Related Violence Research Articles

Seeking the Muslim Gandhi

Abstract This paper examines the question of Islam and its relationship to violence in Muslim reformer Asghar Ali Engineer’s pre- and post-11 September 2001 works in response to the attacks on the Twin Towers in New York and the Pentagon in Washington, DC. We argue that that while his pre-9/11 approach to violence offers a much more historical and systemic account of violence by viewing it as a societal problem involving a number of different agents, the post-9/11 evocation of Gandhi does the opposite. By evoking the figure of Gandhi in a post-9/11 context, Engineer not only addresses the issue of violence as a peculiarly Muslim one but forecloses any possibility to understanding violence as a historically evolving and systemically operating phemonenon. In ignoring this, Engineer finds himself well accommodated within the larger politics of Empire and its dehistoricised, naturalised, and individualised interpretation of Muslim related violence.

(Mis)Representations of sexual violence: the Brett Kavanaugh and Christine Blasey Ford testimonies

ABSTRACTMedia’s negative representations of sexual violence have evolved over time in western culture. This study examines news coverage surrounding the Senate Judiciary Committee hearing to confirm Brett Kavanaugh’s appointment to the Supreme Court. I focus on how women in the news industry articulate sexual violence in relation to Christine Blasey Ford’s testimony and the counter-testimony of Brett Kavanaugh. This analysis reveals that news media presents a hegemonic narrative that reinforces gendered stereotypes and a counter-hegemonic narrative that reveals the limitations of the dominant position that holds victims accountable. This study argues that oppressive articulations of sexual violence pervade media discourses, and that a re-articulation is necessary for social transformation.

Beyond deforestation: Land cover transitions in Mexico

Conversion of land cover is one of the main causes of global environmental change and identifying the regions where sustained trends of land change are occurring provides useful information for land and resources management. For all ecoregions in Mexico, we analyzed land use changes over 14 years (2001–2014) using MODIS images (250m) and identified regions that had significant gains or loss of woody vegetation, pasturelands, or croplands. The land use patterns varied greatly among the 40 major ecoregions, but in general, woody vegetation and cropland cover increased while pastures decreased. In contrast to previous studies, much of the increase in croplands did not correspond with hotspots of decline in pastures but occurred in the Sonora and Chihuahuan deserts ecoregions in northern Mexico. Industrial cotton, sorghum, and pecans production for export where the major crops responsible for the increase in these ecoregions. Similar to patterns in the rest of Latin America, pasture expansion mainly occurred in ecoregions in the tropical moist forest biome (e.g. Veracruz and Peten-Veracruz ecoregions). The ecoregions that experienced the greatest increase in woody vegetation were the Balsas dry forest ecoregion along the Pacific coast and Trans Mexican volcanic oak-pine ecoregion. In both regions, rural-urban migration appears to be an important driver of the transition from grasslands to woody vegetation, while the conversion of croplands to woody vegetation in the Tamaulipan mezquital ecoregion was clearly associated with drug related violence. This study documents how the complex interactions among national and international demand for agricultural products, national policies, demography, violence and climate change are affecting land change across Mexico.

Courageously critiquing sexual violence: responding to the 2018 Nobel Peace Prize

Abstract Marysia Zalewski's work has taught us, as a collective of feminist scholars, to be cautious of neat instruction manuals and coherently set out plans of action; of claims to sure knowledge about danger, violence, and its subjects and remedies; of the fanfare of grand arrivals; and of the quieter staking of ground that has been seemingly won. Zalewski has persistently reminded us in different ways that we/she does ‘not even know what gender is or does’. Far from a flippant response to the emptiness of gender mainstreaming policies, this seemingly simple statement instead serves as a glaring post-it note on the margins of our texts about International Relations theory, feminism, sex/gender and violence— both those that we read, as well as those that we write. However, this lesson is often forgotten in our rush to understand and establish gendered harms as valid and important, and to seek their redress. Gleaning insights from Zalewski's work, this article critically considers possible responses to the 2018 Nobel Peace Prize. Its aim is not to delve into a discussion of the politics or effects of the Peace Prize as such, but to instead use the 2018 Peace Prize as a marker—a moment to consider the possibility for critique in relation to sexual violence.

Difference, whiteness and the group analytic matrix: An integrated formulation

I am a black woman. This statement may trigger various responses and, perhaps even the urge to disengage. Nonetheless I write it as a social fact. Firstly, to forewarn the reader that the lifeworld they are about to enter may well challenge theirs and, to correct potential erroneous, normative, racial and gendered assumptions. I trust readers will stay with any potential discomfort. Read on. And, reflect upon it at the end of the article. I am too a psychologist and aspiring group analyst. This social and professional positioning means that I have heard many conversations on ‘difference’ where I, and others whose bodies look like mine, have been placed under the deforming microscope of the white gaze, for the alleged edification of my peers, one of the most objectifying encounter I continue to experience. There is a long history within western epistemic, ontological and other scholarly pursuits of normalizing whiteness, of regarding those ‘deviating’ from it as ‘different’ and, of subjecting them/us to investigation, curiosity and/or exoticisation. Ultimately, to consumption. Group analysis is no exception. Difference is a historically loaded term built on the brutality of white masculinist and heteronormative social constructions and thus, on the enactment of power related violence. Central to formulating the function of ‘difference’ and of such brutality between individuals and groups, is the group analytic concept of the matrix. Foulkes (1973), conceptualized it as a hypothetical web of communication and relationships providing the group a shared ground of meaning and significance. This article aims to critically examine the concept of the matrix with reference to race and specifically, to whiteness. It argues that fixating difference onto people of colour, serves fundamental functions for whiteness by linking this process to Foulkes’ concept of location of disturbance. In the second part, the group matrix and whiteness are considered. Finally, using various vignettes, a formulatory framework is suggested to illustrate how whiteness may be reproduced within different levels of the group matrix.

Understanding environmental terrorism in times of climate change: Implications for asylum seekers in Germany

With an increasing global population and undeniable climate change, environmental terrorism is causing unprecedented levels of human insecurity. The use of resources as weapons of armed conflict is particularly effective on vulnerable societies, triggering large-chain global migration-related issues. This research advances the understanding of environmental terrorism, addresses the connections of resources and conflict, and the effects of climatic events on these phenomena. The existing related body of literature was scrutinized and complemented with an in-depth empirical study of 100 asylum seekers from 17 countries hosted in German facilities. The results point to the use of environmental terrorism by governments or opposition groups, or both, in Syria, Iraq and Afghanistan. Interviewees provided accounts of how perpetrators oppressed and harmed their enemies and civilians by attacking, drastically reducing or cutting the supply of resources, such as water or electricity, and by contaminating water with disease-causing agents. This paper elaborates on the conflict in Syria by presenting empirical evidence on the climate's contribution to the armed conflict in order to demonstrate that environmental terrorism is particularly effective on populations living in drought-stressed regions. Considering that 81% of interviewees reported observing water or electricity scarcity – or both – in their place of origin, this research claims that mounting climate pressure on resources is likely to increase the use of environmental terrorism, thereby contributing to migration and human insecurity across regions. The purpose of this research is to inform academia and policy makers on the strategic importance of monitoring and preventing resource related threats and violence.

Sports in the Case-Law of the European Court of Human Rights

Sport has been an object of interest of international law on several occasions. It has also been a point of interest of regional human rights protection, for example within the legal system of Council of Europe. Recently, the European Court of Human Rights has developed its case-law concerning sport-related issues, such as football supporters related violence and prevention of events of hooliganism, anti-doping related issues or fairness of proceedings before The Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) in Lausanne or the protection of professional athletes’ rights in the context of anti-doping requirements. The article focuses on the ECtHR case-law relating to sport within the meaning of the right to life (art. 2 of the ECHR), prohibition of torture of inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment (art. 3 of the ECHR), right to liberty and security (art.5 of the ECHR), right to a fair trial (art.6 of the ECHR) or right to protection of private and family life (art.8 of the ECHR).

Smoking-related violence in a mental health setting following the implementation of a comprehensive smoke-free policy: A content analysis of incident reports.

Smoke-free policies in mental health settings are important to protect health but are often impeded by staff concerns that physical violence may increase. We aimed to address the literature gap about the frequency, nature, and management of physical violence in relation to smoking. We compared the antecedents and containment of smoking-related incidents of physical violence over a two-year period, (12months when an indoor-only smoke-free policy was in place, followed by 12months after a new comprehensive smoke-free policy was introduced) using incident reports completed by staff in a large mental health organization in London, UK. Sixty-one smoking-related incidents occurred during the indoor-only smoke-free policy period; 32 smoking-related incidents occurred during the comprehensive smoke-free policy. We identified four antecedent categories for physical violence: i) patient request to smoke denied by staff; ii) during a supervised smoking break; iii) staff response to a patient breach of the smoke-free policy iv) asking for, trading or stealing smoking materials. The antecedent pattern changed across the two policy periods, with fewer incidents of denying a patient's request to smoke and a greater number of incidents involving staff responding to breaches occurring after the introduction of the comprehensive smoke-free policy. The prohibition of smoking breaks removed this source of violence. Timeout and PRN medication were the most common containment interventions. Understanding the context of smoking-related violence may inform clinical guidelines about its prevention and management.

The politics of normalising gendered violence: feminised austerity and masculinised wealth creation

According to United Nations data, one in three women worldwide are subject to violence. Yet, the systemic embedding of male sexual violence often fails to be part of public discussion. To explore this relative silencing of mediated discussion is to consider how media normalise male violence towards women. This structural obfuscation serves to reinforce the gendered violence upon which these structures are located. This is the context in which hegemonic masculinity now takes a reified neoliberal form, which serves to normalise the violence of gendered power relations. Illustrating this, we explore the way in which austerity has been positioned as a policy of violence. We argue that by exposing how neoliberal hegemonic masculinity is central to the construction of gender, and exploring how this is disseminated, we are able to show how male violence towards women is legitimated in mediated political discourse.

Teen Moms: Violence, Consent, and Embodied Subjectivity in Middle English Pregnancy Laments

Abstract This article examines power and coercion in five Middle English and Middle Scots lyrics voiced by pregnant, abandoned singlewomen. It focuses on the language of consent and embodiment in these pregnancy laments, arguing that they both protest and normalize masculine violence in heterosexual erotic relations, highlight the various factors that undermine young singlewomen’s consent, articulate acute dissatisfaction with gendered power inequalities, and demonstrate the devastating consequences of sexual ignorance. It explores the different ways that we can read these lyrics when considering issues of voice, audience, performance, and manuscript context. The essay closes by linking the popularity of medieval unplanned pregnancy narratives to modern-day reality television programming, arguing that the trans-historical popularity of these stories merits further exploration.

"Tudni szeretnénk, milyen édesek a tuszi nők"

The article presents the characteristics of sexual violence during the Rwandan Genocide at the beginning of the 1990s. Towards the explanation of the phenomenon of conflict related sexual violence, it introduces the milestones of the history of the country and the xenophobic narratives which had led to genocide. Then, with the main focus on media, it analyzes survivors’ testimonies and media materials, to demonstrate how the narratives appeared during the perpetration of rape. The aim of the research is to reveal the power of media with highlighting how political narratives influenced the characteritics of sexual violence.

INTERVENTIONS FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF MANDIBULAR FRACTURES IN PATIENTS WITH ACQUIRED PARTIAL OR COMPLETE ADENTIA (REVIEW)

Fractures of the mandible (lower jaw) are a common occurrence and usually related tointerpersonal violence or road traffic accidents. Social, economic conditions lead to anincrease in the proportion of patients with acquired partial or complete adentia in thestructure of patients with mandibular fractures. Mandibular fractures in this group ofpatients may be treated using open (surgical) and closed (non-surgical) techniques.Fracture sites cannot be immobilized with ordinary intermaxillary fixation (IMF), usuallyother external or internal devices are used (i.e. plates and screws) to allow bone healing.A method of treatment with the use of mini-implants was also considered. Varioustechniques have been investigated, however uncertainty exists with respect to the specificindications for each approach.Objectives. Detailed analysis of modern sources of professional Ukrainian and foreignmedical literature on the effectiveness of treatment of mandibular fractures in patientswith acquired partial or complete adentia.Conclusions. Mandibular fractures in patients with acquired partial or complete adentiaare treated with surgical, orthopedic-conservative and combined methods that should beused for clearly defined indications, taking into account the following fundamentalcriteria: 1) substantiated and exhaustive priority of conservative methods; 2) localizationof the fracture, the nature of displacement of bone fragments or its absence; 3) the stateand number of teeth, the degree of atrophy of the mandible; 4) age and general conditionof the patient; 5) biomechanical features of the mandible for different types of fractures.

Health Issues among Women Employees in Leather and Leather Related Manufacturing Industries in Chennai

Overview: Nowadays women are playing multi-task generally neglecting their health but focus much on work and family. Does women working in leather and leather related industries affected with any health issues? What are the different types of health issues they face? In this article we are mainly focusing on health issues faced by the women employees in leather and leather related industries. Design/Methodology/Approach: The study followed a descriptive research design; quantitative research has been used; convince sampling is used among 149 women employees in leather and leather related manufacturing industry in Chennai in India. Structured questionnaire was developed using a five-point Likert scale. The SPSS 22.0 statistical tool was used to examine, one way anova, paired correlation, factor analysis used to interpret and analyze the data. Findings: The study enlightens different type of health issues faced by women employees working in leather and leather related products and violence faced by women employees in their workplace and their home. Women are suffering physically, psychologically and even their inner health has been affected because of the conflict, violence against them, working condition in the organization and also because of sexual harassment. Keywords: Health Issues, Role Conflict, Violence, Women Employees

Feminist Dilemmas: How to Talk About Gender-Based Violence in Relation to the Middle East?

The article charts my trajectories as a feminist activist/academic seeking to research, write and talk about gender-based violence in relation to the Middle East. More specifically, I am drawing on research and activism in relation to Iraq, Turkey and Lebanon to map the discursive, political and empirical challenges and complexities linked to scholarship and activism that is grounded in both feminist and anti-racist/anti-Islamophobic politics. While reflecting on my positionality, the article aims to challenge the binary of activism and academia as well as Western and Middle Eastern contexts in terms of knowledge production.

Neighborhood Perceptions of Gun Violence and Safety: Findings from a Public Health-Social Work Intervention

ABSTRACTEfforts to reduce gun violence have moved away from models that rely solely on law enforcement approaches, toward public health-focused models of intervention. This paper discusses urban gun violence from a public health and social work perspective, examining a method to interrupt, reduce and prevent gun violence at the community level. A qualitative research design was utilized to evaluate perceptions held by thirty-seven community members regarding the impact of a gun and related violence prevention program, Albany SNUG. Five key findings emerged from the data analysis: 1) Violence was viewed as significant, widespread and a source of despair and hopelessness; 2) Residents perceived a lack of resources and opportunities within the community; 3) There was general consensus regarding the program’s importance to the community; 4) There were several obstacles and challenges to program implementation as identified by participants; and 5) Community involvement and shared responsibility were viewed as central to the reduction of gun and related violence. Recommendations for practice and policy changes and the potential role for social work in future collective efficacy and social change initiatives are also discussed.

Violence in international relations: The first and the last word

This article examines change and continuity in the function, role and moral judgement of violence in international relations. In terms of change, the conclusions are mostly pessimistic if the aim is the complete eradication of political violence. The control of violence, on the other hand, and the ability to hold those who employ it to increasing moral and legal standards is perhaps one of the most significant changes in international relations from 1919 to 2019. However, this does not mean that violence has been replaced or even transformed. Violence is constitutive of the political. It is the first and the last word in politics. This is the continuity of violence. Violence, of which war is only the most visceral expression, has not been transformed or replaced, but rather it has been displaced into legal systems, institutional orders and new forms of conflict. Inter-state war may be in decline, but intra-state conflict is rising. To develop this argument, the article argues that change can only be understood as change against a horizon of continuity.

Estigma e violência na percepção dos profissionais de saúde mental de uma unidade psiquiátrica em hospital geral

Resumo Introdução O artigo em questão é fruto de uma pesquisa no âmbito da saúde mental, em um dos dispositivos potencializados após a década de 1990. Objetivo A investigação teve como objetivo geral compreender a percepção dos profissionais de saúde mental, atuantes em uma Unidade Psiquiátrica de Hospital Geral, sobre os termos estigma e violência. Método Trata-se de pesquisa exploratória, descritivo-analítica com abordagem qualitativa. Teve como campo a Unidade de Internação Psiquiátrica de um Hospital Geral Universitário, no município do Rio de Janeiro. Os sujeitos da pesquisa foram 06 profissionais de saúde mental. Após a liberação dos Comitês de Ética, autorização da direção e o preenchimento dos Termos de Consentimento, o passo posterior envolveu as entrevistas semiestruturadas. Optou-se pela análise de conteúdo para trabalhar os dados obtidos. Resultados Enquanto alguns profissionais demonstraram desconhecer o significado de estigma, o termo violência foi exemplificado através de conceituações e aproximações com a realidade social. As diversas falas sobre a violência simbólica ganharam destaque. Ao mencioná-la, reconheceram que determinadas práticas junto aos pacientes, ainda que não agreguem violências de ordem física, reproduzem a estigmatização, que repercute na violência psicológica e nas negligências. Conclusão Ainda que a mudança no cuidado tenha se estabelecido, faz-se necessário o conhecimento do processo da violência e estigmatização nas práticas atuais, dado que tais fenômenos podem agravar o sofrimento existente.

Ex-Offender Reintegration and Sustained Peace in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria: Adopting a Socio-Economic Change Model Approach

Abstract The Niger Delta of Nigeria rich in oil and gas resources has been plagued with series of armed conflicts characterised by massive youth restiveness. The peaceful coexistence of people in the region is often affected by the nature of oil and gas business determined by the political economy of the Nigerian state. By the statute of the Federal system of Government in Nigeria, all resources within the territorial boundary of the country belong to the Federal Government. The Government then pays a certain 13% derivation fund to the resource bearing states for development. The Federal Government equally sees to the development of the region through its statutory Agencies such as the Niger Delta Development Commission. All these efforts are yet to bring about infrastructural development and human capacity needs of the region. A consequence of this is the armed militancy and cult related violence that has engulfed the region. In this paper, an attempt is made to analyse the socioeconomic requisitions of a reintegration programme for ex-offenders seeking re-entry into mainstream society. An interventionist approach is recommended with effective monitoring and evaluation system for a socioeconomic reintegration of ex-offenders in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria.

Gun Violence and Cardiovascular Health.

Gun Violence and Cardiovascular Health.

An Investigation on the Consequences of Mal-traditional Practices: The Case of Indigenous People in State of Benishangul Gumuz

In today's Ethiopia where challenges on development is made by indigenous people in regions, State of Benishangul Gumuz region is extending its effort towards reaching excellence in all aspects including health and societal matters. As part of the country's effort, Benishangul Gumuz region in general and Assosa University in particular carries out various studies based on scientific plans for scaling up its achievements constantly. However, Mal-traditional practices (MTP's)–Festival Ceremony, marriage related practices (early marriage, Abduction marriage, Bride wealth payment and inheritance marriage), domestic violence and skin cutting) are the most prevalence and challenge phenomena among indigenous people of the region. Thus, this study was aimed at assessing on the effects of mal-traditional practices among indigenous people in State of Benishangul-Gumuz Region. In doing so, the study particularly attempted to examine the level (prevalence) and impact of these mal-traditional practices on socio-economic and health conditions of indigenous people in study areas. To identify the factors hindering government officials in eliminating mal-traditional practices among the indigenous people in the region. The study was designed to be survey where quantitative and qualitative data were gathered through questionnaire. The questionnaire consists of both open-ended and close-ended items. Focus group discussions was made on the indigenous people to collect relevant information. Besides to these, an interview was made with experts and political appointees. Hence, 93 people were involved in the study in filling the questionnaire, 20 people interviewed and 90 people in FGD. Therefore, 203 people were totally the target groups of the study. Results of the study indicated that, the society had knowledge about the prevalence of harmful traditional practices. In the same manner, the society held a kind of favorable practice against MTP's although there remained many people in the society who still ignored and wanted to see their co-existence with the MTP's. As far as practice is concerned, it was found out that MTP's was exercised in their respective areas among indigenous communities, by a large number of people, for diverse reasons(social, economic, cultural cases). Eventually, based on the data interpreted and analyzed, conclusions are made, and recommendations are forwarded. Keywords :Mal-traditional practices (MTP's), prevalence, Practices, marriages, festivities, State of Benishangul Gumuz region. DOI : 10.7176/JCSD/47-01 Publication date : April 30 th 2019