Veterinary Inspection Research Articles

Insecticidal efficacy of binary fly bait against houseflies Musca Domestica L.

Modern methods of veterinary disinsection are based on the use of chemical agents. Efficiency of insecticides is determined by composition, form and method of use. Use of mixtures of insecticidal active substances is recommended as one of the anti-resistance strategies, with the most preferred formulations in the form of baits. The purpose of the present work was to evaluate the insecticidal efficacy of the bait composition containing ivermectin and fipronil against the adult fly of Musca domestica L. Intestinal insecticidal effect of a mixture of two active substances (ivermectin and fipronil) on the imago of M. domestica laboratory culture was evaluated by the method of group feeding in laboratory conditions. A mixture containing 0.06% ivermectin and 0.015% fipronil caused the death of (97.6 ± 2.4)% of insects during 24 hours of exposure. Developed insecticidal bait Mukhnet IF (ivermectin 0.06% + fipronil 0.015%) had a 100% insecticidal effect against imago M. domestica in the laboratory after 48 hours of exposure, as well as the monocomponent bait Mukhnet I (ivermectin 0.6%) and Mukhnet F (fipronil 0.15%) and Agita comparison drug (thiamethoxam 10%). The insecticidal efficacy of the developed bait Mukhnet IF against flies in the production environment on the first day after processing the livestock building was 96.7%, which is comparable to the efficiency of the monocomponent bait Mukhnet I and Mukhnet F and the comparison preparation. Obtained results allowed authors to propose «Method for reducing the number of flies at objects of veterinary sanitary inspection» (RU 2692620).

Analysis of Streptococcal Infection and Correlation with Climatic Factors in Cultured Tilapia Oreochromis spp. in Taiwan

Tilapia (Oreochromis spp.), a prominent warm water food fish, is one of the major fish species grown in the aquaculture industry in south-east Asia. Tilapia can tolerate adverse water quality and other stressors, like diverse salinity and fluctuation of pH value, better than most other commercial aquaculture species. Environmental fluctuations are one of the main factors that affect the outbreak of infectious diseases in cultured tilapia. Cultured tilapia in Taiwan appears to be more susceptible to infections caused by Streptococci during the summer season. The present study emphasizes the Streptococcus spp. infection in tilapia in Taiwan and is the first study on the analysis of the potential impact of climate change on streptococcal infection in cultured tilapia in Asia. The data collected from the treatment and diagnosis system (TDS) of the aquatic animal diseases database from 2006 to 2015 were used to analyze the endemic streptococcal infection and the effect of climatic factors. Based on the results, the factor, average atmospheric pressure, is negatively correlated to streptococcal infection, while the other three, including average temperature, ultraviolet (UV) index, and rainfall, are positively correlated to streptococcal infection. A multivariate logistic regression model with these four factors was also built. When the average temperature is above 27.0 °C, the average atmospheric pressure is lower than 1005.1 hPa, or the UV index is above 7.2, the percentage of cumulated positive farms from all submitted tilapia cases was more than 50%. In addition, within 3 days of rain, rainfall is relevant to the occurrence of Streptococcus in tilapia. Using TDS to alert the occurrence of streptococcal infection in tilapia can be a very useful tool for veterinary aquatic animal inspection stations, and reducing economic losses and labour costs in aquatic agriculture.

FASCIOLOSIS OF CATTLE IN THE CENTRAL FEDERAL DISTRICT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

Fasciolosis is a helminthozoonotic disease that affects mammals of many species, domestic, wild ruminants and humans. The following species of fasciolae are known: Fasciola hepatica (L., 1758); F. gigantica (Cobbold, 1885); F. jacksoni (Cobbold, 1869); F. halli (Sinitsin, 1933); F. californica (Sinitsin, 1933); F. indica (Warma, 1953). In Russia in ruminants only two species were found: Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica. Fasciolosis occurs in many countries world-wide and in Russia also. It causes significant economic losses in Russia and has social importance also. Regional aspect of the disease is not sufficiently studied, which became the aim of our study. The aim of the present study: was to estimate the prevalence of fasciolae infection in the cattle in the Central Federal District of the Russian Federation. Post-mortem veterinary-sanitary examination aimed to detect fasciolae in the liver of the cattle was conducted accordingly to «Pravila veterinarnogo osmotra uboynykh zhivotnykhi veterinarno-sanitarnoy ekspertizy myasa i myasnykh produktov» (17.06.1988) (Rules of veterinary inspection slaughtered animals and veterinary-sanitary examination of meat and meat products). The examinations were performed in 2016 at abattoirs in Balashikha district of the Moscow region. The results of examination of the livers from 250 slaughtered cattle from the Ryazan region, 59 slaughtered cattle from the Voronezh region, 96 slaughtered cattle from the Tula region, 157 from the Smolensk region are as follows: the slaughtered cattle in the Ryazan region were infected with F. hepatica (50 livers out of 250) with an infestation extensity (IE) = 20%, with an infestation intensity II = 9–112 ex/head, the cattle in the Voronezh Region was infected with F. hepatica (12 out of 59) with an infestation extensity (IE) = 20.3%, with an infestation intensity (II) = 5–93 ex/head, the slaughtered cattle from the Tula region were infected with F. hepatica (21 out of 96) with an IE = 21.9%, with an II = 12–117 ex/head, and the cattle from the Smolensk region were infected with F. hepatica (43 livers out of 157) with an IE =2 7.3%, with an II = 21–129 ex/head. The results of the study show that in the Ryazan, Voronezh, Tula and Smolensk Regions disease prevention measures need to be taken by farmers and managers of livestock farms to reduce the impact of the disease.

ENDOPARASITOFAUNA OF MONGOLIAN GAZELLE IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE DAURSKY RESERVE

Currently, government agencies are increasing interest in the conservation of wild ruminants which are either listed in the Red Book or kept in reserves and national parks. This type of ruminant includes dzeren, or Mongolian gazelle that lives on the territory of the Daursky State Nature Biosphere Reserve between the Tel and Utogi cordons. For purposes of studies for helminths that form the endoparasitofauna, 57 samples of feces were taken which were frozen and delivered for the studies to the Department of Parasitology and Veterinary Inspection of the FSBEI HE MGAVMiB – MBA named after K.I. Scryabin. The studies were carried out according to generally accepted methods, and the following data were obtained - for dzerens that live in the conditions of the Daursky Reserve, there are 2 types of helminths that belong to the class of nematodes Nematodirus spp. and Trichostrongylus spp. The infection intensity of the studied samples was 47.4%. The genus Nematodirus spp. prevails, helminth eggs were found in 23 samples, which is 40.4% of the total number of the samples. In turn, eggs of Trichostrongylus spp. were found in 4 samples, which is 7.0% of the total number of the samples.

Analysis of the Factors Influencing Veterinary Food Inspectors in Poland.

Simple SummaryVeterinary public health is involved in various fields related to food animals, i.e., their welfare and health condition, food safety and quality. Proper management of animal health status, in slaughter and then monitoring procedures through the whole production chain, are incorporated in the work of Veterinary Food Inspectors. These inspectors are also involved in assessing epidemiological situation, taking decisions in crisis and supervising decision-making process in the slaughterhouse. Responsible for both animal and human health, Veterinary Food Inspectors struggle with moral and ethical dilemmas, conflicts with food industry workers and employment shortages. There is also growing demand for continuing education and training, in order to adjust veterinary service to dynamically changing food industry and to follow modern animal production. More attention must be paid to training in food hygiene subjects, given Veterinary Food Inspectors must have excellent competencies in this field, in order to guarantee excellent last contact with food animals.The evaluation of the quality of Veterinary Inspection in Poland has received much attention in the past few years. Veterinarians working as Food Inspectors face numerous and newly arising problems in the protection of animal health status, providing surveillance information on the occurrence of diseases, and carrying out risk analyses of the hazards related to food of animal origin. From the 130 active veterinarians attending the post graduate courses in “Hygiene of slaughter animals, meat and animal origin products” in Poland, 119 took part in the survey. The questionnaire consisted of 15 questions that delivered information on demographic features of the respondents, and various aspects of the course of their work: (a) Motivation to undertake work in food safety sector, (b) overall job satisfaction, (c) crucial negative factors and (d) occupational hazards. Participants were mainly under 40 years of age. They were Veterinary Food Inspectors working as Official and Approved Veterinarians. Permanent position and economic reasons were their main motivation in the food safety sector. They indicated problems related to insufficient training in ante and post mortem examination, work with legal acts and risk analysis. They also declared a lack of preparation in coping with crisis situations. One third of the respondents declared their health and lives were endangered, while fulfilling professional duties and pointed at different sources of hazards. The overall evaluation of the work in food safety sector was rated good and satisfactory.

The association between clinical parameters recorded at vet gates during Fédération Equestre Internationale endurance rides and the imminent risk of elimination.

Endurance competitions over distances of 80-160km are required by Fédération Equestre Internationale (FEI) rules to be divided into a number of stages between three and six. These stages are also known as "loops". Veterinary inspections, designed to ensure horse welfare, are conducted at the end of each loop, with details recorded on a separate "vet card" for each horse. To identify risk factors recorded on vet cards that were associated with elimination at subsequent loops. Retrospective cohort study. Data relating to 3213 horse starts worldwide in international (CEI) events during 2014 were analysed. Univariable logistic regression was used to identify risk factors for potential inclusion in a final multivariable logistic regression model. Models were constructed stepwise using backwards-removal and assessed using the Bayesian information criterion. Risk factors were identified, which would allow an "in-ride" risk profile to be constructed for each horse which evolves as the horse progresses through the ride. Some risk factors such as abnormal gait and high heart rate were found to be repeatedly associated with imminent failure to qualify. This is a relatively small study in terms of cohort size, based on the data that were available at the time of the study. Although comprehensive ride history data were also available for each horse via the main FEI database, training data were not. By identifying risk factors observed during the veterinary inspections at the end of a loop that are strongly associated with elimination at the end of the next or subsequent loops, these results provide an evidence-base for educational initiatives and regulatory changes that will inform the way veterinary delegates use veterinary inspections to help identify horses at risk of imminent FTQ.

Infection by Mycobacterium caprae in three cattle herds in Emilia-Romagna Region, Northern Italy.

Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a contagious chronic disease associated with progressive emaciation (starvation) and tubercles (granuloma) formation commonly caused by Mycobacterium bovis. In cattle, M. caprae may also be responsible for bTB. In EU, human tuberculosis due to M. bovis had a notification rate of 0.04 cases per 100,000 inhabitants in 2017, but data did not include M. caprae infections. From September 2018 to April 2019, bTB outbreaks were investigated in three neighbouring dairy cattle herds in Parma province, Northern Italy. Parma municipality belongs to an officially free of bovine tuberculosis (OTF) Italian region. Official testing on cattle herds, performed every three years as legally required, revealed no positive animals. Tubercular lesions were found during the post mortem (PM) examination of slaughtered cattle and M. caprae genotype SB0418/VNTR 4,3,5,3,4,5,2,2,4, 3,15,5 was isolated. This report confirms the crucial importance of PM veterinary inspection at slaughterhouse, despite the OTF status of cattle herds.

The World Trade Organization Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures and veterinary control procedures.

World Trade Organization (WTO) Members have developed a framework of rules and guidance for veterinary control, inspection and approval procedures for international trade in animals and animal products. The core of this guidance can be found in Article 8 and Annex C of the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS Agreement), which help Members to achieve the twin objectives of ensuring animal health and facilitating safe trade through their detailed disciplines. The issue of veterinary control, inspection and approval procedures frequently surfaces on the agenda of the Committee on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures when Members discuss trade concerns or decide to explore this topic in periodic reviews of the SPS Agreement. The WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement (2017), which was crafted to further expedite the movement and clearance of goods, brought additional structure to the design and operation of border procedures, including veterinary control procedures. The entry into force of the Trade Facilitation Agreement also increased, in many cases, the visibility and resources allocated to the operation of border controls, including international assistance. These processes provide further opportunities to enhance the profile of veterinary and other SPS agencies besides that of Customs, and to improve coordination among these various agencies and organisations.

Mutual recognition of veterinary testing and inspection results to facilitate international trade.

For a country to have confidence in the health status of the animals or animal goods it is importing, it must also have confidence in the performance of the exporting country's Veterinary Service. An exporting country's Veterinary Service may be judged by its management of the health status of its animal population and by the governance of its export process. Effectiveness in both arenas provides prospective importing countries with confidence in the sanitary status of that nation's exports and facilitates international trade. Assessing the performance of Veterinary Services across borders, however, can be a complex process, which depends on building trust and exchanging information between independent jurisdictions and the relevant scientific and regulatory authorities. In this paper, the authors introduce some of the fundamental facts and concepts of regulatory cooperation at the multilateral and bilateral level. They also discuss why such initiatives matter when attempting to increase safe trade in animals and animal products. In addition, the authors address ways in which such cooperation could be undertaken more effectively; specifically, by supporting the implementation of the health standards set by the World Organisation for Animal Health while facilitating the seamless flow of animal goods. The authors conclude by presenting a case study of the trade in animals and animal products between Australia and New Zealand, as an example of best practice in international regulatory cooperation leading to more and safer trade.

Do waiting times in endurance vet gates affect the cardiac recovery index?

The cardiac recovery index (CRI) is currently a key component of veterinary inspections to assess endurance horses metabolic status and fitness. Originally published by Ridgeway, it instructs veterinarians to subtract from the first heart rate (HR1), collected when the horse is initially presented for examination, a second HR (HR2), taken 1 min after the horse starts a 125 feet (38.1 m) out and back trot to assess gait. It is widely believed that an increase of more than 4 bpm from HR1 might be an indicator of fatigue. The FEI rules instruct the veterinarians to start the stopwatch exactly 1 min after the HR1 count instead of trot start, as described previously. The aims of this study were to investigate how time delays in the vet gate affect the HR1 count and the CRI during endurance competitions, and to characterise and compare the time taken by veterinarians to measure the original version of the CRI (tCRIRIDG) and the adapted CRI used in FEI endurance events (tCRIFEI). Data from 972 veterinary inspections of horses that took place in different endurance competitions in three different venues were collected. There was no association between the time elapsed from entering the vet gate to the start of the HR1 count or from the HR1 count to the start of the trot-up and the HR1 or the CRI (P>0.05). However, larger studies involving more venues and different layouts are needed to corroborate our findings and to characterise the sensitivity and specificity of the CRI regarding the baseline heart rate. Although this study did not show an influence of waiting times on the CRI, a reduced deviation from the mean observed across all veterinarians when using the original Ridgeway guidelines to calculate the CRI (tCRIRIDG) seems to point a better time-wise consistency when this version is used.

Subclinical Ultrasonographic Abnormalities of the Suspensory Ligament Branches Are Common in Elite Showjumping Warmblood Horses.

Background: There is limited information concerning the ultrasonographic appearance of suspensory ligament branches (SLB) in sports horses. Publications exist on clinical injuries that lead to loss of training days and retirement, but not on the appearance of SLBs in high level showjumping Warmbloods.Objectives: To demonstrate the prevalence of subclinical SLB abnormalities in regularly competing high-level showjumpers; to grade each branch 0–3; compare forelimb vs. hindlimb and medial vs. lateral SLBs; subjectively assess periligamentous fibrosis; measure cross sectional area (CSA) and to gather competition follow-up data.Study Design: Prospective cross-sectional study using ultrasonograms.Methods: Sixty elite showjumping Warmbloods without recent history or clinical signs of SLB desmopathy were examined ultrasonographically. Eight static images of each SLB were acquired in transverse and longitudinal sections, anonymised and stored. Images were then assessed and graded by two experienced blinded clinicians based on a published ordinal scale (grade 0–3). A branch score was assigned based on the most severe grade of any image slice in each branch series. SLB cross-sectional area measurement was obtained from each SLB using the transverse image proximal to insertion.Results: The frequency of grade 2 (moderate) ultrasonographic abnormalities was high. Combined data showed a prevalence of 58% (554/960) grade 2 SLBs. Interobserver agreement was good (kappa = 0.65). Periligamentous fibrosis was over represented in hindlimbs (64%). Combined observer data showed there was no statistical difference in branch scores based on limb or laterality. Follow-up over 12 months revealed only two horses were excluded from competition due to SLB injury.Main Limitations: Sample size was small. Images were obtained in static mode, limbs were not clipped of hair, lameness evaluation was under FEI veterinary inspection and not performed by the authors and follow-up evaluation was from FEI competition records and communication only, and was limited to 1 year.Conclusions: Regularly competing elite showjumping Warmbloods have a high prevalence of subclinical SLB ultrasongraphic abnormalities, which may not contribute to causing lameness, poor-performance or be viewed entirely negatively at prepurchase examination. Judicious interpretation of moderate severity SLB abnormalities is advised due the low incidence of clinical injury demonstrated during the 1 year follow-up.

Subjective and objective evaluations of horses for fit-to-compete or unfit-to-compete judgement

At Fédération Equestre Internationale (FEI) competitions, horses undergo veterinary inspection for judgement of ‘fit-to-compete’. However, FEI Veterinary Delegates (VDs) often differ in opinion. The aim of the present study was to evaluate intra- and inter-observer agreements of fit-to-compete judgement and compare these with objective gait analysis measurements. Twelve horses were evaluated by three experienced VDs and one veterinary specialist and video-recorded for re-evaluation later. Simultaneously, quantitative gait analysis measurements were acquired. Inter-observer agreement during live evaluations was fair (κ = 0.395, 58% agreement). Intra-observer agreement between live observations and videos at one and 12 months was 71% and 73% respectively. Sensitivity and specificity of motion symmetry measured with quantitative gait analysis system were 83.3% and 66.7% respectively, against the consensus of all observers as a reference. These findings might suggest that more VDs should be used to adequately judge fit-to-compete. Quantitative-gait-analysis may be useful to support decision making during fit-to-compete judgement.

Isolation of Trichophyton spores from lesions typically classified as resolving in cattle

Dermatophytosis is an important zoonotic superficial mycosis of cattle, primarily caused by the dermatophyte Trichophyton verrucosum. T. verrucosum presents a signifi-cant public health risk in the United States. The presence of dermatophyte lesions does not necessarily preclude issuance of certificates of veterinary inspection, and are permitted in some livestock shows and exhibition cattle if the inspecting veterinarian observes hair regrowth within the lesion. The objective of this study was to evaluate dermatophyte lesions, both without hair (alopecic or active) and with hair regrowth (resolving), for presence of T. verrucosum spores in calves. Our hypothesis was that the regrowth of hair would not correlate with the absence of infective material. Of the 34 calves sampled, 23 of 34 of the haired/resolving lesions had spores present, while 14/34 of the alopecic/active lesions had spores present. The odds of a haired/resolving sample having spores present was found to be 4 times that of the odds of an alopecic/active sample having spores present (p-value = 0.03516, 95% CI: 1.07, 22.09). Resolving lesions, as evidenced by regrowth of hair, did not correlate with mycologic cure in this study as spores were still recovered in many lesions designated as haired/resolving.

Assessment of the sanitary status of enterprises processing food of animal origin, based on the results of the Polish Veterinary Inspection supervision

Introduction and objective. With regard on its’ proprieties, the food of animal origin is subject to a special supervision of the Polish Veterinary Inspection. Acquisition of such products requires strict observation of legal norms. The paper focuses on the sanitary state of slaughterhouses and butcheries, with regard to the supervision held over these institutions by the Veterinary Inspection. Material and methods The numerical data being subject to the present research reveal its activity in the years 2005 – 2016, divided into 2 sub-terms, each covering the 6-years period (report No. RRW-5). Statistical analysis was performed, comparing statistical trends (number of given administrative decisions, both warning and forbidding) to the number of supervised and controlled establishments. Results and conclusions. The Veterinary Inspection applies administrative tools, adequate to the dangers affecting consumers. As a result of this, the Inspection extorts the improvement of sanitary state or it eliminates incorrect abattoirs from the market. In the light of conducted analysis, the sanitary state of institutions processing foodstuffs of animal origin can be rated positively, thanks to the proper supervision. Results and observations were described in scope of worldwide tendencies in veterinary supervision of food safety. It is advisable to compare the results obtained in this work with the assessment of final product offered for consumption to the end consumer.

Administrative and legal supervision of the Veterinary Inspection over food safety in Poland – selected issues

Legal sciences, raising food safety as the subject of research, focus mainly on striving to ensure sufficiently effective legal regulations and the system of bodies controlling and supervising the food market that determine the correct health quality of food. One such body is the Veterinary Inspection. And while it focuses in its tasks mainly on the protection of animal health, it directly and indirectly affects the maintenance of food health requirements. Supervision exercised by the said Inspection plays an important role in ensuring a high level of protection of human life and health, and also protects the economic interests of the consumer. These two goals are basic. Additional objectives are protection of the reliability of commercial transactions, ensuring the free movement of food in the European Union, protection of animal health and living conditions and protection of the environment. They are of particular importance for determining acceptable limits of competences that can be entrusted to public administration bodies, including the said Inspection. The article presents the activities of the Veterinary Inspection to protect food safety and selected executive forms that it uses for this purpose. These types of entities are equipped with such forms of activity because they fulfill a protective function in the public administration system. However, this function implies the obligation to protect many different values desired individually, as well as maintain (ensure) objectively desired states of affairs, phenomena and processes.

Patho-anatomic findings in finisher pigs, sows, and piglets detected during veterinary slaughterhouse inspection

The number of patho-anatomic findings detected during the veterinary examination of slaughtered pigs was analyzed. From 2010 to 2017, a total of 20 550 072 finisher pigs, 484 710 sows, and 94 279 piglets were slaughtered in the Czech Republic. By comparing the overall amount of patho-anatomic findings expressed as an index of the ratio of the number of findings to the number of slaughtered animals, the highest incidence of patho-anatomic findings was determined in piglets (index 1.52), followed by sows (index 1.23), and the lowest in finisher pigs (index 0.81). The most numerous was the occurrence of chronic findings (finisher pigs: index 0.724%, sows: 0.926, piglets: 0.877). Furthermore, a high frequency of acute findings was found (finisher pigs: index 0.037, sows: 0.207, piglets: 0.373). The findings of traumatic and parasitic nature were significantly (P < 0.001) lower than those of chronic and acute character. The differences in the total number of findings and in the number of findings by the type of damage were significant (P < 0.001) between the individual pig categories. The results show that the worst health condition was observed in piglets, followed by sows, and the best in finisher pigs. Furthermore, the number of findings was significantly decreasing in finisher pigs (r = -0.7143, P = 0.047); no significant change was found in sows (r = -0.643, P = 0.086); however, it was significantly increasing in piglets (r = +0.857, P = 0.007). Therefore, there is a particular need for health improvement in piglets and also in sows.

Impact of residues of veterinary medicinal products in food of animal origin on public health safety in Poland in the years 2003-2017

Monitoring the presence of residues of unauthorized substances, chemical and biological residues, medicinal products and radioactive contamination in food is an important element of the system for protection of consumers against hazardous foods. The aim of the study was to analyze the results of monitoring tests for the presence of antibiotics and chemotherapeutics affecting consumer safety in products of animal origin that were carried out in Poland in the years 2003-2017. The material for analysis were annual reports on the results of tests for the presence of prohibited substances, chemical and biological residues, medicinal products and radioactive contamination in food produced in Poland. Samples for testing were taken at random from food of animal origin produced on farms under the supervision of the Veterinary Inspectorate. The reports present data on monitoring tests carried out in the years 2003-2017. The analysis was based on the results for B1 substances, which include antibacterial substances, antibiotics and chemotherapeutics approved for use in food-producing animals. The results from the last two years of research were analyzed in detail, including the results for prohibited substances with antibacterial action from group A6 (prohibited substances) and, in the case of poultry, for coccidiostats (group B2b).The results of the monitoring studies in Poland indicate that both veterinarians and animal breeders were aware that the proper use of chemotherapeutics and compliance with waiting periods are necessary to ensure food safety. Samples that exceeded the standards represented less than 0.3% of all samples tested in all types of food. According to the results of these studies, antibiotic residues were most frequently found in honey.

Жирнокислотний склад м’яса забійних тварин за оброблення мийно-дезінфікуючими засобами

During the production and circulation of safe and high-quality meat of slaughtered animals, state veterinary inspectors must carry out risk-oriented control over the detection of detergents and disinfectants due to violation of terms and conditions using patented express methods with a reliability of up to 99.9 %. Studies have shown the fatty acid composition of the meat of slaughtered animals of various qualities, including treatment with detergents and disinfectants. It was found that the content of saturated fatty acids in beef of dubious freshness increased by 2.12 %, and during the treatment of beef with solutions of formaldehyde (10 %) and chlorine decreased by 6.76 % and 4.63 %, respectively; in pork of dubious freshness, and treated with a solution of hydrogen peroxide (5 %) and detergents and disinfectants probably increased (p≤0,001) by 5.82 %, 9.11 % and 10.53 %; in mutton of dubious freshness and treated with a solution of potassium permanganate (5 %) was probably (p≤0,001) reduced by 9.76 % and 2.11 %; in goat meat of questionable freshness and treated with acetic acid solution (10 %) was probably (p≤0.001) increased by 3.10 % and 6.44 % compared to the control (fresh meat). The content of unsaturated fatty acids in beef of dubious freshness was slightly reduced by 2.30 % (p≤0.001), and in beef treated with formaldehyde and chlorine solutions slightly increased by 7.32 % (p≤0.001) and 5.01 % (p≤0.001), respectively; in pork of questionable freshness and questionable freshness treated with a solution of hydrogen peroxide (5 %) and detergents and disinfectants, it probably decreased (p≤0.001) by 4.42 %, 6.92 % and 8.00 %, respectively; in mutton of dubious freshness and treated with a solution of potassium permanganate (5 %) was probably (p≤0,001) increased by 11.82 % and 2.56 %, respectively; in goat meat of questionable freshness and treated with acetic acid solution (10 %) was probably (p≤0.001) reduced by 3.27 % and 6.81 % compared to the control (fresh meat). The ratio of UFA/SFA in beef of questionable freshness was lower by 4.33 %, in beef treated with solutions of formaldehyde (10 %) and chlorine was higher by 15.05 and 10.08 %, and the ratio Σ ω-6/Σ ω-3 decreased in beef of dubious freshness by 31.45 % (p≤0.001), in beef treated with chlorine solution by 19.65 % (p≤0.001), and in beef treated with formaldehyde solution (10 %) increased by 31.91% (p≤0.001); UFA/SFA in pork of doubtful freshness, doubtful freshness treated with hydrogen peroxide solution (5 %) and detergents and disinfectants significantly decreased (p≤0.001) by 9.65 %, 14.67 % and 16.79 %, and the ratio Σω-6/Σω-3 decreased (p≤0,001) in the studied samples of pork of different quality by 72.45 %, 26.93 % and 39.49 %; UFA/SFA in mutton of questionable freshness and treated with potassium permanganate solution (5 %) increased by 23.80 % (p≤0.001) and 4.72 %, (p≤0.001), and the ratio Σ ω-6/Σ ω-3 decreased by 0.07 % and 13.52 % (p≤0.001); UFA/SFA in goat meat of doubtful freshness and treated with acetic acid solution (10 %) was reduced (p≤0.001) by 6.32 % and 12.63 %, and the ratio of Σω-6/Σω-3 in goat meat of doubtful freshness increased by 50.33 % (p≤0.001), and in goat meat treated with acetic acid solution (10 %) ‒ decreased by 26.42 % (p≤0.001) in the studied samples, and compared to the control. The softness index in beef of dubious freshness was slightly increased ‒ 0.681±0.015, but with a softened effect on the meat of chemical reagents solutions of formaldehyde (10 %) and chlorine, this figure increased by 1.08 times (0.731±0.017) and 1.05 times (0.715±0.016); in pork of dubious freshness decreased slightly ‒ 0.864±0.007, and in pork treated with a solution of hydrogen peroxide (5 %) and detergents and disinfectants was probably reduced (p≤0.001) 1.05 times (0.831±0.006) and 1.16 times (0.752±0.005); in mutton of dubious freshness slightly increased by 1.10 times (0.803±0.005) (p≤0.001), and in mutton treated with a solution of potassium permanganate (5 %) decreased by 1.03 times (0.710±0.005) (p≤0.001) due to the tanning and drying action of potassium permanganate; in goat meat of dubious freshness and treated with a solution of acetic acid (10 %) decreased 1.09 times (0.792±0.003) and 1.07 times (0.811±0.006) due to the oxidizing effect of acetic acid on muscle tissue.

Epidemiological Study of Mycobacterium bovis Infection in Buffalo and Cattle in Amazonas, Brazil

Bovine Tuberculosis (BTB) is an endemic disease in about one hundred countries, affecting the economy causing a decrease in productivity, condemnation of meat, and damaging the credibility on international trade. Additionally, Mycobacterium bovis the major causative agent for BTB can also infect humans causing a variety of clinical presentations. The aim of this study was to determine BTB prevalence and the main risk factors for the Mycobacterium bovis prevalence in cattle and buffalos in Amazonas State, Brazil. Tissue samples from 151 animals (45 buffalo and 106 cattle from five herds with buffalo only, 22 herds with cattle only, and 12 herds with buffalo and cattle) were obtained from slaughterhouses under State Veterinary Inspection. M. bovis were isolated on Stonebrink medium. The positive cultures were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing. The apparent herd and animal prevalence rates were 56.4 and 5.40%, respectively. Regarding animal species, the apparent prevalence rates were 3% in cattle and 11.8% in buffalo. Generalized Linear Mixed Models (GLMM) with random effect were used to assess the association with risk factors on the prevalence. Species (buffalo), herds size (>100 animals) and the presence of both species (buffalo and cattle) in the herd were the major risk factors for the infection by Mycobacterium bovis in the region. The findings reveal an urgent need for evidence-based effective intervention to reduce BTB prevalence in cattle and buffalo and prevent its spread to the human population. Studies are needed to understand why buffalo are more likely to be infected by M. bovis than cattle in Amazon. Recommendations for zoning, use of data from the inspection services to generate information regarding BTB focus, adoption of epidemiological tools, and discouragement of practices that promote the mixing of cattle and buffalo, were made.

Comparison of the frequency of patho-anatomic findings in laying hens with findings in broiler chickens and turkeys detected during post-mortem veterinary inspection

We have investigated the health condition of laying hens on the basis of patho-anatomic findings obtained during the veterinary inspection after slaughter. To assess the severity of the health condition of laying hens, we compared the incidence of findings with the findings in broiler chickens and turkeys. In the period from 2010 to 2017, 17,346,183 laying hens, 887,994,167 broiler chickens, and 919,843 turkeys were transported from Czech farms to slaughterhouses in the Czech Republic. The competent veterinary authority in the Czech Republic (the State Veterinary Administration) carried out a veterinary inspection of these birds slaughtered in the slaughterhouse and recorded the patho-anatomic findings. From the recorded data, the number of patho-anatomic findings (intravital origin) of the organs and parts of the bodies (liver, intestines, lungs, heart, spleen, genital tract, urinary system, CNS, skin, head, body, limbs, and whole animal) were analysed. We found increased patho-anatomic findings in the liver (26.76%) and limbs (6.03%) in hens, and also high numbers of findings in the category of total findings (1.57%) were detected. In liver findings, chronic findings (22.09%) were prevailing over the acute findings (4.67%), compared to broiler chickens (chronic 0.04%, acute 0.03%) and turkeys (chronic 1.90%, acute 0.00%). The differences between hens, broilers, and turkeys were significant (P < 0.001). The incidence of traumatic, chronic, and acute findings in hens (3.88%, 1.71%, and 0.44%, respectively) was higher (P < 0.001) in the case of the legs, compared with broiler chickens (0.02%, 0.08%, and 0.02%, respectively) and turkeys (0.27%, 0.23%, and 0.05%, respectively). The results show that the health condition of laying hens is significantly worse than in case of broiler chickens and turkeys, especially in the impact on the liver due to the likely effect of nutrition not corresponding to the intensity of the production of laying hens, and the impact on the limbs due in particular to traumatic changes caused by inappropriate transport handling and inadequate conditions (especially cage housing) of laying hens.