Vietnamese Word Research Articles

Studying the impact of profitability, bankruptcy risk, and pandemic on narrative tone in annual reports in an emerging market in the East

The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether the narrative tone of annual reports is influenced by profitability, bankruptcy risk, and pandemic in the context of Vietnam. The study applies the necessary regression analysis steps such as ordinary least squares (OLS), random effects model (REM), fixed effects model (FEM), and feasible generalized least squares (FGLS). Bootstrapping and System Generalized Method of Moments (SGMM) methods are used to test the robustness and address endogeneity and dynamic relationships in the data. The findings show that net tones increase while negative tones decrease in companies with high profitability. Companies at risk of bankruptcy use more negative tone and less net tone than companies that are not at risk of bankruptcy. The study also affirms that bankruptcy risk moderates the relationship between profitability and negative tone. During the COVID-19 pandemic, companies used more positive and negative tones than they did before the pandemic. After the COVID-19 situation stabilized, positive tones were used more, and negative tones were used less than during the outbreak. The research results also recognized that companies do not intend to hide information through impression management when faced with difficult economic conditions. This study has practical implications for investors and information users when considering management disclosures through the narrative tone of annual reports. To our knowledge, this is the first study (1) in an emerging market in the East—where there are fundamental cultural and linguistic differences compared to Western countries, (2) to build a list of Vietnamese words and phrases expressing emotional nuances used in finance and accounting, and (3) refers to the narrative tone of annual reports across different groups of companies.

Discussion on Comparative Research and Teaching of the Adverbs Shizhong(始终),Zaowan (早晚),Chizao (迟早) for Vietnamese Students

Adverb“始终（shizhong）、早晚（zaowan）、迟早（chizao）” in Chinese and Vietnamese are equivalent compound words composed of two monosyllabic morphemes, and these two morphemes have opposite meanings. This article analyzes and compares three adverbs from two semantic and grammatical perspectives, conducts comparative analysis, and thereby finds the similarities and differences between these three words in Chinese and Vietnamese. At the same time, finding the causes and proposing teaching methods to solve the problem of Vietnamese students often misusing these words when learning Chinese in Vietnam. We have found very few studies on teaching and comparing adverbs in these two languages, so this article hopes to help Vietnamese students understand more deeply the characteristics of this group of words, as well as avoid misusing this group of words.

‘Tuesday, the mistress’: English relocalization by Vietnamese Facebook users

ABSTRACT Drawing on the concept of relocalization, this study explores the ways in which English, when going digital, is relocalized by Facebook users in Vietnam. The analysis of Facebook data reveals that English relocalization practices are manifest in the repetition of English words, transliteration of English proper names to Vietnamese morphosyntax and orthography, and hybridity between Vietnamese and English. This relocalization process results in new meaning twists, making them incomprehensible to English speakers from other World Englishes circles because English is deeply integrated and embedded into the Vietnamese language system and the local sociolinguistic context. The findings provide more evidence to support the arguments that English is part of the local language. The study also suggests that English relocalization creates a playful space on Facebook where Vietnamese speakers can express themselves freely as the use of Vietnamese words or phrases is considered pejorative and offensive in the local culture.

A comparative study of Vietnamese and English swear words: A discourse analysis perspective

A comparative study of Vietnamese and English swear words: A discourse analysis perspective

Annotations of Vietnamese Words for Primary School

This article lists and classifies annotations in Vietnamese textbooks for grade 3: How to annotate, how to explain words in annotations: Explanation by definition; Explain by comparing synonyms, synonyms, synonyms or antonyms. Explain by describing, explain by analyzing words into sounds, and explain each sound. On that basis, comment and analyze the relationship between the annotated object and the annotation.

Comparative Analysis between Vietnamese Reduplicative Words with Hmong Language Reduplicative Ones to Propose Measures to Correct Mistakes in using Vietnamese Reduplicative Words for Hmong Primary School Pupils in Vietnam

Our article “Comparative analysis between Vietnamese reduplicative words with Hmong language reduplicative ones to propose measures to correct mistakes in using Vietnamese reduplicative words for Hmong primary school pupils in Vietnam.” Shows that the similarities and the differences in type, formation, meanings middle of the Vietnamese reduplicative word with the Hmong language reduplicative ones. These similarities and differences create linguistic interferences that help us correctly predict the errors in using Vietnamese reduplicative words of Hmong primary school pupils. To prove this prediction to be correct, we have surveyed, totaled up, and analyzed the causes of errors in using Vietnamese reduplicative words due to language interference of Hmong primary school pupils in Vietnam. From there, we propose and conduct effective experiments to prove the feasibility of measures to correct errors in using Vietnamese reduplicative words for the Hmong primary school pupils in Vietnam. This research has practical significance in language education is to contributes to improving the quality of Vietnamese language teaching for the Hmong primary school pupils in Vietnam.

The scientific discovery and subsequent history of the douc monkey Pygathrix nemaeus (Linnaeus, 1771) near Da Nang, Vietnam

Abstract In 1750 Pierre Poivre donated the holotype of the douc monkey Pygathrix nemaeus to R.-A. F. de Réaumur. Its type locality is here restricted from “Cochinchine” to near Da Nang, Vietnam. In 1757, Buffon appropriated the holotype for the King’s collection, wrongly inferring that the species lacks ischial callosities, and conflating it with the sifaka of Madagascar. “D’ouc” is evidently a corruption of Voọc, the Vietnamese word for colobine monkey. In 1819, a French crew shot 100 doucs before breakfast on a mountain near Da Nang. In 2016, the whole mountain population was estimated at 70. By 1831 doucs had learnt to fear gunfire, but locals accepted their proximity, and provided some protection from meat-seeking foreigners. Several doucs were collected for museums in the 19th and 20th century; in 1897 two even lived for a fortnight at the Jardin des Plantes, Paris. The douc was observed and collected near Da Nang during its miraculous survival of the Vietnam War; its evergreen forest habitat surprisingly resilient. This situation is rapidly deteriorating, as forests are reduced to isolated pockets, and hunting prohibitions unenforced. The closely-monitored Mount Son Tra douc population was expanding, but tourist development is illegally eroding the Nature Reserve.

Wh-questions in Japanese: Challenges for Vietnamese L2 learners

The study explored how Vietnamese learners of Japanese handle structural differences in wh-questions. Despite both being wh-in-situ languages, the divergent word order poses challenges for Vietnamese learners. The research involved 65 high school students with 2.5 to 13 years of Japanese learning. Survey results showed a positive correlation between Japanese proficiency and performance. Students were more accurate when Japanese wh-questions mirrored Vietnamese word order, especially in ‘why’ and ‘when’ questions. Difficulties arose when structures differed. Advanced learners could acquire L2 wh-questions with parametric values distinct from L1, but native-like interpretations in Japanese remained challenging. The study advocates for explicit classroom instruction on Japanese wh-question word order, particularly with scrambled sentences, to enhance accuracy and improve overall teaching effectiveness.

On the Origin of the Symbol “Dragon” from the Zoonym “Crocodile” in the Cultures of Ancient Southern China and Vietnam

The author explores the origin of the symbol “dragon” in the cultures of ancient Southern China and Vietnam from the “crocodile”, puts forward the hypothesis that the ancient ethnonym and toponym “Yue” 越, (modern Vietnam) come from the Chinese zoonym ‘crocodile’ 鳄鱼 èyú. Other sources are the words “yue” 岳 ‘mountain’, “yue” 钺 ‘great battle axe’ and “yue” 月 ‘moon’. The Vietnamese word âu ‘seagull’, isomorphic to the Chinese word 鸥 ‘ōu’, is also involved in the semiotic analysis. Correlation of the Chinese letter from “jiaguwen” to “kaishu” (with the mention of the Vietnamese “ty-nom” and the letter of the state “Dian”) with historical and modern reality contributes to the objectification of the Chinese-Vietnamese world, the possibility of studying it using philological knowledge. The article also provides a comparison of the Chinese classification of nature by Zhou Qu-fei with the system of Carl Linnaeus and the earlier classification of Conrad Gesner, and develops the idea of the economy of nature.

Words Expressing Garlic and Dill Parts in Vietnamese and Laos Reflect MERONYMY

This article examines words expressing garlic and dill parts in Vietnamese and Laos reflect meronymy. The underlying theory of the article is the concept of the meaning of words in the system, meronymy. The survey paper has 124 Vietnamese words and 117 Laos words, reflecting the metonymy of words expressing garlic and dill parts. The research methods used by the article are the field linguistic, descriptive, and comparative-contrastive methods. The article establishes lexical gaps of words expressing garlic and dill parts in Vietnamese and Laos. The survey data shows that the linguistic picture of the word expressing garlic and dill in Vietnamese is like Laos (because the number of holonyms in Vietnamese is equivalent to Laos). However, the depth of classification of objective reality in Vietnamese is more detailed, specific, and rich than in Laos (because the number of words only classified in Vietnamese is greater than in Laos).

Contrastive Analysis of the Characteristics of Vietnamese Words with Hmong Language ones and Reasons for Making Mistakes in Using Vietnamese words of Hmong Primary School Pupils

Vietnamese and Hmong languages are both isolated, syllabic, and tonal languages. However, Vietnamese words and Hmong language words have similar and different characteristics. Therefore, we have analyzed and contrasted the characteristics of Vietnamese words with Hmong language ones, analyzing language interferences that are the causes of errors in using Vietnamese words of Hmong primary school pupils. This research aims to contribute to improving the quality of Vietnamese language teaching for Hmong primary school pupils in primary schools in Vietnam ethnic minority and mountainous areas.

A study of Chinese influence on Vietnamese word formation

In its history of development, Vietnamese language was greatly influenced by Chinese language in phonetic and lexical aspects. Although lexical studies have revealed a number of findings, our understanding of the influence of Chinese language on Vietnamese language in terms of word formation is far from complete owing to the complexity of the issue as well as different conceptualizations and research methodologies. Based on the Chinese characters and the degree of Vietnamization, we divide the elements in Vietnamese language borrowed from Chinese language at the level of word formation into four types: semi-morphemes (which only have sound with unidentified meanings); semi-free morphemes 1 (which can only be combined with Sino-Vietnamese morphemes); semi-free morphemes 2 (which can be combined with Sino-Vietnamese and pure Vietnamese morphemes); and free morphemes. On that basis, the study conducted a survey on the specific number of each type of element, thereby giving a comprehensive evaluation of the influence of Chinese language on Vietnamese language at the level of word formation, as well as hints about Vietnamese-Chinese language exposure.

Semantic and Functional Potential of the Particle ALREADY and its Reflection in Translation into Vietnamese (Based on the Material of the Novel by M. A. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita")

The article discusses typical semantic and pragmatic implementations of the particle "already" and the means of the Vietnamese language used in practice to convey the corresponding meanings. The relevance of the research is determined by its involvement in the problems of translating Russian particles as communicative and pragmatic signs into foreign languages. The object of the study is the particle "already". The subject of the research is syntagmatic, semantic and pragmatic features of this lexeme, as well as ways and means of translating statements from "already" into Vietnamese. The research material was M. A. Bulgakov's novel "The Master and Margarita" and the text of its translation into Vietnamese. The purpose of the work is to establish the range of types of use of the particle "already" presented in the text of the work under consideration, as well as to determine the features of ways to translate statements with this particle into Vietnamese. The paper uses a descriptive method, as well as elements of comparative and quantitative analysis. The novelty of the study is determined by the fact that for the first time the question of the functioning of the particle "already" and its Vietnamese analogues is considered on the material of the named novel by M. A. Bulgakov. It is established that when translating statements with the particle "already", a number of relevant Vietnamese words and service combinations are used, of which the most popular means of direct translation is đã, with non-predicative components, transmitting an assessment according to the parameters ‘much’, ‘little’, ‘long’, ‘late’, and with predicative components, the values are ‘change in the situation’, ‘expectation’ and ‘earlier than expected'. It is shown that the specifics of the semantic and functional capabilities of the Russian "already" and the service units of the Vietnamese language do not always allow for an adequate translation, and therefore they cannot be considered completely equivalent. The results of the study can be taken into account both in the study of other Russian particles, including in the comparative aspect, and in lexicographic practice.

ANCIENT VIETNAMESE WORDS IN SOUTHERN FOLK SONG COLLECTIONS PUBLISHED IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE 20th CENTURY

The article examines and explains the meanings of archaic Vietnamese words in southern folk song collections published in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. We have identified and selected typical Vietnamese words that are now rarely used or used differently. To explain these words’ meanings in folk songs, we use dictionaries, such as Vietnamese Dictionary, Ancient Vietnamese Vocabulary Dictionary, Đại Nam quốc âm tự vị (Dictionnaire Annamit) – the first Vietnamese dictionary, and Southern Dialect Dictionary. This research outlines a unique and exciting feature of the southern language that was popular in folk songs and people’s lives in the South.

ASR - VLSP 2021: An Efficient Transformer-based Approach for Vietnamese ASR Task

Various techniques have been applied to enhance automatic speech recognition during the last few years. Reaching auspicious performance in natural language processing makes Transformer architecture becoming the de facto standard in numerous domains. This paper first presents our effort to collect a 3000-hour Vietnamese speech corpus. After that, we introduce the system used for VLSP 2021 ASR task 2, which is based on the Transformer. Our simple method achieves a favorable syllable error rate of 6.72% and gets second place on the private test. Experimental results indicate that the proposed approach dominates traditional methods with lower syllable error rates on general-domain evaluation sets. Finally, we show that applying Vietnamese word segmentation on the label does not improve the efficiency of the ASR system.

The Phenomenon of Expletive Infixation in Vietnamese Language From the Perspective of Pragmatics

Vietnamese has to date been considered to be a language without infixation. This study is an attempt to change that notion. Infixation does exist in the Vietnamese language, but in restricted discoursal and social contexts. Our analysis shows that infixes have pragmatic functions and convey one of three implications. They can be used to (1) to express a complaint, (2) to express disagreement, or (3) to enhance a compliment. For each pragmatic purpose, the social context must be considered so that offensiveness and impoliteness can be avoided. Our results reveal that the majority of the Vietnamese words containing the infix với chả express complaints and that với chả is most often inserted into nouns. This study provides Vietnamese language teachers, learners, and translators with an in-depth understanding of the Vietnamese infix với chả, as added into base words in certain styles of language play.

Deep Neural Networks Algorithm for Vietnamese Word Segmentation

Traditional Vietnamese word segmentation methods do not perform well in the face of Vietnamese ambiguity, in response to the enormous challenge posed by the scarcity of the Vietnamese corpus to language processing. We first investigated the most advanced deep neural network method. According to the ambiguity problem of Vietnamese word segmentation, we then proposed a Vietnamese word segmentation processing technology based on an improved long short-term memory neural network (LSTM), which is made up of an LSTM encoding and a CNN feature extraction portion. The previous important information is kept in the memory unit; the word segmentation processing task is refined into a classification problem and a sequence labeling problem, which can gain the useful features of the word segmentation character and word level automatically. The limitation of the local context window size is avoided, and the word segmentation processing task is refined into a classification problem and a sequence labeling problem. Finally, validated by a homemade Vietnamese news website crawler dataset, the experimental results show that, compared with the single LSTM, single CNN methods, and traditional methods, the performance improvement of our proposed method is more obvious. In the Vietnamese word separation task, the accuracy reaches 96.6%, the recall reaches 95.2%, and the F1 value reaches 96.3%, which is significantly better than the traditional methods CNN and LSTM.

A Statistical Language Model for Pre-Trained Sequence Labeling: A Case Study on Vietnamese

By defining the computable word segmentation unit and studying its probability characteristics, we establish an unsupervised statistical language model (SLM) for a new pre-trained sequence labeling framework in this article. The proposed SLM is an optimization model, and its objective is to maximize the total binding force of all candidate word segmentation units in sentences under the condition of no annotated datasets and vocabularies. To solve SLM, we design a recursive divide-and-conquer dynamic programming algorithm. By integrating SLM with the popular sequence labeling models, Vietnamese word segmentation, part-of-speech tagging and named entity recognition experiments are performed. The experimental results show that our SLM can effectively promote the performance of sequence labeling tasks. Just using less than 10% of training data and without using a dictionary, the performance of our sequence labeling framework is better than the state-of-the-art Vietnamese word segmentation toolkit VnCoreNLP on the cross-dataset test. SLM has no hyper-parameter to be tuned, and it is completely unsupervised and applicable to any other analytic language. Thus, it has good domain adaptability.

A Neural Joint Model with BERT for Burmese Syllable Segmentation, Word Segmentation, and POS Tagging

The smallest semantic unit of the Burmese language is called the syllable. In the present study, it is intended to propose the first neural joint learning model for Burmese syllable segmentation, word segmentation, and part-of-speech ( POS ) tagging with the BERT. The proposed model alleviates the error propagation problem of the syllable segmentation. More specifically, it extends the neural joint model for Vietnamese word segmentation, POS tagging, and dependency parsing [28] with the pre-training method of the Burmese character, syllable, and word embedding with BiLSTM-CRF-based neural layers. In order to evaluate the performance of the proposed model, experiments are carried out on Burmese benchmark datasets, and we fine-tune the model of multilingual BERT. Obtained results show that the proposed joint model can result in an excellent performance.

AN ANALYSIS OF THE HOMOPHONES “HONG” IN CHINESE AND “HỒNG” IN VIETNAMESE

Chinese and Vietnamese are analytic languages and thus homophone is a common linguistic phenomenon. Over the course of history, Vietnamese language has interacted with Chinese language and borrowed a great number of Chinese characters that gradually become Sino-Vietnamese words. Those words are Vietnamized to some extent and are subject to semantic change. The combination of Sino-Vietnamese elements and purely Vietnamese words has created Sino-Vietnamese words and makes homophone in Vietnamese become more and more complicated. This linguistic phenomenon causes many difficulties in note taking, explanation, Vietnamese usage and Chinese learning for Vietnamese people. In the article, such methods and techniques as statistics, analysis, compare-contrast are used along with the materials collected from some dictionaries and everyday language to analyze the homophones of ‘hóng’ in Chinese and ‘hồng’ in Vietnamese with an aim to distinguishing between their meanings. This hopes to contribute as a reference for Vietnamese teaching and Chinese teaching in Vietnam.