Abstract
Background: There is limited information concerning the ultrasonographic appearance of suspensory ligament branches (SLB) in sports horses. Publications exist on clinical injuries that lead to loss of training days and retirement, but not on the appearance of SLBs in high level showjumping Warmbloods.Objectives: To demonstrate the prevalence of subclinical SLB abnormalities in regularly competing high-level showjumpers; to grade each branch 0–3; compare forelimb vs. hindlimb and medial vs. lateral SLBs; subjectively assess periligamentous fibrosis; measure cross sectional area (CSA) and to gather competition follow-up data.Study Design: Prospective cross-sectional study using ultrasonograms.Methods: Sixty elite showjumping Warmbloods without recent history or clinical signs of SLB desmopathy were examined ultrasonographically. Eight static images of each SLB were acquired in transverse and longitudinal sections, anonymised and stored. Images were then assessed and graded by two experienced blinded clinicians based on a published ordinal scale (grade 0–3). A branch score was assigned based on the most severe grade of any image slice in each branch series. SLB cross-sectional area measurement was obtained from each SLB using the transverse image proximal to insertion.Results: The frequency of grade 2 (moderate) ultrasonographic abnormalities was high. Combined data showed a prevalence of 58% (554/960) grade 2 SLBs. Interobserver agreement was good (kappa = 0.65). Periligamentous fibrosis was over represented in hindlimbs (64%). Combined observer data showed there was no statistical difference in branch scores based on limb or laterality. Follow-up over 12 months revealed only two horses were excluded from competition due to SLB injury.Main Limitations: Sample size was small. Images were obtained in static mode, limbs were not clipped of hair, lameness evaluation was under FEI veterinary inspection and not performed by the authors and follow-up evaluation was from FEI competition records and communication only, and was limited to 1 year.Conclusions: Regularly competing elite showjumping Warmbloods have a high prevalence of subclinical SLB ultrasongraphic abnormalities, which may not contribute to causing lameness, poor-performance or be viewed entirely negatively at prepurchase examination. Judicious interpretation of moderate severity SLB abnormalities is advised due the low incidence of clinical injury demonstrated during the 1 year follow-up.
Highlights
The suspensory ligament is a tendinous band [1] lying deep to the flexor tendons and accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor tendon, palmar/plantar to the third metacarpal/tarsal bones and axial to the second and fourth metacarpal/tarsal bones [2]
This study revealed that elite level showjumpers often show Grade 2 ultrasonographic suspensory ligament branches (SLB) abnormalities
Hindlimb periligamentous fibrosis was subjectively observed at a frequency similar to that previously published to be associated with clinical injury, the exact thickness of which was not measured
Summary
The suspensory ligament is a tendinous band [1] lying deep to the flexor tendons and accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor tendon, palmar/plantar to the third metacarpal/tarsal bones and axial to the second and fourth metacarpal/tarsal bones [2]. The suspensory ligament is subdivided into proximal, midbody, and lateral/medial suspensory ligament branches (SLB) [3]. Many publications describe desmopathy of the suspensory origin, with many fewer describing ultrasonography of SLBs [1, 5,6,7,8,9]. Lameness and response to diagnostic local analgesia vary in clinical SLB injury, so it’s pertinent to describe the ultrasonographic appearance of competing sportshorses. There is limited information concerning the ultrasonographic appearance of suspensory ligament branches (SLB) in sports horses. Publications exist on clinical injuries that lead to loss of training days and retirement, but not on the appearance of SLBs in high level showjumping Warmbloods
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have