Javanese Village Research Articles

Rural Transformation in Various Ecosystem in Indonesia

The agricultural and rural sectors in Indonesia have experienced a dynamic transformation. This process of transformation reflected the changes in employment and income structure. This paper analyzes the changes in employment, income structures, and dietary patterns in various ecosystems, namely wetland paddy, dry land secondary, vegetables, and plantation. We use micro panel data collected from 1,155 rural households in 8 provinces, and 33 villages in Java and off-Java in 2007-2012 and 2016 -2018. The results showed that the share of agriculture employment decreased from 89.1 % in 2007 to 56.7 % in 2016 in the wetland paddy ecosystem, and the reverse was true for non-agricultural employment. Household income from agriculture was still dominant but showed a decreasing trend. The share of agriculture income declined; the most significant decline is in the wetland paddy ecosystem. Furthermore, a nonfarm income also tends to increase. Share of cereal consumption expenditure tends to decrease while processed foods and instant drinks tend to grow. For accelerating agricultural and rural transformation, government policy should focus on investment in rural infrastructure, promote labor and land markets, and build capacity building based on the need for a different ecosystem of the rural population.

Out of Communal Land: Clientelism Through Delegation of Agricultural Tenancy Contracts

Do local institutions influence the nature of political clientelist exchange? We find a positive answer in the context of a village institution prevalent in Java since the Dutch colonial rule, where democratically elected village heads receive usufruct rights over a piece of communal village land (bengkok land) as a compensation for their service in lieu of salary. To formulate how limited-term private ownership of bengkok land promotes clientelism, we model a timely delegation of agricultural tenancy contracts to villagers-cum-voters as an incumbent re-election strategy. Based on a household survey fielded in 2018 across 130 villages in Java, Indonesia, we find that the chances of a bengkok plot being rented out increase by 6 percentage points as the time of the next election becomes closer by one year, and sharecropping is preferred to a fixed-rental contract as the election approaches. The empirical results are statistically significant and remain largely unchanged against a series of robustness checks. We also find suggestive evidence of short-term efficiency loss from clientelist politics over bengkok land.

Political, social, and human capital in the face of climate change: Case of rural Indonesia

ABSTRACT This study examines the link between political capital and climate change adaptation, and tests the relationship among political capital, social capital, and human capital. Political capital is studied through power distribution, voice, and connection in three rural villages in Java, Indonesia. This study finds that rural communities with a more distributed power structure are more likely to take the initiative to mobilize efforts by using their own resources to cope and adapt to climate change. Analysis with binary-logistic regression shows that social capital is a better predictor in the exercise of political capital than human capital. While the act of giving gifts to neighbors is associated with more community activism, receiving gifts from neighbors and membership in community groups tend to lower the activism.

Voorbij een nationale geschiedschrijving

Abstract Beyond national history. The Rawagede Massacre told as an entangled history In a historic first, the ruling of a civil court in The Hague in 2011 obliged the Dutch state to take responsibility for a mass execution perpetrated by Dutch military in the West Javanese village of Rawagede in 1947. Sixty-four years after the end of Indonesia’s struggle for independence (1945-1949) some justice has been served. This article explores several of its unintended historiographical effects. Taking the armed conflict between states as a frame of reference was an inevitable starting point for the court case, but the consequence is that national perspectives (Dutch colonizer / Indonesian colonized) are centered. Consequently, the entanglement of local experiences and transnational dynamics remains invisible. By presenting the so-called ‘Rawagede case’ as a form of entangled history instead of consisting of two antagonistic opposites, we believe that space can be created, within both the Dutch and Indonesian contexts, for multiple positions and perspectives. In doing so, this article offers alternative frames to (Dutch) historians who have argued for writing histories that challenge the still dominant national discourse in postcolonial historiography.

BENCANA DAN PERUBAHAN IDENTITAS DESA BULAK 1971-2000an

This article discusses the history of the disaster that struck the Bulak Village in the area of Jepara, Central Java, Indonesia in the 1971-2000s period. Disasters that continue to occur in the village of Bulak force villagers to move to the new village location. The new village was named after Desa Bulak Baru as a sign that the name of Desa Bulak Baru was not part of the expansion of the old village, but as a collective memory of the name of their previous village. To see that change, the writer sees it in the lens of migration in the local definition, namely village bedol. Bedol Desa is a term for the people of the villages in Java who migrate. The study of village bedol events in the perspective of social history studies. In 1981 a village bedol event occurred in Bulak Village, Jepara Regency. The destination of the bedol desa is the location Desa Bulak Baru. Naming that includes a change of identity, but does not eliminate the old name as the historical basis of a Bulak Village. The method used in this study is the historical method, which includes: (1) heuristics or source tracking, (2) source criticism to verify the information obtained, (3) analysis, and (4) historiography or historical writing.

Maritime-Agricultural Communities: Leadership and Independence System of Javanese Village Communities in the Past

This study discusses the leadership and the independence system of Javanese villages in the Past. In maritime village communities - agrarian, there are people who are trusted to lead, with the dynamics of independence. The village naturally regulates its own community based on village bound. The village burden is related to the demands of interests originating from the colonial supra village, forcing the village to be burdened with the interests of supplying goods for the needs of the world market by intensifying feudal housing. This topic is relevant to the village funding program, empowerment of rural communities with substantial funds, but in the implementation, it is still half-hearted because there is no complete belief that the village has actually been proven capable of taking care of itself and meeting its own needs. To discuss this problem, the historical method is used by reviewing important books specifically discussing villages. The results of the study provide evidence that maritime agrarian villages in Java already have leadership independence that practices in managing and meeting among the villagers. Thus, it is undoubted about the ability to channeling the village funds.

Political Machine and Challenger Victory in a Javanese Village Chief Election

Political machines are widely evident in Indonesian elections, particularly in the sale of political services and use of clientelistic strategies. However, in several cases candidates have created political machines without buying political services or employing clientelistic strategies. Using a qualitative approach to examine the 2018 village chief election in Ngestiharjo, Yogyakarta, this article explains how electoral challengers can use political machines without buying political services, as well as the reason such challengers and their machines decide not to employ clientelism in their search for electoral victory. The author shows that several factors, including elite fragmentation, candidate recruitment, socio-political networks, and the existence of a shared enemy effectively nullify the buying of political services and the use of clientelistic strategies. This article shows that local village contexts, as well as reliance on social bonds, enable challengers to avoid the transactionalism and clientelism that have long characterised political machines. This is further supported by the ability of a challenger and his socio-political network to exploit the weaknesses of the incumbent.

Coping, Identity, and Programmatic Politics in a Javanese Village Head Election: The Case of Temon Kulon, Yogyakarta

This article explores the programmatic policies used by the incumbent in Temon Kulon Village, Kulon Progo Regency, Yogyakarta, during the village chief election. It finds that, even as identity politics (particularly religion) have become an increasingly important part of Indonesian politics, some village chiefs attempted to apply programmatic politics. Although most commonly associated with higher levels of government (including municipal elections) and political parties, in this case programmatic politics was applied within a village where local traditions and culture remained strong. This article also shows that identity politics is used not only to mobilise support against non-Muslim incumbents; it is also used to contest elections through a cultural primordialism. Through analysis of qualitative and quantitative data, as well as a series of interviews and observations, this article shows that religious fundamentalism can be moderated through a combination of programmatic politics and local political identities.

Communalization and Distribution of Pekulen Land use

The purpose of this study is to describe the tradition of communalization of pekulen land and the distribution of its use. This research conducted with an empirical legal research that locations in Pituruh Subdistrict, Purworejo Regency, Central Java with socio-legal approach. This research found that the communal mechanism for pekulen land was first developed by the Dutch colonial government by utilizing local customary law in order to guarantee the availability of labor and agricultural land for land taxes and cultuurstelsel. This model now transformed and has many benefits such distribute the right of land use, protecting the rights of landholders, guaranteeing the protection of land functions, maintaining the integrity of village communities, and so on. The implementation of communalization of pekulen land and distribution of its use is a mechanism of local wisdom that grows and develops by transforming the values of customary law in land regulation. This activity consists of 2 (two) things, the first is the communalization of pekulen land which carried out by taking part of the rights to work on pekulen land to be used in the control and arrangement with the hamlet/ village community. Second, the distribution of the use of pekulen land is an action to distribute the right to cultivate pekulen land. Pekulen land is a form of land rights originating from customary law which is owned by the village community who are given the right of use to members of the village community to be used for their personal interests. This paper provide new way to understanding the practice of communalization of land that initiated by the citizens. Discussion about the communal land during this only related to the tribal society or indigineus people. In fact Indonesian community, especially village in Java have communal religious character and the strong value customary law.

The Practice of Political Entrepreneurship in a Rural Javanese Village

This qualitative case study aims to explore the practice of political entrepreneurship in a rural Javanese village. Political entrepreneurship is dictated by the special interest of political entrepreneurs, incentives gained from the political system, and awareness about targeting the change of political institution, an explanation theorized by McCaffrey and Salerno (2011). Unlike the theory, this study assesses the importance of cultural explanation of political entrepreneurship which provides room in an academic discussion. The study reveals the role of Javanese (and Islam) values in encouraging the political entrepreneurship of a village head. Philosophical values of Javanese leadership promoting an exemplary leader (ing ngarso sung tulodo) and leadership behavior that is andap asor (humble) have favored public acceptance of the practice of political entrepreneurship. Furthermore, the doctrine (akhlak) and practices of Islamic rituals by the village head explain the direction of political entrepreneurship. This study discovers also the concept of ‘sungkan’ demonstrated in respect for the performance of the village head. Moreover, the ability to provide solutions to villagers’ problems practiced through suwuk and petungan add gratitude for the village head. Leadership behavior adhering to these cultural and religious values directly or indirectly induced a ‘sungkan’ effect in a reelection bid (the 2013 Village Election). ‘Sungkan’, which is equal to electoral accountability, explicates the outcome of political entrepreneurship for the electoral process in the village that were relatively clean from vote-buying. Lastly, the casework expands political entrepreneurship theory, indeed, cultural and religious values can also drive the practice of political entrepreneurship.

Study Of Vernacular Spaces (Case Study: Contemporary Javanese House)

As the development era, vernacular architecture in a traditional Javanese house transformed into a contemporary Javanese village of Meranti Aek Nabara. Physical changes occur in spatial patterns beyond is the management of the front page, back, and sides, while the spatial pattern in is the type and quantity of space, an organization of space, orientation, and patterns of circulation. The purpose of this research is to find out the changes and the causes of such changes, aspects influenced. The research was carried out with the observation in the field, and in-depth interviews with respondents. Research methods a descriptive qualitative approach. On the management front page, the side and rear and spatial patterns in, almost all occurring changes.

Fenomena Simplifikasi dan Desofistikasi Budaya Jawa di luar Jawa

Culture will change with place and time. As a culture, Javanese culture has a tight characteristic. It is interesting to observe the culture among the Javanese community in Lampung which showed the desophistication in Javanese culture that they applied on. The term of “desophistication” in this context meant the loss of the sophisticated traits of Javanese culture or the lost original traits of Javanese culture as in Java mainland. The study was done by applying qualitative research, and the data were combined by involving intensively in the daily life of Javanese people within Javanese communities in Lampung, mainly those who had moved to these areas through the processes of colonization and transmigration, and their inheritances. This study uses an assumption that Javanese culture in the mainland of Java is very sophisticated, with the characteristics of "mystical", "mythological", "spiritualistic," and "ethical-aesthetic". Where as in the villages of Java's colonies and transmigrations in Lampung, have now undergone changes toward a simpler performance. The question that will be cover in this research area, what are the causes and determinant factors of such changes

Women’s Empowerment in Village Governance Transformation in Indonesia: Between Hope and Criticism

Since the launch of Law No. 6/2014 regarding villages, scholarly concerns on village studies are growing. However, studies focusing on gender equality in Village Law implementation are still few. This article discusses the responses of the village government to gender problems in their respective areas. Based on field research in two villages in Java, namely Panggungharjo and Lerep, this article recognizes that there is greater attention on gender issues since the implementation of the law. However, village heads still dominate village policymaking. Further, although gaining some supports, gender issues are still placed as the secondary among the village development priorities. They also lack of empowerment programs that will have a direct impact on the improvement of gender equality. Considering these criticisms, there is a crucial need for the national government to issue regulations that will encourage a stronger assertion of gender equality in Village Law implementation.

Informational Capability and the Development of Village Information System and Village Owned-Enterprises in Four Villages in Java

Undang-Undang Desa Indonesia No. 6 tahun 2014 mengamanatkan negara untuk memperlakukan desa sebagai subjek pembangunan melalui fasilitasi oleh pemerintah pusat. Fasilitasi semacam itu dicontohkan oleh pengembangan infrastruktur komunikasi dan teknologi informasi (TIK) yang berkenaan dengan prinsip-prinsip transparansi, akuntabilitas, dan partisipasi demokratis. Studi ini meneliti tiga isu utama tentang TIK untuk pembangunan pedesaan. Pertama, penerapan sistem informasi desa (SID) untuk mendukung layanan publik. Kedua, ekonomi kreatif penduduk desa dicontohkan dengan mendirikan 'perusahaan milik desa' (Bumdesa). Ketiga, memetakan potensi keunggulan serta kerentanan dalam implementasi SID dan Bumdesa. Studi etnografi melibatkan empat wilayah pedesaan di Jawa yang terdiri dari tiga desa di Provinsi Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, dan satu desa di Provinsi Jawa Timur untuk studi banding. Hasil penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa meskipun keempat desa telah menerapkan SID sehingga mampu menunjukkan profil lengkap desa di situs web mereka, orientasi TIK untuk pembangunan pedesaan hampir tidak ada. Masih ada perbedaan orientasi dalam memanfaatkan data desa antara penduduk desa, relawan desa, dan pemerintah desa. Ini terjadi karena kurangnya kapabilitas informasi. Kapabilitas informasi sangat berpengaruh dalam distribusi informasi dan partisipasi penduduk desa yang terlibat dalam pembangunan pedesaan khususnya dalam mengembangkan ekonomi kreatif berdasarkan sumber daya desa dan pengetahuan serta praktik yang secara khusus dimiliki penduduk desa.

Pola Komunikasi Antarbudaya di Kelurahan Kampung Jawa Kecamatan Curup Tengah Kabupaten Rejang Lebong

This study explores or discusses the intercultural communication patterns found in the villages of the java in the sub district of Curup in the Central District of Rejang Lebong. There are five tribes in the village of Javanese village, namely the tribe of Lembak, Padang, Rejang, Java, Musi. Cultural differences that exist in the villages of the village of java do not lead to conflict and intercultural divisions, they respect each other from these disffences, but they see that their daily lives are closed and ignorant. The purpose of this study was to find out how the process of intercultural communication patterns in the villages of ward java communicate with different cultural backgrounds. The menhod used by the researcher is descriptive qualitative approach is used because the data needed by the author is only in the form of information and explanation from the informant. The data needed in this study was obtained through information from the village government, community leader, and the surrounding community. In data collection researchers used several techniques, namely observation, interviews, and documentation. The collected data is analyzed by data resuctio, data presentation (display), and verivikasi of data or drawing conclusions. From the results of the study it can be concluded that the intercultural communication patterns in the villages of the village of Java are obtained by the star’s communication pattern. Draving factors for intercultural communication are messages that are easy to understand, positive perception, and the same language.

INHERITANCE PATTERN OF VOCATIONAL SKILLS: AN ETHNOGRAPHIC STUDY ON CONSTRUCTION WORKERS IN INDONESIA

Construction workers in Indonesia have unique characteristics. They earn their vocational skills through cultural inheritance. Construction workers in many construction projects in urban areas mostly come from villages in Java. They learn their vocational skills from their relatives and local community in their village. This paper aims at describing how vocational skills are passed down through generations. This qualitative ethnographic and ethno-andragogic study explores the training process, beginning with the recruitment pattern, the network development, skills acquisition and transmission pattern, responses to technology, and attitudes to challenges in modern industry. Through observation and in-depth interview, it was revealed that traditionally the training pattern applied andragogic model principles; i.e., learning by doing and learning on the job.

Reconceptualising ‘home’, ‘family’ and ‘self’: identity struggles in domestic migrant worker returnee narratives

ABSTRACTThis article reports on a study of domestic migrant worker returnee narratives. The stories were recorded in villages in Java, Indonesia, and the women talk about their experience of remigration. Because of years of separation, family members are ‘family’ only in name, and the familiar concept of ‘home’ has become a strange place. The homecoming therefore involves attempts to redefine ‘self’ and ‘home’, and to reconnect emotionally with estranged family members. The article also considers returnee narratives as a critique of current identity research, which assumes that everybody ‘has’ or ‘owns’ an identity, but fails to recognise that for many people in developing countries, identity is an enforced position for which there is no alternative. It has to be occupied and it is not attributed with any prestige and therefore, cannot be used a resource for enhancing privilege. Finally, the article argues that migrant workers’ experiences should be included in our thinking about globalisation and intercultural communication.

DESA MAWA CARA NEGARA MAWA TATA: DINAMIKA PENGATURAN DESA DALAM SISTEM KETATANEGARAAN INDONESIA

The history of village arrangements in the state administration system in Indonesia has had ups and downs following the flow of social and political dynamics. In the Dutch and Japanese colonial era, villages were highly neglected. In the old order the existence of legal products that regulate the village actually makes the village eroded and marginalized. In the New Order period the village was regulated separately in Law No. 5 of 1979 which embraced uniformity like a village in Java. This resulted in the existence of indigenous peoples outside Java experiencing tremendous reductions. As the fall of the New Order and replaced by the Reform Order, the existence of villages and indigenous and tribal peoples is reduced to a part of the regency / municipal territory or regency which is incorporated in Law No. 22 of 1999. The next law product is Law No. 6 of 2014, which accommodates the existence of the village and traditional village. The alignment of this Law is in practice worthy of review and testing. This paper describes the development of village settings in the Indonesian state administration system from the beginning of independence until now.Kata kunci: desa mawa cara negara mawa tata, desa, sistem ketatanegaraan, masyarakat adat

Transformation of the Traditional Upstream Market in the Supermarket Revolution: Case Studies of Vegetable Marketing in Two Villages in Java

Transformation of the Traditional Upstream Market in the Supermarket Revolution: Case Studies of Vegetable Marketing in Two Villages in Java

Kesenian Kubrosiswo, Wahana Dakwah Petani Pedesaan Jawa

A farmer community in Javanese village, has developed art as an integrative need and, functionally, rela­tes it to the culture in the area where they were living since long time ago. One of performing art has by a Ja­vanese village farmer community that is still preserved till recently is Kubrosiswo. Kubrosiswo, is considered as one of the connector of ritual values with the con­cepts of simplicity and mutual cooperation between people in one farmer community.Kubrosiswo per­forming art is also identified as asocial acti­vity namely slametan that is regularly done by Javanese farmers. The Javanese farmer community believes that slametan is able to accommodate social and ritual demand.