Virtual State Research Articles

Initial-State Observability of Mealy-Based Finite-State Machine With Nondeterministic Output Functions

In mobile systems or the failure detection applications, the output for some input event is state-dependent and nondeterministic after intermittent sensor failures or measurement uncertainties, which does not hold under the conventional observability hypothesis. In this article, such cases can be modeled by a Mealy-based finite-state machine (FSM) with nondeterministic output functions, and we investigate the “initial-state” observability by use of matrix semitensor product (matrix-STP). First, to characterize the nondeterministic output functions, a virtual state set consisting of state–event pairs is introduced to obtain an augmented FSM. By resorting to the matrix-STP, the algebraic expression of augmented FSM is proposed. Subsequently, based on the newly constructed model, the initial-state observability can be verified by checking the distinguishability of state trajectories of the augmented FSM. Meanwhile, the necessary and sufficient condition for such initial-state observability is derived from a discriminant matrix consisting of polynomial elements. Finally, numerical examples show the validity of the proposed method. The current results are further conducive to explore the critical safety of cyber–physical systems in many real-world systems.

錯覺畫與《電視人》———論《電視人》時空世界的生成原理

Haruki Murakami's short story, TV People, reveals the reality that people cannot stand up to the lure of TV media, and are completely dominated by the media in their thinking and actions. Many previous studies argued that the virtual world in the novel is an “imaginary real world” based on the computer network, but such an explanation would make certain plots in the novel unreasonable. Since the novel is full of elements of “illusion painting”, the principle of the illusion painting can be used to reasonably explain the plots in the novel on the one hand. On the other hand, the virtual state generated by the illusion painting principle is more in line with the situation when Murakami Haruki wrote the novel.

錯覺畫與《電視人》———論《電視人》時空世界的生成原理

Haruki Murakami's short story, TV People, reveals the reality that people cannot stand up to the lure of TV media, and are completely dominated by the media in their thinking and actions. Many previous studies argued that the virtual world in the novel is an “imaginary real world” based on the computer network, but such an explanation would make certain plots in the novel unreasonable. Since the novel is full of elements of “illusion painting”, the principle of the illusion painting can be used to reasonably explain the plots in the novel on the one hand. On the other hand, the virtual state generated by the illusion painting principle is more in line with the situation when Murakami Haruki wrote the novel.

Crypto-Anarchism: The Ideology of Blockchain Technologies

One of the most modern currents of anarchism - crypto-anarchism - arose as a response to the global development of digital technologies and the Internet and operates exclusively within the framework of the “global web”. The paper attempts to study one of the most unusual branches of anarchist philosophy and its impact on the digital life and politics of several states. With the help of functional and comparative methods of political research, the author analyzes crypto-anarchism as part of the ideology of anarchism, the main goal of which is to find out how viable crypto-anarchism is as an independent movement. The article raises the question of whether the ideas of crypto-anarchism can be used to effectively address current socio-political problems. The theoretical basis of crypto-anarchism looks more and more relevant, as it affects the security of the individual on the Web and is aimed at fighting against widespread state control. Despite the fact that, as the study showed, cryptoanarchism as a movement does not have sufficient elaboration and influence on real politics, its deeper study can be useful for preparing political programs aimed at Internet users (which constitute around 62.5 % of the global population), as well as studying political models and their development paths using virtual simulations and virtual states (Liberland, Wirtland), which are characteristic of crypto-anarchism.

Introduction

Introduction

An Improved Dynamic Surface Sliding Mode Method for Autonomous Cooperative Formation Control of Underactuated USVS with Complex Marine Environment Disturbances

Abstract In this paper, a novel dynamic surface sliding mode control (DSSMC) method, combined with a lateral velocity tracking differentiator (LVTD), is proposed for the cooperative formation control of underactuated unmanned surface vehicles (USVs) exposed to complex marine environment disturbances. Firstly, in view of the kinematic and dynamic models of USVs and the design idea of a virtual control law in a backstepping approach, the trajectory tracking control problem of USVs’ cooperative formation is transformed into a stabilisation problem of the virtual control law of longitudinal and lateral velocities. Then, aiming at the problem of differential explosion caused by repeated derivation in the process of backstepping design, the first-order low-pass filter about the virtual longitudinal velocity and intermediate state quantity of position is constructed to replace differential calculations during the design of the control law, respectively. In order to reduce the steady-state error when stabilising the virtual lateral velocity control law, the integral term is introduced into the design of the sliding mode surface with a lateral velocity error, and then the second-order sliding mode surface with an integral is structured. In addition, due to the problem of controller oscillation and the role of the tracking differentiator (TD) in active disturbance rejection control (ADRC), the LVTD is designed to smooth the state quantity of lateral velocity. Subsequently, based on the dynamic model of USV under complex marine environment disturbances, the nonlinear disturbance observer is designed to observe the disturbances and compensate the control law. Finally, the whole cooperative formation system is proved to be uniformly and ultimately bounded, according to the Lyapunov stability theory, and the stability and validity of the method is also verified by the simulation results.

Regulating Singlet-Triplet Energy Gaps through Substituent-Driven Modulation of the Exchange and Coulomb Interactions.

Control of the singlet-triplet energy gap (ΔEST) is central to realizing productive energy conversion reactions, photochemical reaction trajectories, and emergent applications that exploit molecular spin physics. Despite this, no systematic methods have been defined to tune ΔEST in simple molecular frameworks, let alone by an approach that also holds chromophore size and electronic structural parameters (such as the HOMO-LUMO gap) constant. Using a combination of molecular design, photophysical and potentiometric experiments, and quantum chemical analyses, we show that the degree of electron-electron repulsion in excited singlet and triplet states may be finely controlled through the substitution pattern of a simple porphyrin absorber, enabling regulation of relative electronically excited singlet and triplet state energies by the designed restriction of the electron-electron Coulomb (J) and exchange (K) interaction magnitudes. This approach modulates the ΔEST magnitude by controlling the densities of state in the occupied and virtual molecular orbital manifolds, natural transition orbital polarization, and the relative contributions of one electron transitions involving select natural transition orbital pairs. This road map, which regulates electron density overlaps in the occupied and virtual states that define the singlet and triplet wave functions of these chromophores, enables new approaches to preserve excitation energy despite intersystem crossing.

Compositeness of S-wave weakly-bound states from next-to-leading order Weinberg’s relations

We discuss a model-independent estimator of the likelihood of the compositeness of a shallow S-wave bound or virtual state. The approach is based on an extension of Weinberg’s relations in Weinberg (Phys Rev 137:B672, 1965) and it relies only on the proximity of the energy of the state to the two-hadron threshold to which it significantly couples. The scheme only makes use of the experimental scattering length and the effective range low energy parameters, and it is shown to be fully consistent for predominantly molecular hadrons. As explicit applications, we analyse the case of the deuteron, the ^1mathrm{S}_0 nucleon-nucleon virtual state and the exotic D^{*}_{s0}(2317)^pm , and find strong support to the molecular interpretation in all cases. Results are less conclusive for the D^{*}_{s0}(2317)^pm , since the binding energy of this state would be significantly higher than that of the deuteron, and the approach employed here is at the limit of its applicability. We also qualitatively address the case of the recently discovered T_{cc}^+ state, within the isospin limit to avoid the complexity of the very close thresholds D^0D^{*+} and D^+D^{*0}, which could mask the ingredients of the approach proposed in this work.

Remote State Estimation of Nonlinear Systems Over Fading Channels via Recurrent Neural Networks

In this article, we consider the remote state estimation for nonlinear dynamic systems with known linear dynamics and unknown nonlinear perturbations. The nonlinear dynamic plant is monitored by multiple distributed sensors over a random access wireless network with shared common radio channel. We focus on the communication strategy and remote state estimation algorithm design so as to achieve a remote state estimation stability subject to unknown nonlinearities in plant and various wireless impairments, such as multisensor interference, wireless fading, and additive channel noise. By exploiting the additive properties of the physical wireless channels, we propose a novel information fusion over-the-air mechanism to address the signal collision and interference among the sensors. Utilizing the partial knowledge on the linear dynamics of the plant, we also propose a novel recurrent neural network (RNN)-based remote state estimator aided by a virtual state estimation mean-square-error (MSE) process. We further propose a novel online training algorithm such that the RNN at the remote estimator can effectively learn the unknown plant nonlinearities. Using the Lyapunov drift analysis approach, we establish closed-form sufficient requirements on the communication resources needed to achieve almost sure stability of both state estimation and RNN online training in high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) regime. As a result, our proposed scheme is asymptomatic optimal for large SNR in the sense that both the plant state and the unknown plant nonlinearities can be perfectly recovered at the remote estimator. The proposed scheme is also compared with various baselines and we show that significant performance gains can be achieved.

Unconventional mechanism of virtual-state population through dissipation

Virtual states are a central concept in quantum mechanics. By definition, the probability of finding a quantum system in a virtual state should be vanishingly small at all times. In contrast to this notion, we report a phenomenon occurring in open quantum systems by which virtual states can acquire a sizable population in the long time limit, even if they are not directly coupled to any dissipative channel. This means that the situation where the virtual state remains unpopulated can be metastable. We describe this effect by introducing a two-step adiabiatic elimination method, that we termed hierarchical adiabatic elimination, which allows one to obtain analytical expressions of the timescale of metastability in general open quantum systems. We show how these results can be relevant for practical questions such as the generation of stable and metastable entangled states in dissipative systems of interacting qubits.

Signature of a Doubly Charm Tetraquark Pole in DD^{*} Scattering on the Lattice.

The doubly charm tetraquark with flavor ccu[over ¯]d[over ¯] and isospin I=0 is investigated by calculating the DD^{*} scattering amplitude with lattice QCD. The simulation is done on CLS ensembles with dynamical u/d, s quarks and m_{π}≃280 MeV for two charm quark masses, one slightly larger and one slightly lower than the physical value. The scattering amplitudes for partial waves l=0, 1 are extracted near threshold via the Lüscher method by considering systems with total momenta PL/(2π)=0,1,sqrt[2],2 on two spatial volumes. A virtual bound state pole in the DD^{*} scattering amplitude with l=0 is found 9.9_{-7.1}^{+3.6} MeV below the DD^{*} threshold for the charm quark mass closer to the physical value. This pole is likely related to the doubly charm tetraquark discovered by LHCb less than 1MeV below the D^{0}D^{*+} threshold. Future lattice simulations closer to the continuum limit and physical quark masses would be valuable to establish this connection systematically.

An Untapped Definition of The State: The Virtual State and Example of Qatar

The facet of territorial and military ambitions began to lose its importance with the states starting to specialize in high value-added and intangible assets. Richard Rosecrance endeavored to formulate a novel development method for these relatively small-scale states. Instead of developing an immense domestic manufacturing capacity with traditional production methods, these 'virtual' states have followed a knowledge, artificial intelligence, and innovation-based development that emphasizes investment, high added value, and the mobility of intangible assets. Although some states did not wholly fit into the virtual state framework within the scope of Rosecrance's definition, they carried some of its characteristics. This study claims that Qatar, which has succeeded in establishing a sphere of influence beyond its borders and population, has some virtual state characteristics by merging its rich hydrocarbon resources with technology and innovation. After a theoretical review, the study claims that Qatar's virtual state characteristics have considerably mitigated the deleterious effects of the embargo imposed on Qatar by four Arab countries in 2017. The final part expands the Qatar-Turkey relationship that comes to the forefront as the field of applying these characteristics from an economic and financial perspective, contrary to the prevailing ideology and politics-based studies in the literature.

Vibrational excitation in the e+CO2 system: Nonlocal model of ΣΠ vibronic coupling through the continuum

In this article, the authors present a theoretical model for vibrational excitation of CO${}_{2}$, where the virtual state and shape resonance doublet interact directly with each other and also indirectly through the electronic continuum as the molecule bends. Based on $a\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}b$ $i\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}n\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}i\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}t\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}i\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}o$ fixed-nuclei $R$-matrix calculations, parameters of the model are determined using a fitting procedure that utilizes the high symmetry of the system.''

HP – A code for the calculation of Hubbard parameters using density-functional perturbation theory

We introduce HP, an implementation of density-functional perturbation theory, designed to compute Hubbard parameters (on-site U and inter-site V) in the framework of DFT+U and DFT+U+V. The code does not require the use of computationally expensive supercells of the traditional linear-response approach; instead, unit cells are used with monochromatic perturbations that significantly reduce the computational cost of determining Hubbard parameters. HP is an open-source software distributed under the terms of the GPL as a component of Quantum ESPRESSO. As with other components, HP is optimized to run on a variety of different platforms, from laptops to massively parallel architectures, using native mathematical libraries (LAPACK and FFTW) and a hierarchy of custom parallelization layers built on top of MPI. The effectiveness of the code is showcased by computing Hubbard parameters self-consistently for the phospho-olivine LixMn1/2Fe1/2PO4 (x=0,1/2,1) and by highlighting the accuracy of predictions of the geometry and Li intercalation voltages. Program summaryProgram Title:HPCPC Library link to program files:https://doi.org/10.17632/xsbtkpknf7.1Licensing provisions: GNU General Public License v 2.0Programming language: Fortran 95External routines:HP is a tightly integrated component of the Quantum ESPRESSO distribution and requires the standard libraries linked by it: BLAS, LAPACK, FFTW, MPI.Nature of problem: Calculation of Hubbard interaction parameters for DFT+U and DFT+U+V.Solution method: Hubbard parameters are expressed in terms of the inverse response matrices to localized perturbations of the atomic occupations. The response matrices are computed using density-functional perturbation theory to first order (linear-response theory) in the reciprocal space, that allows to reconstruct the response to a localized perturbation (obtained from calculations in an appropriately sized supercell) as the superposition of the responses to a series of monochromatic perturbations in a primitive unit cell, thus reducing significantly the computational cost. The response matrices are computed via a self-consistent solution of the static Sternheimer equation, whose implementation does not require the calculation of any virtual states. Pseudopotentials (norm-conserving, ultrasoft, projector augmented wave) are used in conjunction with plane-wave basis sets and periodic boundary conditions.Additional comments including restrictions and unusual features: Local and semi-local exchange-correlation kernels only. Noncollinear spin-polarized formalism is not supported, only collinear spin-polarized or non-spin-polarized cases can be treated. Spin-orbit coupling cannot be used. Calculation of Hund's J is not supported. Multiple Hubbard channels per atom are not supported. The Hubbard manifold can be only constructed on atomic orbitals, both orthogonalized and non-orthogonalized, while Wannier functions (as well as other localized basis sets) are not supported. The linear-response approach we adopt here typically results in Hubbard parameters that are unphysically large for closed shell states [1]. No virtual orbitals are used, nor even calculated.The distribution file of this program can be downloaded from the Quantum ESPRESSO website: http://www.quantum-espresso.org/, and the development version of this program can be downloaded via Git from the GitLab website: https://gitlab.com/QEF/q-e. Interactions with end users of the HP code happen via a mailing-list forum of Quantum ESPRESSO: https://www.quantum-espresso.org/forum. Documentation of the HP code is tightly coupled with the code and is done via standard code comments; different subroutines that implement different equations of the DFPT formalism contain references to the two main papers [2,3] describing in detail theory behind the implementation.

Montage space: Extra scenes

In this author's reply, we outline the four commentaries on our article and consider them as interpretations of the same relational story: part of the montage. By intersplicing the four commentaries with extra scenes from ‘Montage Space’, we explore again the riverine, more-than-dry, and more-than-human that both Koch and Squire choose to take downstream, the human land grab that Miller recenters, and the paradox existing between the material geography of a disputed river island and the proclamation of a virtual state, which Cattaruzza identifies. The four critical engagements with ‘Montage Space’ work to add depth to our own exposition of a squelchy island space and the strange creation of a new state in this contested borderscape, where statehood was violently imposed onto a space deemed to be empty and characterless rather than a vital part of a territorial dispute and a wetland biosphere reserve.

Resonant hyper-Raman scattering of light by LO phonons in wurtzite semiconductors

Theoretical treatment of resonant hyper-Raman scattering of light by LO phonons in wurtzite semiconductors is given. The hyper-Raman process was considered for the scattering geometry y(xxz)x at which it involves the two-photon transitions to the B and C excitons of the s-type. Allowance was made for different sequences of intermediate virtual states. On the example of a CdS crystal the influence of the possible dipole transitions to the deeper valence band on the frequency dependence of the scattering cross section was investigated.

Three-body resonances in pionless effective field theory

We investigate the appearance of resonances in three-body systems using pionless effective field theory at leading order. The Faddeev equation is analytically continued to the unphysical sheet adjacent to the positive real energy axis using a contour rotation. We consider both, the three-boson system and the three-neutron system. For the former, we calculate the trajectory of Borromean three-body Efimov states turning into resonances as they cross the three-body threshold. For the latter, we find no sign of three-body resonances or virtual states at leading order. This result is validated by exploring the level structure of three-body states in a finite volume approach.

Coherent neutral pion and eta meson photoproduction on the deuteron

Measurements of the cross sections are conducted for coherent photoproduction of the neutral pion and eta meson on the d, gamma deutron to pi0 eta deutron, at the incident energy in the range of the reaction threshold to 1.15 GeV. A rapidly increasing trend below 1 GeV is observed in the total cross section. The data are effectively reproduced by theoretical calculations incorporating the meson-deutron final-state interactions. However, the measured deutron angular distribution d sigma/d Omegad in the center-of-mass frame (gamma d) is rather flat, and it differs significantly from the strong backward-peaking behavior expected in the kinematics of d formation after pi0 eta photoproduction on an initial bound nucleon. In addition, the d sigma/dMeta d differential cross section exhibits a prominent enhancement near the eta d threshold, while d sigma/dMpi d exhibits an enhancement near the known pi d resonance with I=1 and JP=2+. From these observations, we have concluded that two reaction sequences occur; gamma d to pi0 D01 to pi0 eta d and eta D12 to pi0 eta d, where DIJ denotes a state with a baryon number of 2, an isospin of I, and a spin of J. The enhancement corresponding to D01 is expected to be a theoretically predicted eta NN bound state with I=0 and JP=1- or a virtual state of eta d. It is found that attraction between eta d is certainly very strong.

General Analysis of the Reaction e^+ + e^- → N + Ñ + π^0

The general analysis of the reaction , in the case of longitudinally polarized electron beam, has been performed in the one-photon-nnihilation approximation, accounting for the polarization states of the final nucleon. This analysis is useful for the description of the continuum (non-resonant) and resonant (with different possible vector mesons or excited baryons in the intermediate virtual states of the Feynman diagrams) contributions. The conservation of the hadron electromagnetic currents and P-invariance of the hadron electromagnetic interaction were used to express the matrix element in terms of the six complex independent invariant amplitudes. The general structure of the hadronic tensor for the case of unpolarized final hadrons and polarized nucleon has been derived. The spin-independent part of the hadronic tensor is determined by five structure functions and the spin-dependent one by 13 structure functions. The transversal, longitudinal and normal components of the nucleon polarization four-vector are expressed by means of the four-vectors of the particle momenta. The five independent invariant variables which describe the reaction have been introduced. The limits of the changing of these variables have been considered. The kinematical double invariant variables regions are given in the figure. The kinematics, suitable to study the invariant mass distributions, is investigated.

Partial coherence and amplified internal energy when thermal radiation is sourced within matter

Photons excited into ground state modes at finite temperature display partitioning among photon phases, lifetimes and distances travelled since creation. These distributions set the distance from an interface a created photon has some chance of emission. Excited photons have phase velocity set by their mode’s propagation index n which sets mode density then internal energy contribution. All photons that strike an interface obliquely if emitted are refracted, and their exit intensities are irreversible except when weak internal attenuation occurs. Attenuation index k near zero degrees is small, so reversibility is approximate. As temperature rises refraction of exiting photons varies. Total emission remains reversible after transitioning through a nonequilibrium state with no other heat inputs. In equilibrium the densities of excitations that create and annihilate photons are in balance with photon densities, and emissivity dependent on n, k, temperature, and internal incident direction. Exit intensities from pure water and crystalline silica are modelled. They contain strong resonant intensities, and match data accurately. Intrinsic resonances formed within liquids and compounds are due to photon modes hybridising with localized excitations, including molecular oscillations and the anharmonic component of lattice distortions. They explain the many resonant spectral intensities seen in remote sensing. Each hybrid oscillator is a photonic virtual bound state whose energy fluctuates between levels separated by hf. Other features addressed are radiance when solid angle changes at exit, anomalous refraction, thermal recycling of internally reflected photons, fluxes within multilayers, and enhanced internal heat flux from phonon drag by photon density gradients under an external temperature gradient.