View Of Conflict Research Articles

Antigone in Hertfordshire: Moral Conflict and Moral Pluralism in Forster’s Howards End

This paper uses E. M. Forster’s novel Howards End to help articulate what I describe as a moral pluralist approach to moral conflict. Moral pluralism, I argue here, represents a way of responding to the moral conflicts we encounter in our lives, rather than the mere acknowledgment of their inevitability, as suggested by value pluralists like Isaiah Berlin. The tragic view of moral conflict epitomized by Sophocles’ Antigone and endorsed by most theories of value pluralism, tells us that we must choose between moral commitments and reconcile ourselves to the moral regrets that inevitably follow from moral choice. The moral pluralist view, in contrast, suggests that we should seek means, however imperfect, of satisfying conflicting moral commitments and minimizing causes for moral regret. That view, I argue, drives the words and actions of Forster’s heroine in Howards End, Margaret Schlegel. Confronted with a battle between a willful patriarch and a self-righteous sister, a conflict that maps neatly onto the central conflict in Sophocles’ tragedy, Margaret refuses to take sides without refusing to make moral choices. And in doing so, she comes to exemplify an unexpected kind of moral heroism.

Agonistic planning theory revisited: The planner’s role in dealing with conflict

Approaches from agonistic planning theory view conflict as immanent to pluralistic democracies and criticize communicative planning theories for disregarding such conflict and relying too much on consensus and cooperation. This criticism has led to a partial division between agonistic and communicative planning theories. The article presents the basic principles of agonistic planning theory and develops a criticism of its biasedly positive view of conflict as a productive force, as well as the significant gap between its theory and practice. In order to expand the scope of planning and to bridge this gap between theory and practice, the article distinguishes between three ideal types of dealing with conflict: (a) avoidance of conflict that is understood as disruptive, (b) conflict as an occasion for participation and consensus building, and (c) acceptance of conflict. These passive, reactive, and proactive manners of dealing with conflict are assigned to the comprehensive-rationalistic, communicative, and agonistic planning theories. Because these ideal types occur in practice in various mixed forms, the theoretical framework may help to understand and analyze the politics of planning. Finally, the article presents some planning challenges and dilemmas with regard to the ongoing transition towards pluralist democracies.

Sucessão e conflitos: proposições de pesquisa acerca das empresas familiares

Objective: This paper aims to identify the implications of conflict on a succession process in family business.Methodology: For the development of this literature review, we based ourselves on the behavioral view of conflict, presenting a set of propositions and a framework for investigations in the field.Originality: Even with the vast literature on conflict, there is still no complete understanding of its effects on a group or organization. In a family business, the process of succession can intensify conflicts, since it includes the simultaneous relationship between the business and the family, and there is a need for greater understanding of this phenomenon.Main results: The results suggest that in family organizations, the relationship conflict may be present and negatively impact the succession process. Thus, management models focused on the collaborative view of conflicts can positively reflect the succession planning and the performance of the new management.Theoretical contributions: As a contribution, we present a series of propositions that provide indications of the effects of conflict on the succession of family businesses, highlighting the importance of a governance system that provides balance to the process.

Sucessão e conflitos: proposições de pesquisa acerca das empresas familiares

Objective: This paper aims to identify the implications of conflict on a succession process in family business.Methodology: For the development of this literature review, we based ourselves on the behavioral view of conflict, presenting a set of propositions and a framework for investigations in the field.Originality: Even with the vast literature on conflict, there is still no complete understanding of its effects on a group or organization. In a family business, the process of succession can intensify conflicts, since it includes the simultaneous relationship between the business and the family, and there is a need for greater understanding of this phenomenon.Main results: The results suggest that in family organizations, the relationship conflict may be present and negatively impact the succession process. Thus, management models focused on the collaborative view of conflicts can positively reflect the succession planning and the performance of the new management.Theoretical contributions: As a contribution, we present a series of propositions that provide indications of the effects of conflict on the succession of family businesses, highlighting the importance of a governance system that provides balance to the process.

PUBLIC SPENDING AND ECONOMIC WELFARE IN ECOWAS COUNTRIES: DOES LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT MATTER?

Conflicting views on the sign of the relationship between government size and economic development have resulted into the testing of non-monotonic relationship in the literature. Therefore, the total effect of growing public spending on economic development is ambiguous. This study investigated how government size affect economic development and determine the optimal government size that promotes economic development in ECOWAS countries. The study employed secondary data covering the period 1986 to 2018. Data on Gross Domestic Product per capita, government size, population growth rate, inflation rate, gross fixed capital formation and financial development variables were sourced from World Development indicator database. The study constructed social welfare function as development indicator. Data were analysed using Least Absolute Deviation (LAD) regression and quantile regression (QR). The findings showed that quantile regression estimates are negative and significant (p < 0.05) in low quantiles, thus suggesting that deleterious effect of government size is more pronounced among countries with low level of economic development.

Catalyzing biocultural and social changes about cancer. Design of transdisciplinary actions against the pandemic

Design and analyze a transdisciplinary training and organization experience on cancer, where experts from multiple disciplines and actors with different horizons converge on a diagnosis and intervention horizon on multiple scales. A 140-hour diploma course with more than 60 speakers and 50 relevant actors around cancer was designed and implemented. A 20-hour transversal workshop was developed, using the Design for Transition methods as mediation of collaborative strategies for the construction of diagnoses and interventions in complex and conflict situations. It was possible to build a series of maps with a common view of stakeholders, concerns, conflicts, root causes, ideal scenarios and potential models of intervention, based on diverse participant's input. The visual resources generated were able to function as guides and structures that made possible the identification of biocultural factors that facilitate or impede implementation of strategies and interventions. Infographic material functioned as transdisciplinary mediations that enabled a diverse political (multiple-actors) and pedagogical (multiple-epistemologies) space to act upon an economic and ecological context (material interdependence of actors and environments). The Design for Transition methodology catalized transdisciplinary work by enabling cancer experts and social actors interactions. Through visual mediations such as maps, infographics and tables, it was possible to synthesize and use a shared diagnosis and thus advance towards more inclusive interventions that recognize the biocultural complexity of this pandemic.

A Conceptual Paper on Corporate Social Responsibility among Malaysian Entrepreneurs

Conflicting views on corporate social responsibility have led to various studies on CSR. However, the previous studies focused mainly on large firms rather than small and medium entrepreneurs. It is important to study corporate social responsibility in the context of small and medium enterprises. This is because any initiatives taken by small and medium enterprises can affect society and the economy due their large contributions. Therefore, this paper provides a view on corporate social responsibility among Malaysian entrepreneurs, mainly small and medium enterprises.

The Spatiotemporal Variability of Cloud Radiative Effects on the Greenland Ice Sheet Surface Mass Balance

AbstractTo better understand and quantify the impact of clouds on the Greenland Ice Sheet surface mass balance (SMB), we study the spatiotemporal variability of the cloud radiative effect (CRE). The total CRE is separated in short‐term and long‐term impacts by performing multiple simulations with the SNOWPACK model for 2001‐+2010. The annual total CRE is 16.8 ± 4.5 W m−2, reducing the SMB with −157 ± 3.8 Gt yr−1. Summer cloud radiative cooling is −6.4 ± 5.7 W m−2 in the ablation area, increasing the SMB with 121 ± 2.2 Gt yr−1. The annual integrated impact is cloud‐reduced SMB of −36 Gt yr−1. The short‐term effect dominates the opposing long‐term effects through the albedo‐melt feedback. A long‐term warming effect decreases the albedo and so preconditions the surface for enhanced (summer) melt. The impact of the CRE, determined by spatial, temporal and initial conditions, explains existing conflicted views on the role of cloud radiation and emphasizes the need for accurate cloud and albedo representations in future studies.

DIALOGUE AND MONOLOGUE AS COMMUNICATIONAL AND CULTURAL PHENOMENA

Observed as a communicational and cultural phenomenon produced by the media, the dialogue as a means of mediation gets a manipulative form. Contrary to genuine dialogue as a communication model that advocates tolerance, the postmodern media dialogue ranges from the concept of unity to an irreconcilable rivalry, from resolving problems to highlighting differences, and often becomes a monologized dialogue. The paper examines the significance of dialogue and monologue, starting from various aspects of dialogue, through the possibility of its survival from the point of view of communion or potential conflict, to the interaction as the illusion of a dialogue.

Reconstructing the identities of Afran Qalo Oromo: A case of Babile Tribe a View of Recent Raiding Conflicts in Babile, Eastern Ethiopia

Reconstructing the identities of Afran Qalo Oromo: A case of Babile Tribe a View of Recent Raiding Conflicts in Babile, Eastern Ethiopia

Embarking on a memory assessment voices of older persons living with memory impairment.

AimTo describe older persons who had commenced a memory assessment, experiences of living with memory impairment and related symptoms.BackgroundPersons with subjective memory impairment are two times more likely to develop dementia over the years than their peers. Older persons seldom seek help from primary health care clinics solely for subjective memory impairment. Of those who seek help, it can take up to 35 months from the person experiencing initial symptoms to referral to a memory clinic. Further research is needed regarding how older persons live with memory impairment with related symptoms before they receive a memory diagnosis.MethodA qualitative study with 23 participants who had commenced a memory assessment in primary care. Semi-structured interviews were held. During the interviews, the Neuropsychiatric Inventory was completed and discussed with the participants. Interview data were analysed using Interpretive Description.ResultsThe results are presented under four themes: Conflicting views about the situation, Unveiling the presence of neuropsychiatric symptoms, Compensating with external and internal strategies to recall and Worrying about self and future. Persons with memory impairment were encouraged by family members or others to seek a memory assessment. Few persons were self-referred as memory impairment was often seen as a part of aging. Polarised viewpoints existed within the families regarding the impact of memory impairment on daily life. The presence of neuropsychiatric symptoms appeared unexplored in the participants seeking a memory assessment. In this study, the majority of participants experienced neuropsychiatric symptoms at the time of contact for a memory assessment.ConclusionsMemory problems experienced were often viewed by the person as being part of an aging process. The presence of neuropsychiatric symptoms was not acknowledged as being connected to memory impairment. Contextualising ‘memory impairment’ as a part of a ‘cognitive process’ may help the person in identifying the presence of neuropsychiatric symptoms.

“Conflict-performance assumption” or “performance-conflict assumption”: Insights from franchising

Franchising is an organizational governance form where relational and formal contracts complement each other and where franchisor and franchisees together may obtain better performance than working alone. Although relational contracts may adapt to changing environments, they are not as efficient in ambiguous settings. In franchised stores, liability for low performance is not always clear. Indeed, franchisor and franchisees work in close collaboration, and, therefore, this ambiguity on causes of low performance may lead to conflicts. The franchising literature, as far as we know, has addressed practitioners' concerns regarding performance on one side, and conflicts on the other side, but no study has exclusively focused on low performance and the emergence of conflicts. Our research contributes to the franchising literature by filling this relative gap and, contrary to “conflict-performance assumption” (Pearson, 1973; Duarte and Davies, 2003) held in the broader context of distribution channels, we consider low performance to be a cause, rather than a consequence, of franchisor/franchisee conflicts. This empirical study deals with franchising in France, the leading market in franchising in Europe and the third largest in the world. We used a qualitative approach based on 44 in-depth interviews with 27 franchisors and executives/high-level managers of franchise chains, as well as 17 franchisees from various industries to get a dual, and so more complete, assessment of franchising practitioners' views of performance-related conflicts. Our research findings show that franchisees, as independent small business owners, give priority to financial results compared to other goals and they are driven to continuously improve the performance of their store(s). When expectations are not met, franchisees sometimes blame franchisors because they are interdependent in their success and liability is not straightforward. As a collaborative team, franchisors and franchisees may benefit from minimizing conflicts and preventing them with the careful selection and management of franchisees that share franchisor's values and have internal locus of control.

ВНУТРІШНЬООСОБИСТІСНИЙ КОНФЛІКТ У СТУДЕНТІВ: СУЧАСНЕ ОСМИСЛЕННЯ

Introduction. Nowadays, in the globalization and euro integration conditions, reforms are taking place in institutions of higher education of Ukraine. Accordingly, educational changes affect the development of the student's personality. Given this, the problem of intrapersonal conflicts among students is relevant.Purpose. The purpose of the article is to reveal the peculiarities of intrapersonal conflicts among students.Methods. In the course of the research, the following research methods have been used: general science (psychological analysis, synthesis, generalization, retrospective, chronological) is the basis for studying intrapersonal conflicts among students; problem-genetic provided retrospective coverage of types of intrapersonal conflicts; structural contributed to the structure of the article; the terminological analysis of the special literature provided the definition of the individual terms of our article in the psychological aspect; comparative allowed to highlight the features of intrapersonal conflicts among students, as well as to formulate relevant conclusions.Results. In the course of the research the essence of the concepts of "intrapersonal conflict", "student age" is revealed; types of intrapersonal conflicts are covered; features of intrapersonal conflicts among students are shown.Originality. Scientific novelty of the obtained results of the research consists in the complex and systematic coverage of the outlined problem, which was not the subject of special study, - intrapersonal conflict among students: modern comprehension; established the essence of individual concepts; From the psychological point of view, the peculiarities and types of intrapersonal conflicts in students are analyzed and highlighted. The practical significance of the results of the study is that the formulated provisions and conclusions enriched the knowledge of the problem under consideration.Conclusion. The theoretical positions and conclusions of the article can become a good material in the practice of teachers, psychologists, social workers. Further development in the study was obtained: systematization and characterization of the historiography of the problem; psychological analysis of the study of intrapersonal conflicts in foreign sources; study of understanding and manifestation of intrapersonal conflict among law students and further development of training exercises.

Is it just about grazing? UK citizens have diverse preferences for how dairy cows should be managed

Conflicting views between the dairy industry and the public about how dairy cows should be managed, together with an increase in the availability of alternatives to dairy foods, challenge future markets for milk producers. Members of the public value animal welfare as well as naturalness and grazing, but neither the relative importance of specific aspects of management nor the diversity of views underlying these preferences have been established. To better understand these issues, 2,054 UK citizens recruited through a research panel took part in an online survey. They were asked to rank 17 attributes relating to dairy cow management and milk production through the novel application of best-worst scaling, a discrete choice methodology that allows a trade-off between items. Hierarchical Bayesian analysis of the results revealed 3 attributes of equal top importance: (1) access to grazing, (2) cow health and welfare, and (3) cow comfort. Alongside this overarching ranking, underlying differences in preferences were identified in 6 approximately equally sized citizen groups within the sample, which were identified through latent class analysis. Each latent class expressed significantly different priorities from the other, and each had different indicative sociodemographic, attitudinal, experiential, and value-oriented characteristics, as established through a multinomial logistic model. If the diversity of preference between the citizen groups found in the sample is reflected within wider populations, there may be opportunities for the dairy industry to improve communication about positive practices, develop new dairy product markets, and consider changes to dairy farming systems to better meet different citizens' needs. Furthermore, the defining characteristics and priorities of each group raise the question of whether grazing in particular, but also other attributes presented within the study, is understood in different ways by different subgroups of citizens.

A CONCEPTUAL PAPER ON CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY AMONG MALAYSIAN ENTREPRENEURS

Conflicting views on corporate social responsibility had led to various studies on CSR. However, previous studies focus mainly on large firms than small and medium entrepreneurs. It is important to study corporate social responsibility in the context of small and medium enterprises. This is because any initiatives taken by small and medium enterprises can affect the society and economy due to its large contribution. Therefore, this paper provides a view on corporate social responsibility among Malaysian entrepreneurs, mainly small and medium enterprises.

The Roles, Challenges and Opportunities of Gadaa System in Resolving Water Conflict: The Case of Borana Oromo

The main objective of this study was to explore the roles, challenges and opportunities of Gadaa system on water conflict resolution in Borana Zone of Oromia. Qualitative method was used to achieve the objectives of the study. Relevant information was gathered from both primary and secondary sources. With regard to collecting the primary data, key informant interview; structured and semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions, and observation were used. The study revealed that the Gadaa system has been an egalitarian socio-economic, political and cultural system which had been practiced by the Oromo society for a long time. It had been guiding and regulating the life of the Oromo in relation to other peoples and their environment. The study also confirmed that Gadaa system has a great role in resolving conflicts that occur in a society by employing customary laws. The roles of women in conflict resolution within Gadaa system, the constraints faced Gadaa system’s institutions while resolving conflicts and the main water organs of Borana Oromo are other findings of this study. The study also came up with the historical roles of Gadaa system, procedures of conflict resolving and social structures of the Borana Oromo society. Lastly, the study verified the Borana Oromo’s view of conflict. Though most of the key informants viewed conflict as inevitable and natural which could prevail in any society on the contrary, few of them viewed conflict as bad and destructive. The findings further showed the opportunities of practicing Gadaa system for Ethiopia as well as for Oromo community.

Science and Religion: An Alternative View of an Ancient Rivalry

Religion is presented as a family of religions, identified by a cluster of religion-making features, most but not all of which must be present, involving beliefs and practices which are diverse and often in conflict. Because of differences in scope, application of scientific method, and vocabulary, science can also be regarded as a family—this time a family of sciences. The universality of the physical sciences contrasts with the more restricted scope of the earth sciences and the human sciences. Their relationship can be shown by a three-tiered pyramid, with the physical sciences at the base, the human sciences at the top, and the earth sciences in the middle. Despite three notable differences between science and religion, science and religion are not, as popularly believed, in conflict. The contrary view, espoused by the “new atheists,” is shown to be based on oversimplified views of religion and science. There are nontheistic religions and science is committed, not to metaphysical naturalism (“scientism”), but only to methodological naturalism. Stephen Jay Gould escapes the conflict view by proposing that science and religion are independent “magisteria”, science being occupied with facts and religion with values. In divorcing the realm of facts from the realm of values, he too distorts their complex nature, for science is not devoid of values and religion makes claims about the facts. As Hume long ago suggested, facts and values are interconnected. While a fact is not the same as a value, a fact cannot support a value without presupposing another value in turn. Interaction between facts and values is here to stay.

Human Security and the Israel-Palestine Conflict: External vs. Internal Perspectives

The formation of the State of Israel in 1948 has led to bloody course of events, which continues to this day, as to who has the right to claim the land home; the Palestinian-Arabs (mostly Muslim) or the Jewish (mostly non-Arab residents). The Israel-Palestine conflict is one of the most violent and bloodiest protracted conflict in the post World War II era, which has resulted in massive human casualties and human rights abuses for decades. The numerous wars in conjunction with the rise of militant groups like Hezbollah and Hamas have led to the development of a human security dilemma in Palestine and Israel. Decades of violence and destruction have resulted in massive human casualties, political chaos and disruption to the way of life of the people in the region. The concept of human security began to enter mainstream human rights, security and international politics debate, more prominently, after the release of the 1994 report United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) report on Human Development. The report is essentially explicit manifestations of the human rights principles enshrined in the 1948 United Nations Declaration of Humans Rights (UNDHR). Human security pushes for intense promotion and greater respect for human life in all spheres of human endeavors. This article inspects the human security dimension present in the Israel-Palestine conflict. This article encompasses two major parts. The first part provides an external understanding of how human security principles can be applied to Israel- Palestine conflict and how it affects the possibility of peace. Secondly, the article addresses the question on how people ‘inside’ the conflict view human security and the possibility of peace.

A multilevel and dynamic model of intragroup conflict and decision making: application of agent-based modeling

Although intragroup conflict has both multilevel and dynamic natures, less attention has been paid to establishing a holistic model of intragroup conflict that emerges across levels and unfolds over time. To address this research gap, we extend the multilevel view of intragroup conflict (Korsgaard et al. 2008) to develop a multilevel and dynamic model of intragroup conflict that explicitly includes (1) the role of time and (2) the feedback loop to encompass the dynamic aspect of intragroup conflict. We further instantiate the extended model in the context of team decision-making. To achieve this and systematically examine the complex relationships, we use agent-based modeling and simulation (ABMS). We directly investigate how two types of intragroup conflict—task and relationship conflict—interplay with cross-level antecedences, interrelate and develop over time, and affect team outcomes. This study adds to the intragroup conflict research by extending the field with multilevel and dynamic views.

Mark Twain among the Indians and Other Indigenous Peoples

Mark Twain among the Indians and Other Indigenous Peoples