Victims Of Terrorism Research Articles

Too Positive a Character. Review of: Leuwers, H. (2018). Camille et Lucile Desmoulins. Un rêve de république. Paris: Fayard. 437 p.

The author reviews a monograph by Hervé Leuwers devoted to Camille and Lucile Desmoulins. Camille Desmoulins is the one of the brightest figures of the French Revolution of the eighteenth century. This article shows the difference between H. Leuwers’ idea of Desmoulins and those present in Russian publications. Leuwers states that Desmoulins was not an innocent victim of terror at all and demonstrates that, on the contrary, he was also a creator of the system though he criticised it very moderately at the end of his days. Additionally, Leuwers’ research shows that the Dantonists were inexistent as a closely-knit group. The reviewer pays special attention to some original notes and findings of the researcher, e.g. why Desmoulins is called by his first name only. The reviewer points out some drawbacks of Leuwers’ book, such as the author’s not entirely successful attempt to write a collective biography of the politician and his wife. Also, the reviewer points out the fact that Leuwers refuses to express his own vision of Desmoulins’ personality and explain the reasons for his ideological evolution from lenience to violence and back.

Два ученика профессора С. А. Венгерова (по архивным источникам)

The article, based on the previously unpublished archival documents, contains unknown facts from the life of Professor S. A. Vengerov. An attempt is made to reconstruct the life stories of two of his students, originally from Arkhangelsk, whose names are to be found in the lists of political terror victims, compiled by Memorial.

Political Repressions in Moscow Region in the 1930s on Pages of Electronic “Book of Memory” of Political Terror Victims in Moscow

Political Repressions in Moscow Region in the 1930s on Pages of Electronic “Book of Memory” of Political Terror Victims in Moscow

How does the terrorist experience alter consumer behaviour? An analysis of the Spanish case

Although the number of terrorist casualties has recently decreased, terrorism still presents a threat to society. Within the last 20 years there has been a significant increase in the number of monographic studies about terrorist incidents’ impact on consumer behaviour. However, the present study is the first to analyse whether a terrorist threat specifically alters the consumer behaviour of direct victims. According to the literature, the impact of terrorism on many sectors is lower than originally expected and, if significant, only short term. We hypothesize that this influence is more significant and lasts longer with direct victims, who have undergone traumatic experience. For this purpose, we explore how victims of terrorism in Spain respond to hypothetical scenarios describing a terrorist plot against airplanes at an international airport. In addition, we check if there are significant differences between participants when confronted with situations in which they have to opt between taking or cancelling a planned trip by plane under the menace of a (hypothetical) terrorist attack.

CLINICAL PARALLELS AND FEATURES OF EXPLOSIVE MINE INJURY AND THE TERRORIST ACT IN THE ST. PETERSBURG METRO

Relevance. The realities of modern life demonstrate the likelihood of occurrence of man-made emergencies and terrorist acts. In 2000–2017 In Russia, 120 major terrorist acts and 118 emergency situations related to explosions in buildings, communications, and technological equipment of industrial and agricultural facilities were taken into account. In these terrorist acts, 1570 people were killed and 5118 people were injured; during explosions at industrial facilities 725 and 1919 people, respectively, were killed and injured.Intention. The analysis of explosions in mines and explosive trauma during the terrorist act in the subway of St. Petersburg in 2017 was carried out. Common signs and problems of medical care to victims were determined.Methodology. The general signs of explosive injury are identified, the nosological forms are compared in the victims. The volume of medical care at the prehospital stage and the nature of the treatment and diagnostic measures at hospital admission were assessed. The significance of first aid in the golden hour interval has been determined.Results and discussion. According to the results of the study, the feasibility of treating victims of industrial accidents and terrorist acts in multidisciplinary medical institutions with the mandatory inclusion of rehabilitation measures in the treatment algorithm is substantiated. The analyzed data revealed a problem in determining the severity of the condition of patients with combined thermomechanical injury, the feasibility of further developing an integrated index for determining the severity of injury for victims of this category, the development of which is carried out at the I.I. Dzhanelidze Research Institute of Emergency Care.Conclusion. It is shown that the planning and creation of reserves, their nomenclature and volumes should be coordinated with dedicated medical professionals and undergo regular adjustments.

Herosi czy ofiary? Kapitał moralny Polaków w narracji Muzeum II Wojny Światowej w Gdańsku

The author analyzes the narrative of the Museum of the Second World War in Gdańsk using the category of moral capital, which is defined as a supply of moral stories influencing the moral status of the collective entity described as perpetrator or victim of a given event. The author considers that the decision, in 2008, to create the museum was one of the most important initiatives of Polish historical policy. From the beginning, the idea of the museum was the source of disputes, primarily concerning the shape of the Polish narrative about the war. Discussions on the subject and divisions in the political scene led to a spectacular “takeover” of the museum shortly after its opening in 2017. The management was changed and numerous alterations to the main exhibitions were made. The first version of the exhibition stressed the universalism of the experiences of civilians, including Poles, as victims of war-time terror, poverty, fear, occupation, forced labor, or extermination. After analyzing the narrative content of the exhibition opened in March 2019, the author of the article claims that in the modified version we can observe the (re)construction of a heroic narrative, aimed at reinforcing the moral capital of Poles.

Retos del relato. El Centro Memorial de las Víctimas del Terrorismo

ETA has been the most bloody, long-standing terrorist organization in Spain, and the one that has counted with the greatest social support. Its disappearance has made us question how all of this could happen, what each and everyone of us did and what we could do to avoid that it might happen again. The Memorial Center for the Victims of Terrorism is a public foundation which has started to function in 2016 to motivate us all to reflect upon these big questions. From then on, it has been promoting research projects, in the fields of education, exhibitions and documentation. Its final goal is to contribute to the delegitimization of terrorism within a context where the past is manipulated.

Legal Basis for the Performance of International Obligations on Readmission in the Russian Federationand the Republic of Finla

Readmission agreements are international obligations affecting substantially the rights and freedoms of individuals and citizens. The increase in the number of victims of terrorist acts and the flow of migrants to Europe have revealed the urgent need to build a new migration policy common for the whole of Europe and to strengthen the counter- terrorism cooperation of intelligence services, including between Western countries and Russia, along with realization of international commitments on readmission. The act of signing the Readmission agreement as well as the executive protocol on the order of implementation of this agreement by the Russian Federation and the European Community has become a significant step in developing the mechanisms to counteract illegal migration. The sources used in the article include the fundamental legal documents in the sphere of securing human rights, the decisions of the European Court of Human Rights, the European Union directives, the national legislative acts of the Russian Federation and Finland, the readmission agreements and executive protocols. The article highlights the legal and conceptual aspects of the readmission institute and the relevant international agreements. The author has undertaken the analysis of the Russian and Finnish legislation on readmission, has suggested recommendations for further improvement of the regulatory legal and organizational framework in this area for efficient implementation of readmission agreements concluded by the Russian Federation and the Republic of Finland, and at the same time, on the measures to respect human rights. Readmission, from the point of view of international practice, is only a technical mechanism used in realization of a decision to forcibly deport a foreign citizen or stateless person from the territory of a state. The world practice of combating illegal migration has shown high efficiency of readmission agreements making possible to deport migrants with unsettled legal status to the states of their citizenship or permanent residence within a limited time.

El CELTYV y la construcción de las “víctimas del terrorismo” (2006-2018)

Este artículo se propone abordar la memoria elaborada por los militares y sus círculos más cercanos, acerca de lo ocurrido en la última dictadura militar. Específicamente, el trabajo analizará al “Centro de Estudios Legales sobre el Terrorismo y sus Víctimas” (CELTYV), una organización de origen civil, pero que está ligada al sector militar. El objetivo declarado de dicha organización es buscar la reparación y el respeto de los derechos humanos de aquellos que murieron en acciones realizadas por organizaciones político-militares (especialmente Montoneros y ERP), antes y durante el gobierno militar. En ese sentido, construyen su victimización siguiendo parámetros establecidos por la memoria de los organismos de DDHH (desde los años ochenta hasta el presente), utilizándolos para criticar dicha memoria, a la que catalogan de sectaria. Por esta razón, la organización se encuentra dentro del campo de la “memoria completa”. A lo largo del trabajo se analizan las representaciones y las características que asumen las llamadas “víctimas del terrorismo”; se observan en qué medida su memoria se acerca o se distancia de las memorias sostenidas por sectores militares en general y otras sobre el período; se da cuenta de las prácticas y recursos de recordación que utilizan para dar a conocer su memoria; y se expone el marco jurídico desde el cual esta organización fundamenta su memoria y su posición política en el presente.

Victims of Terrorism in Nigeria: A Study of Boko Haram and Internally Displaced Persons (IDPS)

Despite government condemnation of terrorism and international concern for safety of lives and property, terrorism keeps raising its ugly face up across the globe. This paper examines the relationship between Boko Haram and Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) in Nigeria. It is no longer news to insinuate that the activities of this deadly sect have forced millions of people to flee their homes for safety. Adopting the Frustration/Aggression theory as the theoretical framework, the paper basically utilized secondary data generated by scholars on the nexus between the terrorist activities of the sect and the plight of displaced individuals in Nigeria. The paper found religion, ethnicity, violation of human rights, corruption, poverty, unemployment, bad governance, unconstitutional and undemocratic practices as major causes of Boko Haram in Nigeria while the effects of their nefarious act include: loss of lives and property, radicalization of the younger generations, violation of human rights and above all, displacement of people. The paper recommended poverty alleviation programme, job creation, ethno-religious tolerance, adherence to the rule of law, respect for human rights to be collectively pursued by all stakeholders so as to prevent insurgency and the rate at which people flee their homes.

The Disappeared Are Appearing: Murals that Recover Communal Memory

ABSTRACT∞ Relatives of the disappeared during the last civic–military dictatorship in Argentina who were able to recover the human remains of their family members through the work of the Argentine Forensic Anthropology Team (Equipo Argentino de Antropología Forense, or EAAF), painted a mural in March 2014. ‘The Disappeared Are Appearing’ is a collaborative and community-based mural project designed, rendered and completed by the relatives of victims of state terror in Argentina. The participating family members of the disappeared had recovered the human remains of their beloved relatives through the tenacious and constant work of the EAAF, a nongovernmental, not-for-profit, scientific organization. It was established in 1984 to investigate the cases of at least 9,000 disappeared people in Argentina under the military government that ruled from 1976 to 1983.

Who Is Concerned about Terrorist Attacks? A Religious Profile

As part of the study on the psychological impact of terrorist acts on ordinary people, the objective of this study is to understand if religious identity protects individuals from feeling concerned about the possibility of terrorist attacks. The study was based on a sample from the World Values Survey, wave 6 (2010–2014), of 30,446 citizens of countries whose dominant religion is Christianity. According to the concern felt regarding the possibility of becoming the target of a terrorist attack, a religious profile was identified. Most of the sample reported high levels of worry about terrorist attacks. The most religious respondents, more faithful and more devoted to religious practices, are more worried about the occurrence of terrorist attacks. Opposite to what is mostly found in the literature, religion does not act as a protective barrier to the primary objective of terrorism, which consists in the use of violence to create fear. People worried about the probability of becoming a target in terrorist attacks are also victims of terrorism.

Reforming International Human Rights Litigation against Corporate Defendants after Jesner v. Arab Bank

In April 2017, the U.S. Supreme Court, in Jesner v. Arab Bank, denied terror victims in Israel access to U.S. courts, holding that foreign corporations may not be sued under the Alien Tort Statute (ATS). The petitioners alleged that Arab Bank, a Jordanian financial institution, had facilitated acts of terrorism by maintaining bank accounts for known jihadists, and that it had used its New York branch to clear Dollar transactions and launder money for a US-based charity said to be affiliated with Hamas. The Majority argued that courts should not use the ATS to create new private rights of action, but should leave this task to the legislator. The decision is said to deal the deathblow to U.S. Human Rights litigation, but as this article argues, seems a logical consequence of the Supreme Court’s latest restrictions on personal jurisdiction over foreign corporate defendants and a growing concern to respect the sovereignty rights of foreign states. It confirms a trend towards more judicial reticence and, in this regard, suggests an increasing convergence of U.S. and foreign attitudes towards judicial discretion as well as international jurisdiction rules. However, on substance, the decisions leads to significant jurisdictional gaps to hold multi-national corporations accountable for the violation of international human rights. Based on a comparative analysis of EU procedural and substantive rules, this article makes suggestions for a harmonized legal regime to judge foreign corporations’ liability for human rights violations before domestic courts.

Effectiveness of trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy for terrorism victims with very long-term emotional disorders.

There are no published studies on the clinical utility of psychotherapy in victims of terrorism who suffer emotional disorders many years after the attacks. A course of trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy was administered to 50 victims of terrorist attacks that occurred an average of 23 years previously and who presented isolated or concurrent posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD; 74%), major depressive disorder (54%), panic disorder (38%), or other anxiety disorders (38%). According to an intention-to-treat analysis (N=50), these percentages decreased significantly to 24% (PTSD and major depression), 16% (panic disorder) and 14% (other anxiety disorders) at 1-year follow-up. According to a complete data analysis, at posttreatment no victims (n=31) still presented major depressive or panic disorder, only 3.2% presented PTSD and 9.7% presented other anxiety disorders, whereas at 1-year follow-up, no victims presented any disorders (n=22). At posttreatment and at the 1-, 3-, 6-month, and 1-year follow-ups, large statistically and clinically significant decreases in PTSD, depression, and anxiety symptomatology were found (d=1.26 to 2.52 at 1-year follow-up). These results suggest that efficacious treatments for recent victims are also useful in the usual clinical practice for victims with very long-term emotional disorders.

Myelosuppression and acute hematological complications of sulfur mustard exposure in victims of chemical terrorism

Sulfur mustard (SM) is a vesicant chemical warfare agent. Recent studies reported alleged use of SM by non-state actors in Syria and Iraq. It has been shown that SM induced immunological and hematological complications. The aim of this study was to determine acute toxic effects of SM exposure on hematological parameters. Blood samples from a group of Syrian exposed to SM in 2016 were taken daily during the follow-up of the patients in intensive care unit. Initial leukocytosis was observed in all patients (100%) on the first 48 h after exposure. Following leukocytosis, isolated lymphopenia was observed in all patients (100%) between 2nd and 4th days. A decrease in hemoglobin level was noted in five patients (62.5%) between 4th and 5th days. Thrombocytopenia was observed in 75% of patients between 4th and 6th days for mild cases and between 9th and 11th days for severe cases. Three patients (37.5%) developed distinct leucopenia/neutropenia on 11th and 12th days. It was observed that human exposure to high dose of SM has direct toxic effect on hematological cells and bone marrow. New strategies on treatment of SM-induced myelosuppression could reduce the effects of hematological complications and could increase the survival rate in these patients.

Muertes paralelas. Una microhistoria acerca de la violencia de ETA y la nacionalización de los inmigrantes en el País Vasco

Durante los años cincuenta y sesenta el País Vasco fue receptor de una oleada de inmigrantes que, procedentes del resto de España, llegaba en busca de trabajo. Su presencia reavivó la xenofobia de un sector del nacionalismo vasco. Cuando ETA comenzó a matar, se enfrentó al dilema de qué hacer con ese colectivo: integrarlo en su utopía de una gran nación vasca homogénea o expulsarlo. En este artículo se abordará esta cuestión poniendo el foco en dos inmigrantes procedentes de la misma comarca de Badajoz y residentes en Zarauz, que murieron en la etapa final de la dictadura franquista. Uno, Juan Paredes (Txiki), se integró en ETA y fue ejecutado tras un juicio sumarísmo. El nacionalismo radical lo elevó a la categoría de mártir, instrumentalizándolo para fomentar la asimilación de otros inmigrantes. Otro, Manuel López Treviño, era un guardia civil que fue asesinado por la banda en venganza del fusilamiento de Txiki. Como otras víctimas del terrorismo, fue señalado como un villano y un ejemplo a evitar.

Correlation of The Concepts of "Terrorism", "Terrorist Act", and "Act of Terrorism" in Obligations in The Law of Tort

The article provides a comparative analysis of the terms "terrorism" and "terrorist act". In order to bring the harm-doers to civil liability, the authors suggest introducing a broader concept of an "act of terrorism". The current legislation provides for various types of liability for harm caused to victims of terrorism. However, civil liability offers a clear list of specific subjects of such liability. For victims to successfully exercise their right to compensation for harm, the authors suggest consistent use of the concepts of "damage", "loss", and "harm". In the research, the authors have answered the following basic question: when and on what grounds the person causing harm to the victims may be held liable for harm caused by a terrorist act. Another question answered was as follows: the existence of what conditions gives rise to such liability.

Training Program for countering the Effects of Terrorism and Emotional Stability of University Students in Punjab (Pakistan)

The current scenario of terrorism in Pakistan made people insecure, scared depressed and aggressive. After the tragic incidents of 9/11, terrorism has become a major threat to the lives of the people. Pakistan was a severe victim of terrorism. The present study assessed the need for a training program to counter effects of terrorism on emotional stability of university students.The population and sample of the study were comprised of Government College University, Faisalabad. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of terrorism among university students. A self-developed questionnaire was designed for students to examine the existing level of emotional instability through survey. Both Descriptive, as well as inferential Statistical tests, were applied to draw conclusions. The study identified the need for training programs to counter the effects of terrorism on emotional wellbeing of university students. Results revealed that terrorism has negatively affected the emotional health of university students.

La narración de los datos estadísticos como subestimación de la víctima oriental en la geografía nominal

El presente artículo parte de la premisa de que la práctica discursiva sobre la muerte oriental, iniciada por las agencias de saber, puede corresponder a una subestimación narrativa de los territorios y de las personas presentes en un espacio polisémico llamado MENA. La hipótesis investigada, a través de la comparación de diferentes fuentes estadísticas secundarias (2001-2017), muestra que la mayoría de las víctimas del terrorismo no se sitúan en el área geográfica occidental, sino en la región de Oriente Medio y África del Norte. Esta interpretación de los datos estadísticos presupone que el número de las muertes, manipuladas en una clave positivista, participa en el proceso más general de "esencialización racial" del espacio. Por lo tanto, lo que nos proponemos hacer es reflexionar sobre la narración de "datos" que alimenta cierta retórica gubernamental de MENA. Metodológicamente, la comparación de diferentes datos aclara que existe una "subestimación geográfica" relacionada con una "sobrenarración" del evento terrorista, descrito como una amenaza oriental. Esta "sobreexposición" tiene el efecto de subestimar a la víctima local, puesto que la inscripción geográfica del MENA, comprendida como un espacio de terror, arrebata la dignidad de la muerte a las poblaciones orientales.

Strengthening Protection and Support for Victims of Terrorism in Criminal Proceedings in Afghanistan

Afghanistan faces significant challenges as it seeks to emerge from thirty years of civil war and insurgent violence and promote lasting peace and security. Terrorist incidents, which have increased dramatically since 2004, continue to pose a major threat to security, destabilizing governance and fracturing state initiatives to guarantee rule of law to citizens. An urgent priority for the government, as part of its development of counterterrorism policy, is to ensure that the formal criminal justice system responds effectively to the threat of terrorism by creating mechanisms and procedures that support the rights and needs of victims in accordance with international human rights standards. To date, examining victimhood in Afghanistan and accurately understanding the assistance and support that victims of terrorism receive and to which they are entitled during criminal justice processes have avoided academic scrutiny. Informed by empirical evidence and qualitative interviews with justice officials in Afghanistan, this article aims to fill this important gap in scholarship. It does so by drawing on an international framework for good practices outlined in the Global Counterterrorism Forum’s Madrid Memorandum to shed new light on gaps in existing national law. In doing so, it makes important recommendations for both institutional and legislative reform designed to strengthen protections and assistance for victims of terrorism and inform contemporary reviews of criminal procedural law being undertaken by justice ministries in Afghanistan.