Vietnam War Research Articles

Ruben Salazar: Beyond Postage Stamp Memory

ABSTRACT In 2008, Ruben Salazar was memorialized on a US postage stamp, one of several media icons of moral courage that included John Hersey, George Polk, and Martha Gellhorn, so honored at the same time. Unlike most postage stamp journalists, Salazar—whose career is a study in civil rights reportage—has largely faded from public memory and journalism history. Salazar lived and died civil rights reporting, killed by authorities while covering a Mexican American Vietnam War protest. This essay traces Salazar’s impact as a narrator of the Mexican American freedom struggle, putting his work at the Los Angeles Times, and at Spanish-language station KMEX, in context with the broader civil rights movement.

A Church Militant: Anglicans and the Armed Forces from Queen Victoria to the Vietnam War, by Michael Snape

<i>A Church Militant: Anglicans and the Armed Forces from Queen Victoria to the Vietnam War</i>, by Michael Snape

Homecomings, belonging and the mediating memory work of US Vietnam War remains

A half-century since its conclusion, the Vietnam War’s ‘work of remembrance’ in the United States continues to generate, even innovate, forms of homecoming and claims of belonging among the state, its military and veterans, surviving families and the wider public. Such commemoration often centres on objects that materialise, physically or symbolically, absence and longed-for recovery or reunion – from wartime artefacts-turned-mementos to the identified remains of missing war dead. In exploring the war’s proliferating memory work, this article examines the small-scale but persistent practice of leaving or scattering cremains at the Vietnam Veterans Memorial on the National Mall in Washington DC, against the backdrop of the US military’s efforts to account for service members missing in action (MIA). Seen together, the illicit and sanctioned efforts to return remains (or artefacts closely associated with them) to places of social recognition and fellowship shed light on the powerful role the dead have in mediating war’s meaning and the debts it incurs.

Risk of Dementia in Korean Vietnam War Veterans

BackgroundThe number of cases of all types of dementia is increasing, and a significant increase in prevalence has been noted among veterans. Evidence of an association between dementia and exposure to chemicals such as Agent Orange from the Vietnam War is still limited, and there is a reported lack of awareness.ObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate the risk of dementia among Vietnam War veterans in Korea.DesignThis retrospective longitudinal study compared the incidence of dementia between Vietnam War veterans and the general population.SettingThis study used data from the nationally representative Korean Vietnam War Veterans’ Health Study Cohort, a combined dataset sourced from the Ministry of Patriots and Veterans Affairs in Korea and the National Health Insurance Sharing Service database.ParticipantsThere were 191,272 Vietnam War veterans and 1,000,320 people of different ages, sexes, and residences. matched control in 2002. The total number of person-years were 18,543,181.MeasurementsThe dementia group included participants who had visited a medical facility with any of the following ICD-10 codes in the follow-up periods: “F00 Dementia in Alzheimer’s disease,” “F01 Vascular dementia,” “F02 Dementia in other diseases classified elsewhere,” or “F03 Unspecified dementia.”ResultsThe incidence rate ratio for all types of dementia was 1.16, with higher ratios observed for vascular and unspecified dementia, particularly in the younger age groups. There was a significant increase in the risk of dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, vascular dementia, and unspecified dementia.ConclusionVietnam War veterans showed an increased risk for all types of dementia. These findings are hypothesized to be due to the effects of the chemicals used during the Vietnam War, which can cause a variety of neurodegenerative diseases. Further studies are warranted to investigate the potential health determinants related to the Vietnam War, focusing on the neurodegenerative effects.

Causes, Impacts, and Historical Analysis of the War of Vietnam

The Vietnam War was one of the most dubious and compelling military conflicts of the twentieth century. This article aims to give a top-to-bottom examination of the causes, effects, and history of the conflict that sawthed in Vietnam from 1955 to 1975. Utilizing essential and optional sources, the creator investigates different parts of the contention, including its set of experiences. the specific situation, the explanations for the episode of the conflict, and the expansive effects that keep on affecting local and worldwide issues right up to the present day. The verifiable setting of the Vietnam War can be traced back to the pioneering time when Vietnam was under French frontier rule. The craving for autonomy and solidarity turned into the focal subject that molded Vietnam’s public character and brought about the different enemies of pilgrim developments. Following the First Indochina War, which saw Vietnam split along the 17th parallel, there were more wars, which eventually turned into the Second Indochina War. The main drivers of the Vietnam War were multi-layered and complex. One of the principal factors is the philosophical hole between the socialist North and the non-socialist South. The Cold War competition between the US and the Soviet Union likewise assumed a significant role, with America supporting the South Vietnamese government to forestall the spread of socialism in Southeast Asia. Additionally, regional dynamics and nationalism play a role in the region’s growing hostility. This segment talks about significant occasions and defining moments during the Vietnam War, including the Inlet of Tonkin occurrence, the Tet Hostile, and the Paris Truce. These occurrences had a significant impact on the course of the conflict and influenced public opinion worldwide as well as in the countries involved

Youth – Agents of Change? German Views on a Possible Paradigm Shift

Abstract Young people are traditionally seen as the future of church and society, as “agents of change.”1 In Europe one might be reminded of the fundamental change during the late 1960s, when mainly students formed demonstrations induced by the Vietnam war and the downsides of the bourgeois structures of society during the post ww ii-period. These experiences formed an image of youth that grounded research in sociology, psychology, and pedagogy for a long period of time and still seem to influence actual thinking and talking about youth. But is this view still appropriate? Are young people of today still “agents of change”? In the following, this image shall be contrasted with recent findings from Germany which indicate a change, a possible paradigm shift, regarding political interest, relations between generations and finally the role of youth ministry as a possible companion for young people in the middle of a changing society – and even the entire world – facing fundamental tasks.

The Radical Left and the Movement in Australia against the First Gulf War, 1990–91: Anti-Imperialism at the End of the Cold War

The Gulf War in 1990–91 came at the end of the Cold War and at a time when the Left across the globe was reassessing itself as the Soviet Bloc collapsed. In this period of flux, the Australian Radical Left had also experienced a series of debates about its configuration, with several different attempts at unity, as well as reconsiderations about the relationship between the extra-parliamentary Left, the trade unions and the Australian Labor Party. After Saddam Hussein’s Iraq invaded Kuwait in August 1990 and several Western powers, led by the USA and Britain, sought to intervene, Bob Hawke’s Labor government supported the coalition against Iraq. A movement against Western intervention in the Gulf and Australia’s involvement in the coalition was built, including sections of the Labor Left, the trade unions, the peace movement, students and the organisations of the Far Left. Most looked back to the decade-long movement against the Vietnam War for the framework for the anti-war campaign, but the Left, in all its guises, had faded in influence since the 1970s. This article will look at how the movement against the First Gulf War developed between August 1990 and March 1991 and how it reflected a fractured and weakened Left in Australia in the dying days of the Cold War.

¡Raza Sí! ¡Guerra No!

On August 29, 1970, thousands of demonstrators took to the streets in Los Angeles to protest the Vietnam war as part of the National Chicano Moratorium. In response to highly disproportionate numbers of Chicano casualties listed among the wounded, protestors from all factions of the Chicano Movement marched to demand an end to the war. By the end of the day, the police had killed three protestors while dozens more were critically injured. The massacre at the Chicano Moratorium was a low point in the civil rights history of the United States, but it is also clear evidence of how numerous actors, institutions, and events unified the Chicano movement towards one goal during the Vietnam War. Its violent suppression by the Los Angeles Police Department also situates the event in a larger history of government supported violence against minorities and civil rights groups. This paper tracks the development of the Chicano identity, civil rights movement, and the development of anti-war sentiment from the early twentieth century up to the 1970 moratorium.

Post-traumatic Stress Disorder in Soldiers Returning from Vietnam: A Survey on the Psychological Disorder of Veterans

The present research aims to analyze and provide information about a very important disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder or PTSD. Then, what specifically refers to the existence of PTSD and soldiers returning from the Vietnam War who are exposed to the severely traumatic event that is combat and all that it brings with it. This empathy has led them to anxiety, overstimulation, depression and other such traumatic intense emotions. First, the evidence-based scientific term PTSD is analyzed in terms of etiology, complexes, factors and treatment. It then refers to and gives an in-depth look at the Vietnam War and how it developed the phenomena of post-traumatic stress disorder. In addition, more information about PTSD is given. Aim: The aim of this dissertation is to analyze and present the topic of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder of the Vietnam Veterans and the way they were treated with their homecoming in the United States of America through a literature review. More specifically, the post-traumatic stress disorder due to psycho-trauma and the psychosocial effects are analyzed. Purpose: The main goal of this dissertation is the comprehensive analysis of this particular disorder and the investigation of this specific war era. Method and materials: The methodology included a collection of information on the subject from articles and books of the last decade in the Pubmed database and the Hellenic Academic Libraries Association (HEAL-Link). In conclusion, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder is a more common phenomenon than the public believes and is one of the most difficult types of disorder. People who carry it and suffer daily, need help both from the familiar family environment and from the social environment. Therefore, it is extremely important to know the disorder and to be fully understood by experts in dealing with it, but also by people in the social environment around us, as their attitude towards the phenomenon is almost catalytic.

Why did the black community strongly oppose the draft conscription during the Vietnam War?

Why did the black community strongly oppose the draft conscription during the Vietnam War?

Nixon, Kissinger et l’Amérique latine : l’obsession anticommuniste

In an ambiguous and tense period, between the war in Vietnam, the policy of détente and the vigorous fight against any Communist expansion, Richard Nixon devoted more time to Latin America than he had originally planned, given that the region, though “peripheral” to the two superpowers, was at the heart of the Cold War. This article analyzes the policy towards the region pursued by Nixon and his National Security Adviser, then Secretary of State, Henry Kissinger, between 1969 and 1974, with an extension into the Ford years, taking into account the various parameters involved in decision-making: the international situation, international actors, electoral concerns, divergences within the executive branch, as well as the role of Congress, in order to propose a nuanced study. Three major issues will be examined: expropriations, the nationalist manifestation par excellence, which reached its peak at the time; Cuba, a real wound to US pride and the focus of all fears ; and finally, the Chilean tragedy.

The scientific discovery and subsequent history of the douc monkey Pygathrix nemaeus (Linnaeus, 1771) near Da Nang, Vietnam

Abstract In 1750 Pierre Poivre donated the holotype of the douc monkey Pygathrix nemaeus to R.-A. F. de Réaumur. Its type locality is here restricted from “Cochinchine” to near Da Nang, Vietnam. In 1757, Buffon appropriated the holotype for the King’s collection, wrongly inferring that the species lacks ischial callosities, and conflating it with the sifaka of Madagascar. “D’ouc” is evidently a corruption of Voọc, the Vietnamese word for colobine monkey. In 1819, a French crew shot 100 doucs before breakfast on a mountain near Da Nang. In 2016, the whole mountain population was estimated at 70. By 1831 doucs had learnt to fear gunfire, but locals accepted their proximity, and provided some protection from meat-seeking foreigners. Several doucs were collected for museums in the 19th and 20th century; in 1897 two even lived for a fortnight at the Jardin des Plantes, Paris. The douc was observed and collected near Da Nang during its miraculous survival of the Vietnam War; its evergreen forest habitat surprisingly resilient. This situation is rapidly deteriorating, as forests are reduced to isolated pockets, and hunting prohibitions unenforced. The closely-monitored Mount Son Tra douc population was expanding, but tourist development is illegally eroding the Nature Reserve.

How Officials Use Intelligence Analysis: A Situational Theory

What explains variation in how officials use intelligence analysis? How can one official acting on one issue within one bureaucratic and political reality seem alternately to use, misuse, and not use analysis at different times? This article proposes an answer by introducing a new theory and evaluating it with a plausibility probe centered on Robert McNamara’s experiences during the Vietnam War. The theory claims that officials use analysis adaptively to meet situational needs. It builds on research into the psychology of mindsets, emotions, and information processing to specify mechanisms of situational patterns of use—an account with marked implications for research and practice.

A Thematic Interpretation of Selected Novels Of Tim O Brien

Author from the United States who enlisted in the military during the Vietnam War. “The majority of his works are about Vietnam during the conflict, and his latter works often investigate the life of Vietnam soldiers after the war. O'Brien is perhaps most known for his book, which was published in 1990 and titled The Things They Carried. This book is a compilation of connected semi-autobiographical tales that were inspired by O'Brien's experiences during the war. The latter was referred to be " a masterpiece of modern war fiction" by The New York Times in the year 2010. Going For Cacciato, O'Brien's book about the conflict that was published in 1978 and won the National Book Prize, is another reason for the author's widespread reputation. In spite of the fact that O'Brien is most known for his writings on the Vietnam War, he is also highly regarded as a teacher and instructor of creative writing. From 2003 to 2012, he was the holder of an endowed chair in the Master of Fine Arts programme at Texas State University–San Marcos. The purpose of this article is to provide thematic interpretations on a selection of Tim O'Brien's works.”

“Dirty War: Claudia Jones and Opposition to the Indochina War”

Claudia Jones was an advocate of “positive peace.” Positive peace, as it was explained by Johan Goltung, is “the absence of structural violence” which involves the “egalitarian distribution of power and resources.” Positive peace is not just the absence of war and violence (defined as negative peace), but it also includes justice for all people and “the elimination of the root causes of war, violence, and injustice” and a concerted and unified effort to create and uphold a just society. For Jones, this could only be achieved under socialism. She argued that capitalism fomented war, colonialism, and imperialism and it used state violence to secure control over resources and cheap labor. The advent of the Cold War increased the anxiety of individuals like Jones who feared that it made hot war a likely eventuality. Jones argued that the US commitment to containment meant policing the poor and the “darker side of the color line.” She theorized a notion of peace that proposed the destruction of capitalism and the structures it relied on to maintain power; this included racism, sexism, and the prevention of labor organization. Jones was also an anti-imperialist and anti-colonialist and she recognized that US containment policy was merely a re-branding of both. Though Jones died before the US escalated conflict in Vietnam, she watched events in Indochina with trepidation and she argued that the US was heading toward war there.

Recognizing and Seizing Opportunities for Peace and Unification of Vietnam Following the Geneva Convention from 1954 To 1960

Purpose: The article provides an overview of the Vietnam War from 1954 to 1960, describing in detail the process of recognizing and seizing opportunities for peaceful reunification of the country after 1954 in Vietnam. Methods: The article clarifies the research problem using a combination of historical, logical, and analytical methods. Results and Conclusions: The article provides an overall, detailed picture of the basis for the Vietnam Labor Party and the Government of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam to recognize and seize the opportunity to peacefully unify the country in the period 1954–1960; the plots, acts of repression, and sabotage by the US and the Saigon government (1954–1960); and the troubles and losses to the Southern Revolution when they fail to recognize and seize the chance for success. Research implication: The article provides truthful historical arguments and efforts of the Party, the Government, and the Vietnamese people to defeat the invasion and divide plots by the US and its henchmen to achieve the goal of unifying the country. Originality/value: The article gives valuable insights into the real situation in Vietnam after 1954 and the plans and intentions of relevant parties on the issue of the unification and division of Vietnam. Drawing on previous failure lessons, it emphasizes the importance of recognizing and seizing opportunities to win the revolution war.

Vietnam War: A Study of History, Causes, and Impact

The Vietnam War was one of the most controversial and influential military conflicts of the 20th century. This journal article aims to provide an in-depth analysis of the history, causes, and impact of the war that raged in Vietnam from 1955 to 1975. Using primary and secondary sources, the author investigates various aspects of the conflict, including the historical context, the underlying reasons for the outbreak of the war, and far-reaching consequences that continue to shape regional and global affairs to this day. Cold War rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union also played an important role, with the US supporting the South Vietnamese government to prevent the spread of communism in Southeast Asia. Apart from that, the methodology used in this research is a descriptive qualitative method. This method is applied by reviewing various literature related to this research topic. Thus, the role of nationalism and regional dynamics contribute to the escalation of hostilities in the region. These events had significant implications for the trajectory of the conflict and shaped public opinion both in the countries involved and internationally.

HOW DID THE TET OFFENSIVE SERVE AS A PIVOTAL MOMENT THAT ALTERED THE COURSE OF THE VIETNAM WAR FOR THE UNITED STATES?

The Tet Offensive of 1968 stands as a watershed moment in the Vietnam War which compelled the United States to reconsider and alter its strategy. By analyzing the objectives, planning and execution of the offensive, this paper aims to shed light on how the Tet Offensive was successful in exploiting and exposing the gap between the official narratives and on-the-ground realities in America, which would in turn affect subsequent war policy decisions. Moreover, this paper examines how the Tet Offensive was significant in serving as a pivotal moment that altered the course of the war for the United States due to its role in influencing American public opinion, military strategies, political dynamics as well as the relationship between the U.S and South Vietnam.

Strategic Use of Karma in Lan Cao’s Monkey Bridge

Most critics focus on the pain and suffering of the first-generation Vietnamese immigrants depicted in Lan Cao’s Monkey Bridge. This paper explores how Cao strategically uses the philosophy of karma in Vietnamese Buddhism to provide a method for alleviating their suffering in this novel. It argues that she employs karma to investigate the origins of the adversity and trauma experienced by the first-generation Vietnamese immigrants, including the pro-American attitude of the early Vietnamese authorities during the Vietnam War, the imperialistic actions of the United States, and the resulting karmic consequences. In addition, they demonstrate, through actions like forming “hui”, a way to change their fate and heal their trauma for later generations of Vietnamese immigrants, emphasizing positive transformation of karma. This paper suggests that the Buddhist philosophy of karma provides an effective strategy for Vietnamese American immigrants to reflect on the Vietnam War, overcome adversity, and heal their own trauma.

Genocide and Anarchy Characterize in 20th and 20st Century

Violence has various motives and spectrums, with religion playing a crucial role in shaping human behavior. Since the earliest civilization, humans have had a close association with violence and religion in various ways. Dominant religious institutions have institutionalized violence against their opponents and adherents, while religion can also limit violence, as seen in Buddhism. Despite the trend of religious tolerance and secularism in the 20th century, religious sentiments have often played a role in genocidal events, such as the Armenian, Bosnian, Jewish, and Rwandan genocides. Ethnocentric sentiments, extreme nationalism, and narcissism have also led to genocide and crimes, such as the Holocaust and the Mumbai attack of 26/11. Political ideologies driven by dominance and showcase also contribute to genocide and crimes, such as the Vietnam war, the Hiroshima and Nagasaki incident, and the 1971 war.