Vietnam War Research Articles

미국 연방헌법상 대통령의 전쟁권 범위와 연방의회의 전쟁권 결의안에 관한 연구

The U.S. president's right to war is one of the key issues in the separation of powers between the president and Congress under the U.S. Constitution. The U.S. Constitution distributes the right to war to the president and Congress, and the president is given the right to wage war and the Congress is given the right to declare war. However, this decentralized power worked in the president's favor in reality, and the president often waged war without the consent of Congress.
 The provisions of the right to war in the U.S. Constitution are stipulated in Article 2, Paragraph 2, which gives the president the right to command the military, and Article 1, Paragraph 8, which gives the Congress the right to declare war. Constitutional makers gave the president the right to wage war, allowing the president to take military action quickly and flexibly in wartime situations. In addition, by granting the Congress the right to declare war, the president's right to war was checked and a mechanism was prepared to reflect the people's intention to war.
 The right to war in the United States has been a subject of debate since the beginning of the founding of the United States. George Washington, the first president, exercised his own right to wage war without Congress' consent, and this behavior was inherited by subsequent presidents. However, the prolongation and defeat of the Vietnam War changed the perception of the war in American society, and in 1973, Congress enacted the War Rights Resolution to limit the president's right to wage the war.
 The Warzone Resolution requires the president to end the military operation unless approved by Congress within 60 days. However, the resolution of the war zone was virtually neutralized by the president's disregard for Congress and the Supreme Court's denial of constitutionality. In addition, the resolution of the right to war does not clearly define the concept of war or the scope of war, so it does not substantially limit the president's right to wage war.
 America's right to war remains a major source of conflict between Congress and the president. Congress is trying to limit the president's right to wage war, but the president is trying to exercise the right to wage war stipulated in the constitution. These conflicts are expected to have a major impact on the US foreign and security policy.
 America's right to war is a key issue in the separation of powers between the president and Congress. It is necessary to readjust the right to war in order to secure the legitimacy and democracy of war while maintaining the separation of powers between the president and the parliament. To this end, legislative efforts are needed to clearly define the concept of war and the scope of war conduct, and to substantially strengthen the parliament's right to war.

Timing of Thrombosis with Myeloproliferative Neoplasm Diagnosis Among Veterans and Civilians

Rates of Arterial (AT) and Venous Thrombosis (VT) are increased in Veterans with Myeloproliferative Neoplasms (Vet-MPN), including Essential Thrombocythemia (ET), Polycythemia Vera (PV), and Primary Myelofibrosis (PMF), compared to matched controls (J Clin Oncology 2023 41:16_suppl, 7011). The timing of first AT or VT episode in Vet-MPNs remains undefined when compared to Civilians with MPN (Civ-MPN). These findings could elucidate optimal timing for risk mitigation strategies to prevent thrombotic complications and should help to determine duration of thrombotic risk and need for systemic anticoagulation prophylaxis. The Veterans Affairs Informatics and Computing Infrastructure (VINCI) database was queried from January 1, 2006 to January 26, 2023 to identify Vet-MPNs, AT, and VT through ICD-9 and -10 codes. This process yielded 2,752 Vet-MPN and 583,803 Veterans without MPN from Illinois, the state most representative of the US population. These cohorts were compared to data derived from a retrospective chart review of Civ-MPN cared for between January 1, 2019 to December 31, 2022, at MedStar Georgetown University Hospital and MedStar Washington Hospital Center. Service-Connected Exposures (SCE) to potential carcinogens among Veterans were verified through their duration and location of service. We subdivided time to first AT and VT from MPN diagnosis as follows: more than 3 months prior to MPN diagnosis, within 3 months of diagnosis, 3 months to 1 year post diagnosis, 1 to 5 years, and more than 5 years after MPN diagnosis. Mean data from various cohorts were analyzed utilizing Fisher's exact test. Vet-MPN experienced a statistically higher incidence of AT compared to Civ-MPN (p=.0019) and Civ-MPN experienced a statistically higher incidence of AT compared to Veterans without MPN (p=0.02) which served as a control. In contrast, there was a higher incidence of VT among both Vet- and Civ-MPN cohorts compared to Veterans without MPN (p<.0001) (Table 1). The mean ages at MPN diagnosis and onset of first AT were similar (≥63 years) in both Civ- and Vet-MPN. In contrast, the mean age of MPN diagnosis and age of first VT were considerably earlier for Civ-MPN (51 years) versus both Vet-MPN with VT and Veterans without MPN with VT (≥67 years). There was a higher prevalence of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, heart failure, and smoking among Veterans with or without MPN compared to Civ-MPN with either AT or VT (Table 1). A trend toward statistical significance was observed for the presence of hypertension and hyperlipidemia (p=0.049 and p=0.02, respectively) in Vet-MPN compared to Civ-MPN, while Veterans without MPN had a statistically higher prevalence of hyperlipidemia (p=0.02) and heart failure (p=0.001) in AT. Notably, a trend toward statistical significance in VT was observed for the presence of diabetes among all Veterans with or without MPN compared to Civ-MPN (p=0.01 and p=0.007, respectively). There was a biphasic distribution in time to onset of first AT and VT in all Vet- and Civ-MPN cohorts (Figure 1). There was a higher cumulative incidence of first AT and VT in Vet-MPN at more than 3 months prior to MPN diagnosis compared to Civ-MPN with AT and VT (Figure 1). On the other hand, the Civ-MPN cohort had a late surge of first VT more than 5 years after MPN diagnosis compared to the other MPN cohorts. A biphasic distribution in time to onset of first AT and VT was also observed among the Vet-MPN cohort when stratified by SCEs from World War II, the Korean War, the Vietnam War, and the Gulf War. The vast majority of both AT and VT in Vet-MPN from all SCE examined experienced onset of thrombotic events more than 3 months prior to MPN diagnosis. Most VT in Gulf War Vet-MPN occurred within 3 months of MPN diagnosis. In conclusion, the predominant risk for developing thrombotic complications in MPN, particularly in Vet-MPN, occurs in a biphasic pattern, beginning more than 3 months prior to MPN diagnosis and becoming apparent again at more than 5 years after MPN diagnosis. These findings suggest that the MPNs convey an enduring hypercoagulability potential throughout the natural history of the disease. There appears to be an accelerated onset of thrombotic complications earlier in the course of disease in Vet-MPN, perhaps reflecting their SCE with toxic carcinogens. More work is necessary to determine epigenetic influences on MPN natural history.

Vietnam’s Religious Policy: Navigating the Path to Religious Freedom

Vietnam is located in Southeast Asia, and the country has a large population. Vietnam’s population would reach 100 million people ranking it 15th in the world[1]. Vietnam has undergone significant changes throughout its history, reflecting the country's complex socio-political landscape. The Vietnamese society is complex, and the region is no exception. Vietnam has a rich religious heritage, influenced by Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism. However, the introduction of foreign religions, such as Catholicism and Protestantism, during the colonial era brought new dynamics to Vietnam’s religious landscape. The French colonization period saw tensions between the Catholic Church and the Vietnamese government, which continued even after Vietnam gained independence. After the Vietnamese War finished, Vietnam also saw tensions between unregistered groups such as Hoa Hao Buddhist community and the Vietnamese authorities and its continuous crackdown on unregistered groups. This paper aims to provide an overview of Vietnam's religion, and highlight key and recent developments, policies, and key challenges for some religions such as Pure Hoa Hao Buddhism, the Vietnamese government’s restrictions has restricted on unregistered groups and the current state of religious freedom in the country.

Maternalism and new imperialism in Russia: “good mothers” for a militarizing state—expectations, implications, and resistances

This article explores maternalism in Russia in the context of the contemporary Russian authoritarian state. In particular, I analyze what implications maternalism has for women, mothers, and families on the one hand and how it is connected to the Russian state's new imperial ambitions on the other. I also explore how maternalism is challenged and employed by those resisting state politics, including militarism. Historically, maternalism was used for the analysis of the development of the welfare state in Europe and beyond and for studying women's activism that contributed to significant changes in the state's welfare politics. Maternalism in European history could be seen as “a progressive heterosexual maternal womanhood”; according to Mary Daly, it could be explained as a recognition of the “existence of a uniquely feminine value system based on care and nurturing” and as the assumption that women are performing “a service to the state by raising citizen-workers”. Gender historians of Latin America showed that speaking from the position of a mother was quite important for claiming both the right to be accepted as an equal citizen and the improvement of maternity care, welfare, and living conditions for mothers and children. Furthermore, maternalism was widely used in protests against state militarism, wars, and military dictatorships, not least as a part of the campaign against the Vietnam War or the crimes of the Argentinian military dictatorship. However, maternalism was also widely used by several totalitarian regimes, including fascism and Stalinism. Maternalism was an important political instrument used by the state socialist discourse in order to show the superiority of the “socialist” welfare system over the “capitalist” one and to make this system appear attractive to women from “developing” countries.

Psy wojny kontra kundle pokoju: siła hybrydowości w powieści Vieta Thanha Nguyena „Sympatyk"

The protagonist-narrator of Viet Thanh Nguyen’s novel, as he often repeats, is a person of two minds. As the child of a Vietnamese woman and a French Catholic priest, he becomes a „hybrid” on the genetic level and later also in the cultural sphere. His upbringing has not only been influenced by the Catholic religion, communist indoctrination but also by the American literary canon, as he has graduated from a literary studies program in the US. He is a communist spy in the South Vietnamese Army during the war, and after the fall of South Vietnam he escapes to the United States as one of the few refugees. Loyal to the communist revolution in the US, he continues his intelligence activities going to any lengths and using any means considered necessary. The nameless narrator is not only a character that reminds a hero from a Hollywood action movie, but also a hybrid – a man who, through diversity or perhaps the merging of mutually exclusive identities, inhabits the sphere in between. This phenomenon, called nepantlerismo by Gloria Anzaldúa, means consciously navigating the gaps between the binary oppositions of those who belong to neither of the two sides. In the article, I look at the phenomenon of hybridity and consider to what measure it can be seen as an antidote to national chauvinism, imperialism and violence. I also examine what Viet Thanh Nguyen in his scholarly work calls the „industrialization of memory,” viewing Hollywood as a tool for producing memories of the Vietnam War operating within the US military-industrial complex.

Out of Place: William Connolly, Resounding Events and Stephen Turner, Mad Hazard

This article examines a post-war generation of academics in the United States and in Britain, who, coming from lower-class families without any previous experience of university education, became internationally famous but nevertheless continued to feel out of place in the academic world. Pierre Bourdieu’s framework of habitus, field and doxa is useful in studying the world of such outsiders and exiles who shaped post-war sociology. Without an established canon of sociology, these students typically developed critical and creative perspectives on society. In Britain the post-war welfare state was the foundation of this new breed of academics. John O’Neill is the classic example. In America ‘The Disobedient Generation’ were influenced by race, the Vietnam War, and the draft. William Connolly and Stephen Turner provide two case studies of highly successful academics who were often subjectively outsiders. ‘Event’ and ‘hazard’ imply that successful careers are in fact merely accidental. Neoliberalism may have closed off such accidental careers.

Capitalism, Ecosocialism and Reparative Readers in Ursula Le Guin’s The Word for World Is Forest

Ursula Le Guin’s The Word for World is Forest emerged as a reaction to the Vietnam War, which ravaged human and nonhuman lifeworlds. Le Guin offers two competing discursive systems through which to interpret human and nonhuman alterity—Terran industrial capitalism, grounded in physical and symbolic violence, and Athshean ecosocialism, rooted in an ethics of non-violence and forest-centred nominalism. Le Guin appears to suggest that both “readings” of Athshea are locked in an intractable, adversarial logic, typical of the “paranoid” reading practices that Eve Sedgwick would theorise twenty-five years later. In its sensitivity to the spectrum of negative affect covering anticipatory anxiety about forestalling pain, symmetrical suspicion, and fear of humiliation, the novella offers an uncanny prefiguration of paranoid practices. Le Guin suggests that the way out of the paranoid clash of civilisations can be found in two “reparative” reading stances—Selver’s reinterpretation and rearrangement of components of the oppressor’s culture into new, unexpected wholes (hermeneutic reassemblage) and the alien observers’ valorisation of disinterested curiosity over action as a categorical imperative (cerebral equivocity). Le Guin thus seems to offer a reparative poetics avant la lettre.

“I Heard You Went to Nam”: Home, Hospitality, and Legitimated Violence in Percival Everett’s Walk Me to the Distance

Historian Daniel S. Luck has noted in Selma to Saigon that “the civil rights movement and the debates over the Vietnam War were at the center of the turbulence of the 1960s” (1). While true, one also recognizes that the afterlives of the civil rights movement and the Vietnam War are momentous historical events with which America continues to contend. Several African American writers of the post-civil rights/post-Vietnam era, including Percival Everett, have written works of fiction that continue to grapple with the afterlives of these cataclysmic historical events. Set in the American West, Everett’s 1985 novel Walk Me to the Distance finds its protagonist, David Larsen, a returning Vietnam veteran, at loose ends. David winds up stranded in a small, remote town, Slut's Hole, Wyoming, where he eventually decides to stay. His decision to settle in the West is as much influenced by his romanticization of life on the American Frontier as it is with his disgust for a rapidly changing country where he feels he no longer belongs. In this essay, I argue that Walk Me to the Distance is not only an astute meditation on Frontier Mythology and Frontier justice associated with the early settlement of the American West but also that the novel reveals that these foundational myths and ideas continue to be paradigmatic features of American culture in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries.

Bodies on display: from parking pads to Agent Orange

What can a parking pad at the front of a house and agent orange, a defoliant used by the US military in its “Operation Ranch Hand” during the war in the Vietnam, possibly have in common? How unsafe does everything need to become to justify action? These are just a few of the questions at the centre of the stories I share in this piece; a piece that traces my/our experience trying to “get” something from our city to make access happen, and another story from decades earlier centred on restorative justice and the toxic chemical (dioxin) legacy of the American war in Vietnam.

Australia’s Presidents? Herbert Hoover and Lyndon B. Johnson Remembered

Among US presidents, Herbert Hoover and Lyndon Johnson had the strongest ties to Australia. Hoover spent over a year in Australia as a mining engineer before launching a career in international business, food relief, and politics. In 1942, LBJ passed part of his pre-presidential career in Australia. Yet Johnson’s presidential tour in 1966, coupled with his return in 1967, generated massive enthusiasm and modest protests against the Vietnam War. President Johnson’s visits helped to solidify and celebrate US-Australian ties while encouraging Australian independence, even if during a war directed from Washington. While Hoover left his mark on Australia’s landscape in the mines he promoted and the sites that still stand, Australians found little appealing in the dour, Depression-era president who had come and gone without regarding their country as a friend or ally. Johnson thus became a consequential figure in Australia’s national history in ways Hoover never did.

A Case Review on Multiple Myeloma Patients with Military Services and Toxin Exposures

Background: Multiple myeloma (MM) is a bone marrow-based, multifocal plasma cell neoplasm associated with an M-protein in serum and / or urine. Events mediating progression from the pre-malignant monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) to MM are not clearly understand. Numerous genetic events and environmental factors appear to trigger the progression of MM. Although there have been many studies on occupational and toxin exposures as risk factors to the development of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, there are few studies that focus on military service and toxin exposures as potential risk factors to the development and progression of MM. Aims: We present a descriptive analysis of MM occurrences in cohorts of patients with military background who had potential exposure to toxic agents. This is a cohort-based study that uses combination of structured clinical information from electronic health record (EHR) and natural language processing (NLP) of all clinical notes associated with patients. Method: We first identified a cohort of 2329 patients diagnosed with MM. The inclusion in this cohort was ascertained by at least one occurrence of MM diagnosis including MM in remission, plasma cell leukemia in remission, or plasma cell leukemia in relapse in a cohort of 736,707 adult patients (age > 21) with an inpatient, outpatient, telehealth, or home visit between January 2016 to January 2023 in Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York. All clinical notes associated with both cohorts were processed using a custom NLP query to identify cohorts of patients with military background (e.g., military service, Veteran, Vietnam war, army or navy or air force deployment). Another custom NLP query was used to identify cohort of patients with recorded history of toxic exposure (e.g., 9/11 world trade center, Agent orange, Mustard gas, Sarin gas, pesticides, herbicides, fungicides). All queries and NLP results were reviewed by the authors to ensure extraction of relevant patients, encounters, and notes. Results: Our study investigates a cohort of approximately 2329 patients admitted to Montefiore Medical Center between 2016 and 2023 with diagnosis of MM. Table 1 summarizes the cohorts of MM patients in compared to the study population (denominator) in the database. Overall we identified sixteen patients with diagnosis of MM and some record of military background (Table 1). We identified eight patients with diagnosis of MM and history of toxin exposure. Among these two groups, six patients with diagnosis of MM were noted with history of military background and toxin exposure (Table 1). We then characterize the demographic information and clinical visits at diagnosis in the myeloma patients with military backgrounds / or toxin exposures (Table 2). Conclusion: Our results demonstrate disproportionately high occurrence of multiple myeloma in patients with recorded history of military exposure to toxic agents when compared to other groups (9% vs 0.1% to 0.4%) and provides a rationale for further investigations.

Right BA 10 lesions impair performance on real-world planning but are not sensitive to problem novelty or tower tasks

The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is associated with many cognitive functions, including planning. In the neuropsychology literature planning is reduced to “look ahead” ability and most extensively studied with the “tower” tasks. The most influential theoretical explanation is that planning is required in the absence of a routine solution and PFC patients have difficulty coping with novelty. There is an alternate view of planning that emphasizes the distinction between real world tasks and laboratory tower tasks. This account focuses on the structure of problem spaces and why patients with lesions to right PFC have difficulty navigating ill-structured problem spaces.To further explore these issues we administered two real world travel planning tasks to 56 Vietnam War veterans with penetrating brain lesions and 14 matched normal controls. One planning task involved familiar knowledge while the other involved knowledge unfamiliar to our participants. Participants also completed the D-KEFS tower task. A subset of 18 patients—with lesions to right anterior prefrontal cortex (BA 10)—were impaired in the travel planning task compared to normal controls. The task familiarity/novelty dimension affected performance across participant groups (familiar-task scores were higher than unfamiliar-task scores), but it did not differentially affect any group. An examination of cognitive strategies utilized by participants revealed that the impaired patient group had difficulty maintaining a sufficient level of abstraction and engaged the task at a much more concrete level than other participants. Interestingly, patients impaired in the real-world planning tasks were not impaired in the tower tasks. We conclude that patients with lesions to right BA 10 have difficulty in real-world planning tasks that can be attributed to difficulties in engaging problems at the appropriate level of abstraction.

91 Agent Orange Exposure and Mild Cognitive Impairment in U.S. Vietnam Era Veterans

Objective:US forces used Agent Orange (AO) during the Vietnam War and continued to store/test it at other locations after the war. AO is a powerful herbicide including dioxin, a highly toxic ingredient classified as a human carcinogen. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine periodically review the literature on the health effects of AO exposure (AOE) and concluded in 2018 that there is sufficient evidence linking AO with a wide range of adverse health outcomes, including neurologic disorders (e.g., Parkinson’s disease). The VA has a list of medical disorders considered presumptive conditions related to AOE. More recently, AOE has been linked to a nearly double risk compared to those without AOE for receiving a dementia diagnosis. To our knowledge, no one has investigated the association of AOE to mild cognitive impairment (MCI), a condition thought to precede dementia.Participants and Methods:We examined men in three waves of the Vietnam Era Twin Study of Aging (VETSA). In wave 3, participants self-reported yes/no to the question of whether they ever had prolonged or serious AOE. MCI was diagnosed by the Jak-Bondi approach. Impairment was defined as 2+ tests within a cognitive domain that were more than 1.5 standard deviations below normative means after adjusting for premorbid cognitive ability. In mixed effects models, we tested the effect of AOE on MCI status. Models were adjusted for age, ethnicity, and non-independence within twin pairs.Results:In wave 3, 12.6% (230) of 1167 participants reported AOE. Those with AOE data had mean ages of 51.1 (wave 1), 56.0 (wave 2), and 61.4 (wave 3). Those with data on both AOE and MCI numbered 861 (wave 1), 900 (wave 2), 1121 (wave 3), and 766 had AOE and MCI at all waves. AOE was significantly related to wave 2 MCI (p < .001), but not to waves 1 and 3 MCI. AOE was significantly associated with the number of time points at which someone met criteria for MCI (p = .011). Analyses were conducted on six cognitive domains used to diagnose MCI, using available participants per wave. At all 3 waves, AOE was significantly associated with lower scores in processing speed (p = .003, p = .004, p = .005, respectively), working memory (p < .001, p = .002, p = .008) and nearly significant at all waves for executive dysfunction (p < .001, p < .001, p = .050). There were two other significant associations [wave 2 memory (p = .038), wave 3 fluency (p = .024)]. The semantic fluency cognitive domain was unrelated to AOE in all waves.Conclusions:AOE was consistently associated with lower processing speed, working memory, and executive dysfunction in males ages 51-61. It was also associated with the number of time points at which one met criteria for MCI in that age range, and with MCI in the mid-fifties. Findings support the idea of a risk for greater cognitive decline in those exposed to AO earlier in their lives, and with a risk for developing MCI.

1 The Impact of APOzA and BDNF val66met on Executive Function in Older Veterans with Post-traumatic Stress Disorder

Objective:Both Apolipoprotein z4 (APOz4) and Brain-Derived Neurotropic Factor val66met (BDNF-met) have been implicated as cognitive risk polymorphisms and may signal a more rapid trajectory of cognitive decline (Boots et al., 2017; Lim et al., 2015). The presence of both risk alleles may additively result in greater cognitive difficulties (Cechova et al., 2020), specifically executive functioning (Sapkota et al., 2017). As executive functioning difficulties can be associated with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD; Woon et al., 2017), individuals with PTSD who carry these polymorphisms may be at higher risk for decline in executive functioning. In this study, we examined the cross-sectional and longitudinal impact of these alleles on executive functioning performance in Veterans with PTSD.Participants and Methods:Seventy community-dwelling male Veterans were enrolled as part of a larger study at VAPAHCS and consented to genetic analysis. A current or lifetime history of PTSD (score > 40 on the CAPS-IV; Blake et al., 1995) was required for study participation. Trail Making Test B (TMT-B; Army Individual Test Battery, 1994) was used to assess executive functioning. TMT-B was part of a comprehensive neuropsychological battery administered at baseline and yearly over the following three years. Mean age and education were 61 years old (SD = 4.5; range = 55-78) and 14 years (SD = 2.3; range = 8-20), respectively.The majority of the sample was White (71%) and were from the Korean and Vietnam War eras.Results:APOz4 and BDNF-met were present in 29% and 27% of the sample, respectively; both were present in six participants. Regression models were fitted separately for TMT-B raw time-to-complete and number of errors, both cross-sectionally at screening and then longitudinally. The presence of BDNF-met was a significant predictor of TMT-B time and number of errors in both models (Time: ß = 0.09, p = 0.03 and ß = 0.11, p < 0.01; Errors: IRR = 2.4, p = 0.01 and IRR = 1.9, p = 0.01), while APOz4 only predicted errors longitudinally (IRR = 1.8, p = 0.03). There was no significant allelic interaction; however, the presence of both alleles additively multiplied TMT-B errors by approximately 3.7 times at screening (IRR = 3.7; p = 0.01) and 3.3 times longitudinally (IRR = 3.3; p < 0.01).Conclusions:Altogether, these results are suggestive of an adverse, additive, effect of the APOz4 and BDNF-met polymorphisms on executive functioning, in particular error-proneness, with their combined presence tripling the errors made on TMT-B cross-sectionally and longitudinally. Consistent with previous research, the TMT-B error analysis increases detection of cognitive impairment, similar to other clinical samples (Varjacic et al., 2018). While TMT-B errors are typically interpreted qualitatively, the strong effect of these established risk alleles on error rates further support this metric as a clinically useful indicator of executive dysfunction in a PTSD population. In keeping with the Boston Process approach, these findings support the importance of error analysis in clinical interpretation of neuropsychological performance.

28 Traumatic Brain Injury and Genetic Risk for Alzheimer's Disease Influence ß-Amyloid Levels

Objective:Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) are a common occurrence among Veterans and may increase risk for neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Neuropathological correlates of AD, including buildup of ß-amyloid (Aß) plaques, formation of neurofibrillary tangles, and cortical atrophy, begin years before the onset of noticeable clinical and cognitive symptoms, emphasizing the importance of identifying early risk factors that could be targeted to prevent the development of AD. Of note, Aß ratios (e.g., Aß 42/40) have been shown to efficiently capture brain amyloid accumulation in prodromal AD, and thus may serve as a useful biological marker of preclinical AD. The present study investigates the mechanism by which TBI is associated with AD by examining the synergistic effects of TBI and genetic risk for AD on Aß among aging Veterans without dementia.Participants and Methods:Participants included 88 White, Non-Hispanic/Latino male Vietnam War Veterans (Mage = 68.3 years) from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative Department of Defense (ADNI DoD) cohort, 49 of whom reported a history of at least one mild, moderate, or severe TBI. Genetic risk for AD was assessed via genome-wide polygenic risk scores. Aß levels were extracted from cerebrospinal fluid and Aß 42/40 ratios were calculated as an index of Aß deposition in the brain. Linear regression models were run to determine if TBI history and polygenic risk influence Aß 42/40 levels. An ANCOVA was implemented to examine the interaction between TBI severity and polygenic risk. Covariates in all models included age, education, and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms.Results:Results demonstrated a significant interaction between TBI and genetic risk on Aß 42/40 (B = -0.45, Puncorrected = 0.029, Pcorrected = 0.0495). Specifically, higher polygenic risk was associated with lower Aß 42/40 ratio, suggesting greater Aß burden in the brain, among those with a history of TBI (pr = -0.33, P = 0.024) compared to individuals without a history of TBI (pr = 0.17, P = 0.308). This relationship trended towards being stronger as a function of increasing TBI severity (F(2, 77) = 3.01, P = 0.055).Conclusions:These results show that, in the context of TBI, higher genetic risk for AD is associated with greater AD-related pathology, particularly with more severe injuries. TBI and polygenic risk may implicate similar biological pathways, notably amyloid precursor protein processing, to increase Aß burden in the brain and likelihood of progression to AD in future years. These findings could inform early intervention techniques to delay or preclude conversion to AD.

Tatars of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the United States of America

At the end of the 19th and at the beginning of the 20th century, Tatars of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania started migrating to new lands and countries including England, Argentina and America. They were looking for work and the USA became their preferred country. Many Tatars returned back to homeland, but most of them stayed in America and succeeded.
 Tatars from Ivje, Navahradak, Mir, Kleck, Tavsiuny, Milkuny, Śviańciany, Dokšycy, Uzda, Śmiłavičy, Minsk, Vilnia and other settlements of Russian Empire before the World War I founded their registered society in New York in 1907. It was the first Muslim organization in the USA. They also founded the Muslim mizars in the Maple Grove and Cedar Grove cemeteries in New York. They started teaching children and bought a building for mosque in 1930. Tatars provided the annual dances and picnics, organized the funding (dues, fees, fines, loans, donations) for payment of expenses, helped the Society members (death and illness benefits) and Muslims in other countries including the former homeland (Ivje in 1922, Niekrašuncy, Warszawa in 1945 and etc.). They published a newspaper, the prayer books. They took part in the main historical events in the USA: the World War I, the World War II, Korean and Vietnam wars, post-war occupation of Germany, etc. Unfortunately, the Society had been developed until 1960s (member quantity was more than 300) and now it is in decline due to assimilation and migration.
 This article is devoted to the Tatar society of the USA. It is based on the results of study of family collections, oral stories, archival documents (Ellis Island cases, certificates of birth, death, marriage, draft) and pictures. The organization structure, the names of the famous Tatars and the Society board members (presidents, vice-presidents, secretaries, treasurers, imams, teachers, bank account holders, funeral committee members, etc.), the information about two cemeteries are re- vealed and provided.

Korean Judicial Decision

Abstract This is a judgment of the Seoul Central District Court on compensation for damages related to the Vietnam War. The case was brought by a group of Vietnamese plaintiffs who claimed that they had suffered harm as a result of the actions of the South Korean military during the war. The plaintiffs argued that the South Korean military had committed various war crimes, including the massacre of civilians and the use of chemical weapons. The court’s judgment was a significant victory for the plaintiffs, as it ordered the Korean government to pay compensation. The judgment sets an important precedent for future cases involving claims of harm caused by military actions. The case highlights the need for greater accountability and transparency in military actions, and raises important questions about the relationship between international law and national sovereignty. The judgment is a significant development in the ongoing debate about the role of law in regulating military actions and protecting the rights of civilians in times of war.

P024 The Obstructive Sleep Apnoea Endotypes are Similar in Elderly Veterans with and without PTSD.

Abstract Background Approximately 60% of veterans living with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) experience obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA). Why OSA is so prevalent in individuals with PTSD remains unknown, though the presence of PTSD may influence the underlying endotypes known to cause OSA. We examined whether upper airway collapsibility, muscle compensation, loop gain, and the arousal threshold differ in trauma exposed elderly male veterans with OSA with and without comorbid PTSD. Methods Using the ventilatory flow pattern from diagnostic polysomnography, the four OSA endotypes were measured in a retrospective cohort of 21 OSA patients with PTSD and 27 OSA-only patients. All participants are male Vietnam War veterans with mild-to-severe OSA (AHI M=26.8, SD=18.6; range: 6.0-105.9 events/h). Age (M=71.3, SD=3.5) and BMI (M=27.4, SD=3.4 kg/m²) were similar between groups. Results There were no statistically significant differences (p-values>0.3) in the OSA endotype traits between OSA-only and OSA+PTSD patients for upper airway collapsibility (78.35 [72.81-83.82] vs. 76.68 [71.53-83.56]%eupnea), muscle compensation (5.41 [1.83-7.21] vs. 4.27 [0.34-9.18]%eupnea), arousal threshold (146.95 [128.64-151.28] vs. 135.76 [126.59-147.54]%eupnea), and loop gain (M=0.60, SD=0.14 vs. M=0.56, SD=0.17). Conclusion The endotypes underlying OSA in elderly male veterans with PTSD were similar to their trauma exposed OSA-only counterparts. PTSD may exert little influence on the OSA endotypes in elderly samples beyond the effect that age and trauma exposure may have in OSA patients. What underlies the increased prevalence of OSA in PTSD remains unclear and further work examining these endotypes using larger and more diverse samples is needed before robust conclusions can be made.

Tricontinental Reverberations: Anti-Imperialist Solidarity in the International War Crimes Tribunal on Vietnam

Abstract In 1967, amid the U.S. war in Vietnam, distinguished leftist intellectuals and activists gathered in Sweden and Denmark to establish the first citizens’ tribunal. Initiated by the philosopher Bertrand Russell, the purpose of the International War Crimes Tribunal (iwct) was to put the U.S. government on trial for its military actions in Southeast Asia. This article has two objectives. First, it argues that this activist endeavour was embedded in a larger internationalist movement against Western imperialism, namely Tricontinentalism, of which the war in Vietnam was a connecting factor. Second, the article investigates the tribunal as a manifestation of the solidarity that the New Left in the West maintained with revolutionary movements in the Third World. It aims to show the utility of the theoretical concept of political solidarity, most thoroughly elaborated by Sally J. Scholz, for the global history analysis of social justice movements. At the same time, it contends the necessity of additional parameters when studying manifestations of political solidarity in a post- and settler-colonial context, drawing on new scholarship on colonial-sensitive solidarity. By carving out the specificities of this case of activism on the theoretical ground, this investigation also highlights the importance, advantages, and pitfalls of political anti-imperialist solidarity.

Making Memorials to the Future

Abstract This article foregrounds the work of well-known American memorial architect, Maya Lin. She does not figure in International Relations (IR) knowledge lists, yet started her career by looking back at the American War in Vietnam from the perspective of a forward-looking aesthetic that wins the competition for a memorial in Washington, DC. Later, Lin launches future-oriented memorials that commemorate natural abundance increasingly threatened by that most dangerous war taking place against the planet. Like others contributing to making an academic field and political practice by thinking differently, I take my bearings these days from aesthetic journeys, in my case, to edgy war memorials first, and then to gentle landscape architectures that praise or kill no one, offer no massive focal point or built structure to interpret, and have no particular shooting war to commemorate. Both put viewers into disrupted present times that speak to concerns that could make fruitful futures.