This study presents the horizontal spatial specifications required for developing ideal head-mounted displays (HMDs) that provide visual experiences indistinguishable from those obtained without wearing HMDs. We investigated the minimum specifications for pixel density and field of view (FoV) such that users cannot perceive any degradation in these aspects. Conventional studies have measured visual acuity in the periphery and FoV size without eye movement. However, these results are not sufficient to determine the spatial specifications because users may notice a degradation in the quality of images displayed in the periphery when shifting their gaze away from the front. In this study, we measured visual characteristics under practical conditions, wherein participants moved their eyes naturally in coordination with their head movements, as observed when viewing natural scenes. Using a cylindrical display that covered the participant’s entire horizontal visual field with high resolution images, we asked participants to identify degraded spatial resolution or narrowed FoV. Results showed that ideal HMDs do not have to provide spatial frequency components above 0.5 and 2 cycles per degree outside the visual fields of approximately 210° and 120° horizontally, respectively. These results suggest that a resolution equivalent to one-fifteenth of the frontal area is sufficient for the lateral areas of the head. In addition, we found that ideal HMDs require a FoV of at least 240°. This is considerably smaller than a naive estimate of 310° based on previous studies, obtained by integrating the FoV size during fixation and the movable range of the eyes. We believe that these findings will be helpful in developing ideal HMDs.

Self-awareness from whole-body movements.

Humans can recognize their whole-body movements even when displayed as dynamic dot patterns. The sparse depiction of whole-body movements, coupled with a lack of visual experience watching ourselves in the world, has long implicated non-visual mechanisms to self-action recognition. We aimed to identify the neural systems for this ability. Using general linear modeling and multivariate analyses on human brain imaging data from male and female participants, we first found that cortical areas linked to motor processes, including frontoparietal and primary somatomotor cortices, exhibit greater engagement and functional connectivity when recognizing self-generated versus other-generated actions. Next, we show that these regions encode self-identity based on motor familiarity, even after regressing out idiosyncratic visual cues using multiple regression representational similarity analysis. Last, we found the reverse pattern for unfamiliar individuals: encoding localized to occipito-temporal visual regions. These findings suggest that self-awareness from actions emerges from the interplay of motor and visual processes.Significance Statement: We report for the first time that self-recognition from visual observation of our whole-body actions implicates brain regions associated with motor processes. On functional neuroimaging data, we found greater activity and unique representational patterns in brain areas and networks linked to motor processes when viewing our own actions relative to viewing the actions of others. These findings introduce an important role of motor mechanisms in distinguishing the self from others.

Three-layer polarisation volume grating with enhanced diffraction efficiency and FOV in AR and VR applications

ABSTRACT In the rapidly evolving fields of Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR), achieving high diffraction efficiency and a wide field of view (FOV) is critical for enhancing visual experience. This paper presents a three-layer Polarisation Volume Grating (TL-PVG) structure designed to address the limitations of single-layer PVGs in AR/VR applications. By stacking multiple PVG layers with different tilt angles, TL-PVG achieves an expanded angular bandwidth and improved diffraction efficiency, enabling brighter and more immersive displays. The proposed TL-PVG structure incorporates polarisation multiplexing to optimise the optical diffraction efficiency by approximately 75%, thereby enhancing image brightness and sharpness. The experimental results demonstrate that TL-PVG significantly outperforms traditional single-layer PVGs, offering a promising solution for waveguide elements in next-generation AR/VR displays. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the fabrication process, optical properties, and applications of TL-PVGs, highlighting their potential to revolutionise the AR/VR technology.

Developmental Changes in How Head Orientation Structures Infants' Visual Attention.

Most studies of developing visual attention are conducted using screen-based tasks in which infants move their eyes to select where to look. However, real-world visual exploration entails active movements of both eyes and head to bring relevant areas in view. Thus, relatively little is known about how infants coordinate their eyes and heads to structure their visual experiences. Infants were tested every 3 months from 9 to 24 months while they played with their caregiver and three toys while sitting in a highchair at a table. Infants wore a head-mounted eye tracker that measured eye movement toward each of the visual targets (caregiver's face and toys) and how targets were oriented within the head-centered field of view (FOV). With age, infants increasingly aligned novel toys in the center of their head-centered FOV at the expense of their caregiver's face. Both faces and toys were better centered in view during longer looking events, suggesting that infants of all ages aligned their eyes and head to sustain attention. The bias in infants' head-centered FOV could not be accounted for by manual action: Held toys were more poorly centered compared with non-held toys. We discuss developmental factors-attentional, motoric, cognitive, and social-that may explain why infants increasingly adopted biased viewpoints with age.

Efficient and Accurate Semi-Automatic Neuron Tracing with Extended Reality.

Neuron tracing, alternately referred to as neuron reconstruction, is the procedure for extracting the digital representation of the three-dimensional neuronal morphology from stacks of microscopic images. Achieving accurate neuron tracing is critical for profiling the neuroanatomical structure at single-cell level and analyzing the neuronal circuits and projections at whole-brain scale. However, the process often demands substantial human involvement and represents a nontrivial task. Conventional solutions towards neuron tracing often contend with challenges such as non-intuitive user interactions, suboptimal data generation throughput, and ambiguous visualization. In this paper, we introduce a novel method that leverages the power of extended reality (XR) for intuitive and progressive semi-automatic neuron tracing in real time. In our method, we have defined a set of interactors for controllable and efficient interactions for neuron tracing in an immersive environment. We have also developed a GPU-accelerated automatic tracing algorithm that can generate updated neuron reconstruction in real time. In addition, we have built a visualizer for fast and improved visual experience, particularly when working with both volumetric images and 3D objects. Our method has been successfully implemented with one virtual reality (VR) headset and one augmented reality (AR) headset with satisfying results achieved. We also conducted two user studies and proved the effectiveness of the interactors and the efficiency of our method in comparison with other approaches for neuron tracing.

Thalamocortical interactions reflecting the intensity of flicker light–induced visual hallucinatory phenomena

Abstract Aberrant thalamocortical connectivity occurs together with visual hallucinations in various pathologies and drug-induced states, highlighting the need to better understand how thalamocortical interactions may contribute to hallucinatory phenomena. Flicker light stimulation (FLS) at 10 Hz reliably and selectively induces transient visual hallucinations in healthy participants. Arrhythmic flicker elicits fewer hallucinatory effects while delivering equal amounts of visual stimulation, together facilitating a well-controlled experimental setup to investigate the neural correlates of visual hallucinations driven by flicker rhythmicity. Using rhythmic and arrhythmic FLS during fMRI scanning, we found that rhythmic FLS elicited stronger activation in higher order visual cortices compared with arrhythmic control. Consistently, we found that rhythmic flicker selectively increased connectivity between ventroanterior thalamic nuclei and higher order visual cortices, which was also positively associated with the subjective intensity of visual hallucinatory effects. As these thalamic and cortical areas do not receive primary visual inputs, it suggests that the thalamocortical connectivity changes relate to a higher order function of the thalamus, such as in the coordination of cortical activity. In sum, we present novel evidence for the role of specific thalamocortical interactions with ventroanterior nuclei within visual hallucinatory experiences. Importantly, this can inform future clinical research into the mechanistic underpinnings of pathologic hallucinations.

E Pur Si Move! Motion-Based Illusions, Perception and Depiction

ABSTRACT Can static pictures depict motion and temporal properties? This is an open question that is becoming increasingly discussed in both aesthetics and the philosophy of mind. Theorists working on this issue have mainly focused on static pictures of dynamic scenes and streaky images—such as futurists’ paintings or long-exposure photographs. And yet, we could ask: if there is some success in creating an illusory impression of movement in a static image—as is the case in optical illusions of movement, such as Bridget Riley’s Fall (1963: Tate, London), or Kitaoka’s Rotating Snakes Illusion—is this to say that such static images depict movement? As far as I know, no one working on the depiction of motion has specifically and systematically tackled motion-based illusions nor tried to answer this question. This paper considers two cases of optical illusions of movement and concludes that one of them is involved in the depiction of movement. While the declared goal of my analysis is to answer a quite circumscribed question, it is also the occasion to tackle motion-based illusions tout court—to account for the complex visual experiences they elicit and related phenomenology. Moreover, this account has interesting consequences for theorizing depiction and pictorial experience in general. In particular, it constitutes a counterexample to resemblance theories of depiction.

Technologies in the History of the Movie Industry

The paper titled “Technologies in the History of the Movie Industry” examines the evolution of film technologies and their profound impact on the industry. It explores key technological advancements, from early silent films to talkies, black-and-white to colored films, and the rise of CGI and 3D technology. Each advancement not only enhanced the visual and emotional experience for audiences but also helped filmmakers convey complex ideas and create immersive worlds. The success of iconic films like Avatar, Metropolis, and Jurassic Park demonstrates how innovations in special effects, sound, and imagery have shaped the industry’s growth. The paper emphasizes that these technologies not only improved film quality but also allowed for deeper connections between audiences and the stories being told, ultimately expanding the possibilities of cinematic expression. Through historical analysis, the paper reveals how each technological milestone contributed to the artistic, cultural, and economic success of the film industry.

Color/Transparent Bi‐Customizable Solar Antifogging Nanofilms

AbstractAlmost all reported solar anti‐/defogging surfaces are black and opaque. However, aesthetics and transparency are preferred to enhance security, privacy, and visual experience without sacrificing antifogging in some practical scenarios, such as automotive windshields, architectural glass facades, and sports goggles. Herein, a color and transparency bi‐customizable solar antifogging heterostructure nanofilms is reported, which only consists of a Ti–TiOx layer for partial visible light transmission and a narrow bandgap Ti2O3 layer for broadband sunlight absorption. By precisely controlling each monolayer thickness, various vibrant structural colors (covering yellow/green/purple/blue) through interference effects, along with tunable visible light transparency (from 0% to 30%), and broadband solar absorption (up to 90%) are obtained, providing personalized options for various applications. Simultaneously, the nanofilms exhibit remarkable photothermal performance (110.3 °C under 1 kW m−2 irradiation) compared to blank samples, demonstrating sustained and superior defogging (3.5‐fold improvement) and antifogging capabilities, even in extremely cold (–20 °C) or high temperature and high humidity (50 °C, 100%) conditions. Importantly, the nanofilms are just 174 nm thick, and can be easily upgraded and scalable fabricated by sputtering on various rigid, flexible and portable substrates, such as glass, metals, textiles, plastics, enabling a wide range of direct applications.

Refractive and ocular motor status in autistic adults without learning disabilities: an exploratory study

ABSTRACT Clinical relevance Refractive and ocular motor anomalies may be more prevalent among autistic adults without learning disabilities, compared to a non-autistic clinical population. In line with current guidance, optometrists should exclude these anomalies prior to prescribing tinted lenses. Background Autistic adults report various visual experiences with largely negative consequences on daily living. Some of these overlap with symptoms of refractive and ocular motor anomalies. Therefore, this study investigated refractive and ocular motor status, and pattern glare, in autistic adults without learning disabilities. The impact of appropriate treatment on visual experiences was explored. Methods Twenty four autistic adults, aged 19–67 years, underwent an eye examination involving refraction, ocular motor and pattern glare assessments. Based on pre-determined criteria, anomalies were treated with spectacles, orthoptic exercises, or tinted lenses. Participants completed three questionnaires (Glasgow Sensory Questionnaire, Visual Function Index and Convergence Insufficiency Symptoms Survey) at the start and end of the study to assess the impact of treatment. Results Relative to population norms, a notable proportion of participants had: a significant change in refractive correction (83.3%); accommodative infacility (72.7%); convergence insufficiency (37.5%); uncompensated distance dissociated heterophoria (33.3%); significant accommodative inaccuracy (27.2%); and positive pattern glare (25%). All participants required treatment. 16.7% were given orthoptic exercises only. New spectacles were dispensed to 79.2%, followed by 16.7% requiring orthoptic exercises and 4.2% dispensed tinted lenses. Questionnaire scores did not significantly change post-treatment. Conclusion This exploratory study suggests autistic adults may be more likely to present with refractive, ocular motor and pattern glare issues. Impacts on autistic visual sensory experiences, vision-related quality of life and visual function remain unclear. Pattern Glare Test scores of autistic adults appear to be reduced by appropriate refractive and/or ocular motor management. Therefore, optometrists should take a conservative approach, managing refraction and ocular motor status of autistic patients prior to considering tinted lenses.

3D Multiview Holographic Display with Wide Field of View Based on Metasurface

Abstract3D display technology offers a more realistic visual experience by allowing users to perceive depth and spatial awareness, enhancing interactivity and immersion. Among various approaches, multiview display technology constructs 3D images by offering multiple smooth views along the horizontal plane. Metasurfaces, with ultra‐thin physical structures and flexible functional designs, are positioned to make significant contributions to the evolution of 3D display technologies. Here, a 3D multiview holographic display system based on metasurfaces is proposed. Using generalized Snell's law, a spatially multiplexed metasurface is designed with nine views and achieves 3D display by cascading the metasurface with a spatial light modulator (SLM). By projecting holograms onto different areas of the metasurface via the SLM, corresponding reconstructed images can be observed from specific designed directions. Thanks to the large numerical aperture (NA) of the metasurface, the system successfully achieves nine views within a 120° field of view (FOV, with a theoretical maximum of 180°), validated experimentally. This system promises potential applications in VR/AR display, surgical navigation, geographic information system (GIS), and other fields.