Linguistic View Research Articles

THE PRAGMATICS OF NEGATION

In this article the consideration is given to the phenomenon of negation. Studies of negation have been in the field of view of logicians, philosophers, linguists and psychologists for centuries. This pragmatic universal, which is reflected in languages, albeit by different means – a syntactic and a morphosyntactic phenomenon that is studied interdisciplinary. Through this the multifacetedness and multifunctionality of negation belongs to such language categories that are always in the field of view of scientific circles of humanitarian sphere of knowledge. Despite the fact that a thorough analysis of negation began within the framework of formal logic, however later this pragmatic universal has become one of the fundamentals in various scientific fields of knowledge. It (negation) is also one of the most basic human concepts (meanings) and its presence is one of the criteria that reveals human nature and its expression in the humanitarian sphere of knowledge. Still, the discussions concerning this issue are of great value for understanding the functions of negation, and the analyses carried out in the following pages clearly and mainly gain arguments from the asymmetry hypothesis to explain phenomena about negatives’ meanings. That, the ability to deny is natural, which means a natural phenomenon. We analyze its various forms in the corpus and discourse of English in an interlinguistic perspective.

A linguistic view of truth and metaphor in the book “The End of Access to the Science of Fundamentals” by Allama Al-Hilli

يتناول البحث الحقيقة والمجاز عند العلامة الحليّ وفق رؤية لسانيّة معاصرة وتأصيل هذا الموضوع لدى العلامة الحليّ وكيف عالج هذا الموضوع من حيث بيان مفهومي الحقيقة والمجاز ومدى موافقته لعلماء عصره ومن سبقوه حتى من أصوليين ولغويين في بيان المفهوم ، كما لا يخفى على أحد أنّ العلاّمة الحليّ من أبرز علماء الإماميّة ولديه جلة من الأفكار التي بنى عليها مؤلفاته وعالج موضوعاته ، ولما كان موضوع الحقيقة والمجاز من أهم الموضوعات اللغوية التي تمس تحليل النصوص ولاسيما النص القرآنيّ فإن العلاّمة الحلي وقف عند هذا الموضوع وقفة طويلة بيّن من خلالها كيفية معالجة الألفاظ المستعملة من حيث حقيقتها أو انزياحها للمجاز ، مبيّناً نوع هذه الحقيقة سواء كانت لغويّة أم عرفيّة أم شرعيّة .

Al-Rusafi and his linguistic views in his books

لابد لنا من إلقاء نظرة سريعة نتبين فيها حال اللغة العربية في ذلك العصر اذ ساد العصر العثماني التأخر والجمود والانغلاق لانعزال أهله عن العالم الخارجي والثقافي، وقد ضعفت "اللغة العربية الفصحى في شتى المجالات والمحافل ذلك ان الأتراك حاولوا جهد إمكانهم القضاء على كل أثر للعروبة ومناهضة لسانها وآدابها، خاصة في أخريات هذا الدور عندما حاول بعض قادتها تتريك الأمة العربية، بان جعلوا اللغة التركية اللغة الرسمية للدولة ولغة التعليم في المدارس، ولعل الأخطر من ذلك انها حظرت في آخر عهدها استعمال اللغة العربية في كثير من المجالات، فحاربت بذلك العرب والعربية جهاراً، حتى أتى زمن ولا من يحسن القراءة والكتابة"([i]). ([i]) حركة التطور والتجديد في الشعر العراقي الحديث منذ عام 1870 حتى قيام الحرب العالمية الثانية، د. عربية توفيق لازم، بغاد، 1971: 11.

The Role of Language Game in German Political Discourse (on Case of “Political Ash Wednesday”)

Introduction. The article is devoted to the role of the language game in the communication strategies used by German politicians within the framework of the “political Ash Wednesday” (on the example of the Christian Social Union in Bavaria, 2018, 2019 and 2020). The purpose of the study was to determine the communicative strategies for which the CSU politicians use the language game in their speeches on the “political Ash Wednesday”. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the fact that this genre of German political discourse has practically not been studied either from the point of view of political science or from the point of view of political linguistics, despite the fact that it has an already established tradition. The relevance of the work is due to the need to close this gap in the study of political discourse in Germany and at least partially describe this genre.Methodology and sources. To study the phenomenon of language play, a field method was used, in which the authors of the article analyzed the political situation in Germany in 20172019, and also described communicative strategies and tactics. By the method of continuous sampling from the texts of the speeches of the leaders of the CS (M. Zeider, M. Blume, A. Scheer, M. Weber), cases of language play were selected, classified by language levels and analyzed in context.Results and discussion. It was found that the language game serves to implement various communicative strategies: discrediting and self-praise strategies, manipulative and formation of an emotional mood strategies, self-defense and agitation strategies. Since on the “Political Ash Wednesday” the main speakers’ intentions are to preserve the image of their party and disrupt the image of competing parties, in the politicians’ speeches the language game was most often used as part of the discrediting strategy (ridiculing opponents, made them look bad) and self-praise (emphasizing the positive qualities members of the same party or the successes achieved by the CSU).Conclusion. The use of language games during performances allows operators to influence the mass addressee by creating the necessary emotional background. The techniques of the language game determine the implementation of communicative strategies and tactics aimed at maintaining one's own image and diminishing the influence of opponents. An important factor for understanding the techniques of the language game is knowledge of the cultural background and the realities of the country.

Silesian Language or Dialect: Why Do We Need a Standard?

The article’s goal is to reflect on the history of the regional identity of the Upper Silesian region of Poland. Although historical, political, and cultural aspects are considered, the focus is on the linguistic dimension, since language is one of the most important elements of collective identity. The article opens with a short historical overview, starting with the period of the Industrial Revolution, which was the crucial moment for the formation of the so-called Upper Silesian mixed code which is the subject of reflection in this article. Next, we analyse the status of the Silesian ethnolect and the possibility of raising it to the rank of a regional language. The investigation is conducted from the point of view of Polish linguistics, but based on a wider perspective of European minority language politics.

The Impact of Orientalist Thought on the Arabic Linguistic Lesson, a Critical Study, Tammam Hassan and Ibrahim Anis as a Model

This study aims to show how Western thought was a renaissance in the modern linguistic view, with the curriculums and theories carried tempted some of the arab pioneers who studied in the west, as they went using them، and tried to apply them to the Arabic linguistic view; ones of the most recognized pioneers are Tammam Hassan and Ibrahim Anees. The researcher wanted to focus on the most important ideas that they tried to force on the Arabic view, as Tammam Hassan considered the factor theorem and called it a hoax, and he worked on coming up with the alternative as the idea of: (multiple clues). As for Ibrahim Anees he considered the Arabic accents according to the western descriptive method that he is influenced by. Thus, the researcher considered studying how those two linguists are influenced by the western thought that was present in their authorships and to stand at their motives., the regenerative motives or orientalist motives that motivated them to dig up the heritage to find mistakes in it and destruct it, but it is stronger than to be demolished, it is the foundation of the Arabic grammar theory، and its linguistic anchor.

CIRCUMSTANTIAL ELEMENTS ANALYSIS OF LYDIA MACHOVA’S SPEECH IN THE SECRETS OF LEARNING A NEW LANGUAGE TED TALKS: A SYSTEMIC FUNCTIONAL LINGUISTICS STUDY

<p class="AbstractTitleMaJER">Systematic Functional Linguistic (SFL) views language as a sign system that can be analysed based on language structure and language use. The research is about circumstantial elements of Lydia Machova’s speech at The Secret of Learning a New Language TED Talks. This study aims to find out the types of circumstantial elements and the most dominants circumstantial in Lydia Machova’s utterances. This research used the theory proposed by Halliday & Mattiessen (2004). This research used descriptive quantitative research. The source of data was taken from utterances of Lydia Machova which provides the circumstantial elements. The research result shown all types of circumstances occurred in Lydia Machova utterances. The highest usages of circumstance are location due to the function of location give the information about the absolute place where the experience, methods and tips occurred and also give the details of time when the moment actually happened for how long and how often.</p>

The Cognitive Linguistic View on the English Translations of Metaphors in “Rainy Alley”

The Cognitive Linguistic View on the English Translations of Metaphors in “Rainy Alley”

COGNITIVE FEATURES OF THE VALUE CONCEPT "CUNNING" IN HUMOROUS DISCOURSE OF MODERN ANGLOSAXON LINGUISTIC CULTURE

The article examines the praised characteristics of the value concept "cunning" in humorous discourse. The author studies humor from the point of view of axiological linguistics. The research is based on the recordings and scripts of English stand-up comedies and sitcoms. The value concept "cunning" refers to one of the basic utilitarian values. The main components of the value concept “cunning” are smartness and insincerity. In humorous discourse the value concept "cunning" is praised primarily through the means which help to achieve a particular goal. The following main means of achieving various goals while actualizing the value concept "cunning" are analyzed in detail: the ways of avoiding problems, variable interpretation of events, finding an obvious / beneficial solution, distracting attention, fake stupidity and obvious lying. The article reveals that actualizing the value concept "cunning" can also be accompanied by the audience's applause in addition to laughter.

توسيع وتضييق المعنى في القرآن الكري

This study aims to identify semantic developments in the pronunciation of the Qur'an based on modern linguistic studies, and to find out the views of linguists and commentators both classical and contemporary, regarding the manifestations of semantic development, especially in narrowing and expanding the meaning contained in pronunciation. -recitation of the Qur'an, and knowledge of linguistic phenomena and their factors. This study uses a descriptive analytical approach. The results show that classical and contemporary scholars have clarified the pronunciations in the Qur'an which refer to a broader meaning than in the past, and the connotations are wider than before, and show a narrower meaning than before, and its connotations become narrower than before.

Conceptual and Categorical Description of the Conflict Situation (Case Study of Internet Comments on Vaccination against Coronavirus)

The article focuses on the study of the conflict text. This study aims to consider the features of conflicting texts that were posted on the Web as comments on the topic of vaccinating adolescents against coronavirus, the essence of the conflict, the causes and prospects for resolution are considered. In the context of forensic linguistics, pragmatic factors are specified from the standpoint of illocution, locution and perlocution. In the course of the work, quantitative and qualitative analyzes of the comments were carried out from the point of view of forensic linguistics.

Упрощенный стандарт «языка» в работе И. Сталина «Марксизм и вопросы языкознания»: из прошлого в настоящее и далее

In a number of newspaper publications by I. Stalin (summer 1950), combined in the form of a separate work “Marxism and problems of linguistics”, the interpretation of the main issues of the theory of the verbal process (“language”) is generally consistent with traditional (including modern quantitatively predominant) linguistic views, among which the main thing is the subject-instrumental perception of "linguistic unity" and attributing to it a semantic function, or the function of meaning formation. This article outlines aspects of criticism of the Stalinist and, in general, linguistic understanding of "language" from the point of view of the communicative model. The Marxist-linguistic consensus emerges from a simplistic view of the word-containing semiotic process. Stalin’s views are presented in the article as an illustration of any vulgarizing approach to sign-containing influence. A simplified (linguistic) model of a word-containing semiotic process is the result of excessive attention to the verbal substrate (“words”), an attempt to present verbal units as self-organized semantic-formal modules responsible for everything that happens in the field of communicative meaning formation. The ineffectiveness of the theoretical verbal construct "language" (and "speech") lies in the imposition of its own action on verbal "bodies", while the generation of meaning in natural word-containing communication is entirely carried out by the complex (polymodal, multichannel) personal influence of the semiotic actor.

Neurocognitive Trends in the Structural-Functional Model of the Lexical-Semantic Way of Word Formation

The article analyzes traditional views of Ukrainian linguists on the consideration/disregard of neurocognitive factors in the lexical-semantic way of word formation (hereinafter “LSWWF”). The relevance of the article lies in a pronounced divergence in the views, as well as in the contradictions in the interpretation of polysemy as a result of this type of word formation. Research methods include analysis of definitions and basic theories, comparison, extrapolation of a neuroscientific perspective on the cognitive nature of metaphorical generation of new meanings on traditional (structural and functional) approaches to linguistic phenomena. The article proves that Ukrainian linguistics involves prerequisites and basics of cognitive subject-based explanation of secondary semantics, present since the Soviet period, and lacks categorical and methodological tools for its interpretation. Besides, the authors of the article suggest some compromise solutions to these contradictions without completely abandoning traditional views on word formation. The international relevance of the article is seen in its attempts to reconsider the significant traditional achievements of Eastern European linguistics (on the example of Ukraine) in the context of objective natural neurocognitive views on key linguistic processes, in particular LSWWF.

Features of Deictic Processing Adverbs Now, Then, Here, There

This article examines the main mechanism of development of the deictic features of English adverbs now, then, here, there, their purposeful research, and also reveals and diversifies the diversity of their development points on the basis of specific linguistic material. The study of the deictic properties of the adverbs Now, then, here, there in English is of deep interest. In a discursive situation, the deictic essence of the adverbs now, then, here, there is revealed first of all. Before exploring the deictic functions of these adverbs, the views of various linguists on the deixis category and deictic expressions are noteworthy.

Language policy: cis and kazakhstan experience

The article provides a comparative analysis of the language policy experience in the CIS countries and the Republic of Kazakhstan. To understand the current language situation in Kazakhstan, the achievements and shortcomings of the language policy of the countries coming from the Soviet system are demonstrated. To improve the state language policy, models that exist in the CIS countries and proposals that are useful for Kazakh science were presented. Taking into account the current state of the state language, the peculiarities of the development of the language situation in multiethnic countries, including the methods adopted by the CIScountries to solve the problems of forming the state language policy, the need for a new language policy is determined in Kazakh society. This indicates the relevance of the study. The study describes the impact of the difficult language situation in Kazakhstan after gaining independence on the state language policy. Based on the current language situation, the direction of further progress of language policy in the Republic of Kazakhstan will be determined. The article takes into account the experience of language policy in the Baltic states when the language situation was similar to Kazakhstan, and significant phenomena in the course of their implementation allow Kazakhstan to develop and implement a more effective language policy concerning national and foreign languages. Within the framework of the specifics of language policy in these countries, issues of functioning and Status feature, a review of legislation will be conducted. As an example, the reforms in the field of language that prompted Alash figures to do this, as well as the works of scientists who were engaged in systematic improvement of the use of the native language in life, both in the later and modern periods, are given. Data on the language policy of Kazakhstan in the Soviet system and documents on the statelanguage policy in modern Kazakhstan are analyzed. Looking at historical and social factors affecting the policy, activity, and development of the state language from the point of view of social linguistics, the authors make proposals for the development of the status and policy of the state language.

Словарь речений из богослужебных книг прот. А. И. Невоструева (отходный — ощущу)

The “Dictionary of Locutions from Liturgical Books” by Protopriest A. Nevostruev, completed in the middle of the 19th century and never published, can be regarded both as a significant achievement of Church Slavonic studies and as a valuable lexicographic source. The manuscript is kept in the Russian State Library. The decrepit state of the manuscript has determined the necessity of its urgent study and edition. The significance of this project is primarily due to the fact that the text of the dictionary is being made accessible to linguists for the first time. The orthography and grammar of the dictionary reflect the linguistic views of the time of its creation and can be of interest for those who study the history of Russian linguistics. This paper contains the last part of dictionary entries beginning in letter O. The characteristic features of the publication of this Dictionary, the lists of sources, abbreviations and symbols were described in detail in the previous issues of St. Tikhon’s University Review. All previously published parts of the Dictionary together with the critical apparatus can be found at the website of St. Tikhon’s University for the Humanities.

Językowy obraz Kozaka na podstawie polskich pieśni historycznych i folkloru (na tle wybranych tekstów ukraińskich i rosyjskich)

The article analyzes the linguistic view of the Cossack in Polish, Ukrainian and Russian folklore and historical songs. The methodology applied is based on Jerzy Bartmiński’s linguistic worldview conception. The aim of this article is to explore the main tendencies in cognitive portrayal of the Cossack. The article compares the data from Polish, Ukrainian and Russian texts. Given the nature of the sources used, the analysis is not strictly chronological.

К ВОПРОСУ О ПРЕЕМСТВЕННОСТИ ФОНОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ ТЕОРИИ ДРЕВНЕЙ ИНДИИ

The article deals with the problem of continuity of the fundamental linguistic principles of Ancient India in the formation of the theoretical basis for the development of British phonology. The study provides a comprehensive description of some philosophical views of Indian linguists, which significantly influenced the origin of Indian linguistics and subsequently played an important role in the creation of English phonological theory.

О структуре бесермянского словаря, составляемого по материалам Т. И. Тепляшиной

This work is devoted to description of the microstructure (dictionary entry) of the Beserman dictionary, which is compiled based on the materials of T. I. Teplyashina. Besermans are small people who live compactly in the North West of Udmurtia. From the point of view of linguistics they speak a special dialect of the Udmurt language. The Besermans have a stable ethnic and linguistic identity, which is different from the Udmurt. At the beginning of the 21st century, the language of Besermans has become an object of considerable interest for linguists. Field materials were embodied in two dictionaries, a monograph and scientific articles. The most significant contribution to the study of the Beserman dialect was made by T. I. Teplyashina, who published the monograph “The Language of the Besermans”. Most of her materials, which were systematized in a field file, remained unused. The scientist's field file representing the Beserman speech of speakers born in the century before last can be called a unique linguistic heritage, waiting to be processed and implemented as a dictionary. Our dictionary will contain lexical and textual materials published in monographs and previously unpublished. This article examines in detail the structure of the dictionary, which has no analogues, at least in the lexicography of the Ural-Volga region.

Procedure for Identifying Metaphorical Scenes (pims): A Cognitive Linguistics Approach to Bridge Theory and Practice

Abstract Over the past decades, several procedures have been developed to identify metaphors at the lexical level. However, because language is complex, there may not be one superior metaphor identification procedure that applies to all data. Moreover, metaphor identification inevitably involves decisions on linguistic form that may not work equally well with all linguistic frameworks. We introduce a Procedure for Identifying Metaphorical Scenes (pims) reflected and evoked by linguistic expressions in discourse. The procedure is a prerequisite for the identification of metaphorical meaning that extends over phrases or longer stretches of text other than those defined as lexical units in current metaphor identification procedures and better reflects the Cognitive Linguistic (cl) view that linguistic meaning is equal to complex conceptualizations (Langacker, 2002, 2010), embodied (Gibbs, 2006b), and simulation-based (Bergen, 2012). It takes the scenes evoked by the context into account and focuses on the experiences that are coded by the linguistic constructions.