View Of Expertise Research Articles

Information Resilience in Networks: An Analysis of a National Security Legislation Evidence Base

Governance theory emphasises that networks are pivotal to societal governance and related steering mechanisms. One important means of steering is legislation, the evidence base of which is built on the interaction between social actors and the expert hearings related to the legislative process. This research uses network analysis to examine the construction of a legislative knowledge base and the information resilience displayed in the related networks. The data are derived from experts (n=440) appearing in committee hearings on five proposed acts of parliament. The results show that the expert consultations behind the legislation are official-oriented and illuminate the limited information produced by the private sector and a narrow view of scientific expertise. The network reveals epistemic authorities – mainly representing the security cluster – acting as gatekeepers. A more systemic approach is needed to build an evidence base encompassing the views on societal phenomena derived from different disciplines.

Peripheral sustainability expertise on technology: an autoethnography amidst the polycrisis*

ABSTRACT Professional expertise is a legitimate cornerstone of modern global culture. The unfolding of the polycrisis, however, arguably destabilizes expertise as a privileged and uniform position of knowledge production. Even sustainability expertise, while considered part of the solution, is arguably part of the problem, due to its structural links to environmentally detrimental technological practices. Hence technology relations in expertise are explored by autoethnography. Expert attitudes towards technology are traditionally demarcated between optimistic technocrats and critical humanists, but a third category is suggested, which embodies determined technology criticism, anti-colonialism and post-professional ethos. This peripheral expert position, labelled spurner, may seem dubious and dark from the point of view of paradigmatic expertise. But since the polycrisis calls for plural and inclusive modes of expertise, peripheral knowledge and skills should be seen as one end in the spectrum of possible sustainable expertise. True plurality means that hardly any final unification or mutual consensus in sustainability expertise seems plausible or even desirable. However, due to the polycrisis, many experts may have to reconsider what role their professions and technological progress in general play in the unfolding events. Recognizing peripheral “grey zone” expertise may foster such self-reflection in individual experts and in expert cultures.

Expertise in Non-Well-Defined Task Domains: The Case of Reading

ABSTRACT In this article, we discuss expertise by considering the activity of reading. Cognitive scientists have traditionally conceptualised reading as a single, well-defined task, namely the decoding of letter sequences into meaningful sequences of speech sounds. This definition captures a core feature of the reading activity at the computational level, but it is an overly narrow model of how reading behaviour occurs in the real world. We propose a more expansive model of expertise. In our view, expertise in general is best conceptualised as a distributed process that takes place within a cultural-cognitive ecosystem. Our model allows for a more inclusive view of expertise in reading. We argue that reading is better understood as a manifold task domain that admits multiple reasonable criteria for evaluating performance. We draw on ethnographic data to show how our model allows for a wider appreciation of what expertise in reading amounts to in educational contexts.

Reconsidering expertise for public policymaking: The challenges of contestability

AbstractIt is commonly claimed there is a crisis of expertise in liberal democracies and that experts who provide evidence‐based policy ideas have become widely distrusted. This paper reconsiders the nature of this perceived crisis in policy advisory systems. The literature has identified four reasons for this trend—politicisation, diversification, diminished policy capacity, and populism. Building on these claims, this paper suggests that the contestability of policy advice has been the key underlying shift in policy advisory processes. Contestability can be positively useful for testing the robustness of policy proposals. However, if the policy debate has no evidentiary standards, the contest becomes a clash of opinions and slogans. Hence, several approaches have been proposed to strengthen the role of professional expertise and improve the quality and legitimacy of evidence‐informed policymaking. One approach is the rebuilding of bureaucratic capacity to provide evidence‐informed policy advice. However, a technocratic–elitist style that invokes scientific authority would be difficult to sustain politically in relation to complex issues affecting citizen well‐being. A second approach is to improve stakeholder engagement and to enhance respect for the expertise embodied in ‘lived experience’. Thus, rebuilding trust and legitimacy may require broadening the range of relevant expertise through multi‐stakeholder approaches.Points for practitioners Types of expert policy advice have evolved and diversified, with many sources and channels both inside and outside government Contestability of policy advice has become more widespread Public service policy capacity has arguably been weakened through outsourcing, use of consultants, interest group lobbying, and the growing influence of ministerial advisors Evidence‐informed advisory systems have been challenged by fast decision‐making, wicked problems, media misinformation, and populist slogans Rebuilding capacity and trust in high‐quality policy systems requires new thinking, including more inclusive processes and a wider view of relevant expertise.

Strategic references to political science in Austrian parliamentary debates

ABSTRACT This article studies the image of political science in Austria by tracing and analysing references to political scientists and their research in parliamentary debates. Since they were first established in Austrian universities in the 1960s, the social sciences and especially political science have been contested and sometimes accused of being forms of political (left-wing) ideology. This politicization has given references to political science a potential rhetorical value in parliamentary debates between oppositional and governmental factions. The parliamentary records of the Austrian Parliament (National Council) were searched for references to political science and several were found from 1966 until 2021. An analysis of these results identified three main rhetorical strategies at work in references to political science in plenary debates. The declining use of these strategies over time indicates a growing acceptance of political science and a positive view of political science expertise. Nevertheless, in recent debates right-wing populist parliamentary members in particular have continued to perpetuate and reinforce a negative image of political science and political scientists.

Considering the Scope, History, and Sophistication of Skilled Action in Expertise

In his paper “Getting Sophisticated: In Favor of Hybrid Views of Skilled Action in Expertise,” Spencer Ivy (2023) argues effectively for what he calls a “sophisticated hybrid” view of expertise, driven by empirical considerations and argument from contemporary phenomenology and cognitive architecture. Here I raise three unfair objections which I think lead to some fair questions that may be productive for discussion and future work.

Expert identification for ethics expertise informed by feminist epistemology-Using awareness of biases and situated ignorance as an indicator of trustworthiness.

The notion of moral expertise poses a variety of challenges concerning both the question of existence of such experts and their identification by laypeople. I argue for a view of ethics expertise, based on moral understanding instead of on moral knowledge, that is less robust than genuine moral expertise and that does not rely on deference to testimony. I propose identification criteria that focus mainly on the awareness and communication of implicit biases and situated ignorance. According to the account of ethics expertise presented in this paper, the expert's testimony is not an epistemic reason for the layperson's belief, but merely an epistemic influence. The epistemic reasons for the layperson's belief are largely independent from the expert. But there is still some epistemic risk involved in the proposed method of knowledge transfer, and therefore criteria for the identification of a trustworthy expert are necessary. The risk involved in knowledge transfer can be both due to willful manipulation and due to the expert's implicit biases and situated ignorance. While willful manipulation cannot really be avoided, the influence from biases and ignorance can be minimized. I argue that the best way to do this is if the expert is aware of their own biases and ignorance and communicates them. Combined with evidence of the expert's education in moral philosophy and experience with the topic in question, this gives the layperson the best chance to identify someone who can really help them consider all relevant aspects of a situation and come to a better justified decision.

A Theological Engagement with the Science of Science Skepticism

When Christians reject the claims of scientific experts, are they being irrational? Much of recent discussion in scholarly and popular media have discussed science denialism by conservative Christians, linking a low view of scientific expertise to the United States’ current political turmoil. This paper will focus on scientific explanations of science skepticism, asking whether there is anything unique to religious communities that make them vulnerable to misinformation.

The application of the Photoditazine photosensitizer for the sanation of industrial poultry products

The scientific work analyzes the effectiveness of the Photoditazine photosensitizer for the sanation of poultry products, namely broiler chicken carcasses and chicken eggs to reduce bacterial contamination of the final product. The quality of the products processed with the Photoditazine photosensitizer was assessed from the point of view of veterinary and sanitary expertise and microbiology. Specific and quantitative identification of microflora of chicken carcasses and chicken eggs was carried out during treatment with Photoditazine photosensitizer. Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded about the effectiveness of the Photoditazine photosensitizer in industrial poultry farming for the sanation and improvement of food safety of final products.

Beyond All‐or‐Nothing Approaches to Moral Expertise

ABSTRACTAre philosophers moral experts, and if so, what does this imply for their proper role in moral decision‐making? The dominant view on this subject argues that philosophers have superior moral understanding, but they are not better judges of what is morally right. Consequently, philosophers cannot and should not have an authoritative role in moral decision‐making. In this article, I challenge this view and argue that an examination of the intimate connection between two capacities – to understand and to judge – reveals that it is both inconsistent and simplistic. It is inconsistent because, all things being equal, if philosophers better understand moral problems, they are also better judges of them. It is simplistic because it adopts an all‐or‐nothing approach to moral expertise, while expertise is in fact conditional. Inspired by the psychological literature on expertise, I claim that we should not ask whether philosophers are moral experts but rather under which conditions they successfully execute their expertise. The conclusion of the dominant view needs to be reconsidered to reflect the conditional nature of philosophers' expertise. Although more empirical research is required, I offer several hypotheses for future endeavours that demonstrate what a conditional view of philosophers' moral expertise could look like.

Expanding Our View of Linguistic Expertise

Expanding Our View of Linguistic Expertise

Affirming the Existence and Legitimacy of Secular Bioethical Consensus, and Rejecting Engelhardt's Alternative: A Reply to Nick Colgrove and Kelly Kate Evans.

One of the most significant and persistent debates in secular clinical ethics is the question of ethics expertise, which asks whether ethicists can make justified moral recommendations in active patient cases. A critical point of contention in the ethics expertise debate is whether there is, in fact, a bioethical consensus upon which secular ethicists can ground their recommendations and whether there is, in principle, a way of justifying such a consensus in a morally pluralistic context. In a series of recent articles in this journal, Janet Malek defends a positive view of ethics expertise, claiming that secular ethicists should comport their recommendations with bioethical consensus. In response, Nick Colgrove and Kelly Kate Evans deny the existence of a secular bioethical consensus; question why, even if it did exist, consensus should be considered a reliable way of resolving bioethical questions; and recommend a friendlier approach to clinical ethics based on the thought of H. Tristram Engelhardt Jr. In this article, I respond to Colgrove and Evans on all three points. In part one, I show there is a secular bioethical consensus but note it could be better consolidated and created through a more systematic and inclusive process. In part two, I argue that bioethical consensus is morally justified but note that this justification cannot be plausibly based upon claims that it only invokes moral principles available to or shared by all. In part three, I argue Engelhardt's approach cannot be described as "friendlier" to clinical ethics because it is incompatible with many current healthcare laws and policies.

Réflexivité herméneutique de la créativité en traduction

Translation studies on this dilemma have become even more relevant at a time when the term “creativity” has been introduced to express a better understanding of what was once perceived as “betrayal”. The resurgence in recent years of the debate on faithfulness versus the creativity alternative, shows that we have not been dissuaded from breaking with the absolute vow of faithfulness which has kept translation in a dilemmatic status. From the point of view of hermeneutic expertise, this article attempts to argue that creativity is not a simple alternative, but a necessity which is essential when translating. To support this point, the analysis of the hermeneutic reflexivity of creativity in translation is based on the interpretative character of translating which brings into play the phenomenon of understanding. Starting from highlighting the fertility of the act, we demonstrate that it amply justifies the fact that a translation is equivalent. It is basically a question of demonstrating that translation is the construction of an equivalence of meaning and value. The article concludes that, in a manner consistent with the fact that creativity is not an alternative, the vow of faithfulness participates in the dialectic of the emergence of meaning and supports the idea that translation is a creative project.

The relative contribution of personality, cognitive ability and the density of work experience in predicting human resource competencies

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to conceptually define and empirically investigate the density of work experience along with individual characteristics (cognitive ability, conscientiousness and openness to experience) and examine their influence on human resource (HR) competencies. Design/methodology/approach Regression analysis was used to analyze the data. In total, 140 HR professionals from service industry background and their supervisors participated in the data collection efforts. Findings Data analyses revealed three key findings. Employees’ density of work experience positively relates to HR competencies. Cognitive ability is the strongest predictor of the positive relationship to HR competencies, and density of work experience. Research limitations/implications The author did not assess learning from each role (individual contributor, team lead and manager). Another limitation stems from the measure of density of work experience. The author did not consider the feedback that each incumbent might have received while dealing with challenging activities and the course corrections that may have been made. Practical implications Using an approach of gradually increasing the level of responsibility and involvement in challenging tasks may also help incumbents develop who may not be intellectually gifted. In the process of gradually increasing the level of involvement in challenging tasks, incumbents could develop a nuanced view of the field expertise required to deal with challenges, gain an in-depth understanding of the business, and acquire change management skills. Originality/value The author attempts to know which aspects of personality influence density of work experience the most. In addition, which personality characteristic predicts HR competencies more strongly?

ГУМАНИТАРНАЯ ЭКСПЕРТИЗА ПРОБЛЕМЫ БЕЗДОМНЫХ ЖИВОТНЫХ

The article is devoted to the analysis of the problem of stray animals from the point of view of humanitarian expertise. The problem of helping stray animals is acute in many countries. Russia, as a country with a cold climate, is no exception. The average life span of an animal that has lost its owner does not exceed two years. Enthusiasts try to help animals that have fallen into difficult conditions: they feed them, put them in shelters, treat them, vaccinate them, arrange for overexposure or look for new owners. One of these private shelters is located in Koltsovo. In 2020, the animal rehabilitation base in Koltsovo received a grant from the President. The questions about the sufficiency and effectiveness of measures of state support for animal shelters are considered. On the basis of international experience, significant factors in the regulation of the number of homeless animals are revealed. It is shown that the most effective mechanism for regulating the number of homeless animals is the presence of a legislative framework, the implementation of laws and educational work.

Taxonomizing Views of Clinical Ethics Expertise

Our aim in this article is to bring some clarity to the clinical ethics expertise debate by critiquing and replacing the taxonomy offered by the Core Competencies report. The orienting question for our taxonomy is: Can clinical ethicists offer justified, normative recommendations for active patient cases? Views that answer “no” are characterized as a “negative” view of clinical ethics expertise and are further differentiated based on (a) why they think ethicists cannot give justified normative recommendations and (b) what they think ethicists can offer, if they cannot offer recommendations. Views that answer “yes” to the orienting question are characterized as a “positive” view of clinical ethics expertise. Positive views are distinguished according to four additional questions. First (P1), how are those recommendations generated? Second (P2), what is the nature of the recommendations? Third (P3), we ask, how are the recommendations justified? And finally (P4), how are the recommendations communicated?

Forensic Examination of Soil Samples from the Point of View of Physico-Chemical Expertise

The potential of forensic expertise in the analysis of soil samples has been recognized for a century now, but over the last 20 years, these types of evidence have been much more widely used both as an investigative tool and as evidence in court. Forensic Chemistry is at the crossroads of science with the law, being a discipline apart from its applicability to the judiciary. Samples are obtained from various objects and often contain only very small amounts of chemicals. Most of the time, the sample harvested on the spot is no longer sampled, but it is actually the sample to be analyzed. This is also the condition of aggregation of the sample, the homogeneity of the sample/matrix or the compounds sought. Sometimes, however, even the evidence can be considered chemically homogeneous, and then representative samples (paints, textiles, plastics, etc.) can be sampled. The rest of the materials are heterogeneous (soil, building materials, fire residues, etc.). The extremely rapid evolution of science in recent years has resulted in the development of new, powerful and performing technologies. This evolution and the refinement of analytical tools make it possible at present to perform forensic investigations at the smallest scale of dimensions, with greater sensitivity and with great differentiation intervals. At the same time it is possible to discover unpredictable or previously inaccessible samples.

Samuelson vs Fama on the Efficient Market Hypothesis: The Point of View of Expertise

This paper investigates the polysemic character of the Efficient Market Hypothesis through a comparison of the contributions of the two authors who introduced this hypothesis in 1965, Eugene Fama and Paul Samuelson. While both had a normative approach, it is argued that the key point distinguishing the two contributions is the expertise developed by each author. Fama interpreted his model to make practical recommendations for investment strategy. Samuelson interpreted his model to discuss and promote a political expertise that would be useful for policymaking such as the Pareto optimality of speculative price or the social benefit of speculation. The second part investigates the context of paper writing. We suggest that two elements are central to explain Fama and Samuelson's stance: first, the contrasting viewpoints of their research institutions, respectively Chicago and MIT, and second, the position of each author in early financial economics. Finally, we show how their early contrasted stance is consistent with Fama and Samuelson's opposite reactions to the Efficient Market Hypothesis controversy in the 1980s. In conclusion, we suggest that this opposition between Fama and Samuelson is useful to discuss the early EMH controversy in the 1980s.

Analysis on Forensic Expertise of 49 Medical Disputes in Prenatal Examination.

To analyze the cases of medical disputes involving prenatal examination from a point of view of forensic expertise, and to discuss the risk of medical disputes and the preventive measures. A retrospective analysis was conducted on 49 forensic expertise cases of medical disputes in prenatal examination which were identified in Academy of Forensic Science and Shanghai Di'an Forensic Science Limited Company from 2010 to 2017. In recent years, the number of medical disputes involving prenatal examination showed an increasing trend year by year. The common causes of medical disputes were: uninformed or insufficiently informed disclosure （20 cases）; the propaganda and application of three-dimensional, four-dimensional ultrasound were not standardized （14 cases）; ultrasound examination and serological screening process were not standardized （12 cases）; no antenatal counseling （2 cases）, etc. In order to minimize the occurrence of such medical disputes, hospitals or related associations should avoid the risk of prenatal examination through the standardization of management and operation.

Developing the experts we need: Fostering adaptive expertise through education.

In this era of increasing complexity, there is a growing gap between what we need our medical experts to do and the training we provide them. While medical education has a long history of being guided by theories of expertise to inform curriculum design and implementation, the theories that currently underpin our educational programs do not account for the expertise necessary for excellence in the changing health care context. The more comprehensive view of expertise gained by research on both clinical reasoning and adaptive expertise provides a useful framing for re-shaping physician education, placing emphasis on the training of clinicians who will be adaptive experts. That is, have both the ability to apply their extensive knowledge base as well as create new knowledge as dictated by patient needs and context. Three key educational approaches have been shown to foster the development of adaptive expertise: learning that emphasizes understanding, providing students with opportunities to embrace struggle and discovery in their learning, and maximizing variation in the teaching of clinical concepts. There is solid evidence that a commitment to these educational approaches can help medical educators to set trainees on the path towards adaptive expertise.