Veterinary Drugs Research Articles

Cutaneous anaphylactoid reaction to polyoxyethylene hydrogenated castor oil in dogs.

Polyoxyethylene hydrogenated castor oil (HCO ethoxylates) is a nonionic surfactant used as an excipient for ointments and injections in human and veterinary drugs. Several polyethylene glycol (PEG) derivatives can be obtained depending on the number of moles of ethylene oxide (EO). HCO ethoxylates have the potential to cause anaphylactoid reactions. There is little published information about these types of reactions in dogs. To determine the potential for HCO-ethoxylate-containing drugs to cause anaphylactoid reactions in dogs, employing intradermal testing (IDT) with various concentrations of HCO ethoxylates (HCO-25, -40, -60 and -80). Four healthy male laboratory dogs. We performed IDT with drugs containing HCO ethoxylates and HCO ethoxylates alone to determine threshold concentrations. The IDT scores and threshold concentrations were compared. Analysis of skin biopsies from IDT sites was used to measure the percentage of degranulated mast cells. The effect of histamine at IDT sites was investigated by pre-treatment with an antihistamine. All HCO-ethoxylate-containing drugs caused a wheal-and-flare reaction. The threshold concentrations (0.001% and 0.00001%) of each HCO-ethoxylate depended on the number of moles of EO (p < 0.05). Mast cell degranulation was enhanced by all HCO ethoxylates. The HCO-60-induced reaction was suppressed by an oral antihistamine. The threshold concentration can serve as a consideration for developing safe new drug formulations and for clinical decision-making around using drugs containing PEG derivatives. IDT is useful to predict the risk of adverse effects. Antihistamines could demonstrate a prophylactic effect.

Study of subchronic oral toxicity of Altric-Extra drug in laboratory animals

The purpose of the research is to determine main toxicological parameters in repeated intragastric administration of Altric-Extra for veterinary use to laboratory outbred rats.Materials and methods. White outbred rats were used as a test system in the study. The experiment used clinical, toxicological, biochemical and morphological research methods.Results and discussion. Altric-Extra doses of 325 and 650 mg/kg were toxic for the laboratory animals. When administered daily intragastrically to the rats in the above doses, the drug had a negative effect on the functional status of the hemopoietic organs, and excretory and digestive systems. The main target organ for this drug is the thymus. Functional disorders in the above organs and systems are irreversible as evidenced by the post-mortem examination, general blood analysis, and biochemical blood test obtained 10 days after the drug administration was completed.

Investigating Lycotoxin-An1a (An1a), a defense antiviral peptide from Alopecosa nagpag venom as prospective anti-dengue agent against DENV-2 NS2B-NS3 protease

Dengue fever is a global health concern with no effective therapy. Screening synthetic chemicals, animal-originated compounds, and phytocompounds against Dengue virus (DENV) targets has failed to find dengue antivirals. The current study examines animal drugs as antagonists against NS2B-NS3Pro, one of DENV's most promising therapeutic targets for dengue fever. Antiviral-Lycotoxin-An1a (An1a), a defence antiviral peptide isolated from the venom of Alopecosa nagpag, a toxic spider. Based on prior in vitro research, it was discovered that the venom peptide suppresses the action of DENV-2 NS2B-NS3Pro. An1a peptide with NS2B-NS3Pro wild type (WT) and two mutants (H51N and S135A) was tested for anti-dengue characteristics using in silico analysis. The WT NS2B-NS3Pro has a catalytic triad of His51, Asp75, and Ser135 in the active site, but the mutants have N51 instead of His51 and Ala135 instead of Ser135. The dynamic sites of the three proteases (WT, H51N, S135A) and the peptide toxin (An1a) were taken into account to achieve molecular docking of An1a with WT NS2B-NS3Pro in conjunction with H51N and S135A. Cluspro-2 performs rigid-flexible docking to predict peptide binding affinity, effectiveness, and inhibitory consistency. Since the ligand had a higher binding affinity, docking score, and molecular interaction network, MD simulations and MM-GBSA free energy calculations were used to investigate the stability of the three protein-peptide complexes. The computer-aided screening and manufacture of spider venom-based anti-dengue medicines yielded intriguing results in the preliminary studies. This study is significant in defining the ideal therapeutic candidate against dengue infections.

Survey of drug use and its association with herd-level and farm-level characteristics on German dairy farms

The use of veterinary drugs is of similar importance to that of human drugs in addressing health challenges. In this context, pharmaceuticals and their metabolites inevitably enter soil and water in unknown quantities. Therefore, this study collects and analyzes drug data from 2020 for 50 dairy farms located in Germany. The most frequently used substance group is antibiotics (40.13%), followed by antiphlogistics (18.86%), antiparasitics (13.09%), and hormones (9.29%). Treatment frequencies record the number of days per year on which an average animal on a farm was treated with a substance. The calculated values range from 0.94 to 21.69 d/yr and are distributed heterogeneously across farms. In this study, on average, a cow was treated on 6 d in 2020: 2.34 d with antibiotics, 1.07 d with antiphlogistics, 0.76 d with antiparasitics, and 0.41 d with hormones. In addition to individual farm management practices, other factors are related to treatment frequency. Farms with a veterinary care contract used more hormonal substances than farms without a care contract. In addition, higher milk yield coincides with more frequent treatments with antiphlogistic or hormonal substances. Other related factors include grazing, longevity, farm size, and use of a claw bath. Our study represents an important first step in describing the amounts and determinants of veterinary drugs used in livestock farming. Such insights on magnitudes and farm parameters are essential to estimate potential environmental effects and derive strategies to reduce veterinary drug use.

Synthesis, Characterization and Potential Antimicrobial Activity of Selenium Nanoparticles Stabilized with Cetyltrimethylammonium Chloride.

Selenium nanoparticles (Se NPs) have a number of unique properties that determine the use of the resulting nanomaterials in various fields. The focus of this paper is the stabilization of Se NPs with cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC). Se NPs were obtained by chemical reduction in an aqueous medium. The influence of the concentration of precursors and synthesis conditions on the size of Se NPs and the process of micelle formation was established. Transmission electron microscopy was used to study the morphology of Se NPs. The influence of the pH of the medium and the concentration of ions in the sol on the stability of Se micelles was studied. According to the results of this study, the concentration of positively charged ions has a greater effect on the particle size in the positive Se NPs sol than in the negative Se NPs sol. The potential antibacterial and fungicidal properties of the samples were studied on Escherichia coli, Micrococcus luteus and Mucor. Concentrations of Se NPs stabilized with CTAC with potential bactericidal and fungicidal effects were discovered. Considering the revealed potential antimicrobial activity, the synthesized Se NPs-CTAC molecular complex can be further studied and applied in the development of veterinary drugs, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics.

Dual-color MoS2@QD nanosheets mediated dual-mode lateral flow immunoassay for flexible and ultrasensitive detection of multiple drug residues

The sensitive on-site monitoring of multiple agricultural drugs in complex real media is critical to human health but remains a challenge. In this paper, we reported the design of film-like dual-mode nanolabel (MTQD), using molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanosheet-loaded numerous quantum dots (QDs) to generated co-enhanced colorimetric-fluorescence signals, and demonstrated its powerful capabilities in competitive lateral flow immunoassay (LFA) for flexible, ultrasensitive, and multiplex detection of four kinds of common agricultural drugs. Three layers of red and green QDs were continuously coated onto the surface of MoS2 to suppress the inner filter effect of two-dimensional nanomaterials effectively and greatly improve the specificity of the LFA system for multitarget analysis. The dual-mode LFA combined with a low-cost dual-fluorescence reading instrument can flexibly and simultaneously monitor two pesticides (clothianidin, carbendazim) and two veterinary drugs (kanamycin, chloramphenicol) in complex food and experimental samples with low detection limits of 0.1 ng/mL level in the observation of colorimetric signals and showed at least a 46-fold improvement in sensitivity in the sensing of fluorescence signals. This colorimetric dual-fluorescence platform greatly broadens the application range of existing LFA techniques without increasing testing time, thus showing great application prospects for the point-of-care testing of small-molecule pollutants in different situations.

Electrochemical determination of the procyanidins in peanut skin using a carbon nanotube electrode.

We demonstrated the electrochemical detection of procyanidins in peanut skin, which is often a waste product of the food industry, using a carbon nanotube electrode. Procyanidins, the main ingredients of peanut skin, are oligomers of catechin or epicatechin; therefore, they have various forms such as dimers, trimers, and a different number of linkages between monomers. Quantification using traditional high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (HPLC-MS) is tedious, because many peaks can be traced. The use of CNT electrodes for procyanidin sensing is promising, because CNT's properties, such as high conductivity, catalytic ability, and special geometry (high ratio of surface area to volume), enable common and specific profiles of the cyclic voltammograms (CVs) of procyanidins. Furthermore, the intensity of the anodic peaks (+ 0.32V) due to the oxidation of catechol groups is proportional to the concentration of procyanidin (linear rang: 2.8-88mgL-1, sensitivity: 1.4mAmg-1Lcm-2), and does not depend on the type of procyanidin. The amount of procyanidins in the peanut skin estimated by CV was similar to that estimated by HPLC-MS. This study may contribute to accelerating the utilization of peanut skin for animal food, drugs, and supplementation.

Fe3O4-WO3−X@AuNPs for magnetic separation, enrichment and surface-enhanced Raman scattering analysis all-in-one of albendazole and streptomycin in meat samples

Rapid and selective quantification of trace residuals in complex samples is a great challenge for fast analysis. Herein, we developed magnetic Fe3O4-WO3−X @AuNPs hybrid sensor for efficient surface-enhanced Raman scattering(SERS) quantifications of albendazole(ABZ) and streptomycin(SPT) in meat samples. Fe3O4-WO3−X @AuNPs was prepared by hydrothermal method with CTAB assistance and in-situ distributing method. Fe3O4-WO3−X @AuNPs showed good sensing performance: SERS activity with enhancement factor of 6.3 × 107 for crystal violet, separation/enrichment capacity within 15 min for targets, selectivity to ABZ and SPT, stability with RSDs less than 4.5%(n = 25) for one intra-batch and 5.6%(n = 15) for different batches. Fe3O4-WO3−X @AuNPs integrated magnetic enrichment, fast clean-up separation, and synergistic enhancement of plasmons and charge transfer, which endowed it with good sensitivity, anti-interference, and accuracy for real sample analysis. SERS methods of ABZ and SPT were established，and limits of detection were 12.5 μg/L(ABZ) and 11.6 μg/L(SPT). ABZ was found in fish sample with recoveries of 90.1%− 105.0%, and SPT was found in chicken sample with recoveries of 86.2%− 101.8%. Entire analysis process completed within 27 min(ABZ) and 32 min(SPT), showing great potential for rapid quantification of different veterinary drugs residuals during food safety analysis.

Screening and identification of unknown chemical contaminants in food based on liquid chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry and machine learning

Unknown or unexpected chemical contaminants and/or their transformation products in food that may be harmful to humans need to be discovered for comprehensive safety evaluation. Liquid chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) is a powerful tool for detecting chemical contaminants in food samples. However, identifying all of peaks in LC-HRMS is not possible, but if class information is known in advance, further identification will become easier. In this work, a novel MS2 spectra classification-driven screening strategy was constructed based on LC-HRMS and machine learning. First, the classification model was developed based on machine learning algorithm using class information and experimental MS2 data of chemical contaminants and other non-contaminants. By using the developed artificial neural network classification model, in total 32 classes of pesticides, veterinary drugs and mycotoxins were classified with good prediction accuracy and low false-positive rate. Based on the classification model, a screening procedure was developed in which the classes of unknown features in LC-HRMS were first predicted through the classification model, and then their structures were identified under the guidance of class information. Finally, the developed strategy was tentatively applied to the analysis of pork and aquatic products, and 8 chemical contaminants and 11 transformation products belonging to 8 classes were found. This strategy enables screening of unknown chemical contaminants and transformation products in complex food matrices.

Antimicrobial veterinary drug sale pattern incorrelation with critically important antimicrobials for human use: A five-year studyin Montenegro.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a significant threat in veterinary medicine due to the excessive and inappropriate use of antimicrobial agents, compromising the effectiveness of these drugs. To combat AMR, the collection of data on the consumption of antibiotics is paramount, as there is a well-established connection between antibiotic use and AMR in both humans and food-producing animals. Hence, the current study aimed to generate measurable data concerning the sales patterns of antimicrobial drugs used in animal treatment in Montenegro over a five-year period (from 2017 to 2021). Furthermore, the study aimed to compare these sales figures with the overall sales of antimicrobial veterinary medicine products (AMVMPs) during the same period, with particular emphasis on the utilization of critically important antimicrobials (CIAs) for human use. Data on AMVMPs consumption from 2017 to 2021 were expressed in euros and were sourced from the Institute for Medicines and Medical Devices of Montenegro (CInMED) annual reports, complying with the regulatory framework of the Law on Medicines in this country. Research results indicate that the sales of AMVMPs increased from 2017 to peak in 2019, followedby a stable decline of 21.79% in 2021. However, the portion of selected CIAs AMVMPs in total sales experienced a minor decline from 2017 to 2019, followed by a noticeable 6.11% increase from 2019 to 2021. In order to address AMR challenges, these findings emphasize the importance of enhancing surveillance and monitoring of veterinary antimicrobial use, as well as CIAs for human use.

Research on the embryotoxic effect and carcinogenicity of the drug “BTF plus” – a means for normalizing metabolic processes in animals and poul-try

Laboratory studies were conducted to determine the embryotoxic effect and carcinogenicity of the veterinary drug “BTF plus” on white rats and white mice. The drug “BTF plus” is a complex vitamin-mineral drug based on butophosphane, L-carnitine, and cyanocobalamin, which is used to normalize and correct metabolic processes in animals and poultry. The drug is used for various types of animals and poultry as a stimulating, tonic and general strengthening agent for obstetric pathologies (complicated childbirth, postpartum complications, paresis, eclampsia, sexual cycle disorders); metabolic disorders caused by irrational feeding, malnutrition, asthenic syndrome, etc.; anemia with helminthiasis; secondary anemias, as an additional means in the treatment of magnesium and calcium deficiency; to increase muscle activity, with significant loads, overstrain and exhaustion in animals; to increase the body's resistance to various pathogens; to stimulate growth, development and live weight gain in young animals and poultry; as an additional means in the treatment of diseases caused by various factors (infectious and non-infectious origin). The drug “BTF plus”, under the conditions of subcutaneous administration to pregnant female rats in doses (based on the absolute weight of the drug) of 200.0 and 2000.0 mg/kg of body weight, does not cause death and pathological changes in embryos do not have an embryotoxic and teratogenic effect since indicators of total, preimplantation, and postimplantation embryonic lethality in rats of the experimental groups had no significant differences compared to indicators in control and also did not show changes in the weight of the placenta, fetuses, and their cranio-caudal size. The drug “BTF plus”, under conditions of 5-day subcutaneous administration to white mice in doses (based on the absolute weight of the drug) of 200.0 and 2000.0 mg/kg of body weight, does not show a carcinogenic effect (during microscopic studies, the proportion of polychromatophilic erythrocytes was not probable deviations between themselves and was 0.117-0.133%, which is within the normal range of up to 0.2 %). Further studies will be the next stage of pre-registration tests aimed at studying the ecotoxicity of “BTF plus”, which is a mandatory material of the “Safety and residue studies” section of the dossier for this drug.

Research on the therapeutic effectiveness of the veterinary medicinal product “Surfadev” in complex therapy for stimulating sexual desire in cows

Clinical studies were conducted in the treatment of hypofunction of the ovaries to increase the fertility of cows and heifers with the newly created drug “Surfadev” (solution for injections) in complex therapy. VLZ “Surfadev” (solution for injections). The drug stimulates the secretion of gonadotropins by the pituitary gland in a maximum of 2–3 hours after administration. The increased content of gonadotropins in the blood persists for 4–5 hours after administration. Unlike natural luliberin, the biological activity of the drug is 50 times greater, which allows the use of this drug in microdoses and short courses. The drug decomposes under the influence of enzymes more slowly than natural luliberin, which provides a stronger biological effect on the pituitary gland. “Devivit Complex” is a complex multivitamin preparation (Vitamins A, D3, E, B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B12), which is used to correct and normalize metabolic processes in animals. Vitamins included in the preparation take part in biochemical processes in animal organisms (in the form of enzyme vitamins, hormone vitamins, antioxidants). When ovarian function is stimulated or corrected, 90.0 % of the treated animals show the arousal stage of the sexual cycle within 3–15 days, and their fertilization rate from the first insemination is 70.0 % on average. The high efficiency of using “Surfadev” in combination with “Devivit Complex” for ovarian hypofunction has been established. 83.3–95.6 % of the treated cows showed sexual desire, and the fertility from the first insemination reached 70.0 %. Further studies will be the next stage of pre-registration trials aimed at studying the effectiveness of the veterinary drug “Surfadev” (solution for injections) in complex therapy in the treatment of ovarian hypofunction and follicular cysts, which is mandatory material of the fourth part “Preclinical and clinical documentation” of the dossier for this medicine.

CLINICAL STUDIES OF THE REPELLENT EFFICACY OF BARS® VETERINARY DRUGS &#x0D; IN THE FARMS OF THE ARARAT MARZ OF ARMENIA

Under conditions of maximum seasonal and daily activity of blood-sucking diptera insects of the Ararat region of the Republic of Armenia, the repellent effectiveness of Bars® veterinary drugs was studied. The experiments involved 26 clinically healthy dogs aged 1 to 10 years, of both sexes. As a result of clinical studies of the repellent effectiveness of veterinary drugs Bars ® insectoacaricidal spray and Bars ® insecticidal drops applied to dogs individually, once, during the prevention of bites of diptera flying insects, according to the presented doses, rules and application techniques, the drugs showed a high effectiveness of the repellent effect in the conditions of farms of the Ararat marz for 5 days. During the physical examination, no side effects were detected from the use of Bars® insecticide spray and Bars® insecticide drops.

Assessment of Enrofloxacin Usage and Residue Levels of Enrofloxacin-Ciprofloxacin in Breast and Liver Tissues of Commercial Broilers Sold in Kampala-Uganda.

Human exposure to veterinary drugs like fluoroquinolones occurs due to the presence of their residues in foods from animal sources in varying concentrations. The existence of antibiotic residues in foodstuffs can pose great public health problems to consumers. This study aimed to assess enrofloxacin use patterns and assess residue levels of enrofloxacin/ciprofloxacin in breast muscle and liver tissues of broiler chickens sold for consumption in Kampala capital city. This was a cross-sectional study that involved both field survey and laboratory-based methods. The field study involved the use of qualitative and semi-quantitative data collection tools to interview 34 broiler farmers and 10 veterinary drugs vendors. For the determination of enrofloxacin/ciprofloxacin levels, 68 chicken breast and liver tissue samples were collected from main markets in Kampala over one month and analyzed using HPLC-UV. Enrofloxacin was the most used antibiotic (100%) for the management of poultry diseases, majorly respiratory diseases (100%), salmonella infections (40%), and disease prevention (60%). Over 76% of the farmers knew the meat withdrawal time (WDT) for enrofloxacin, but none of them adhered to this. Over 70% of the farmers reported that the veterinary drugs vendors were not providing meat WDT information. Enrofloxacin/ciprofloxacin residues were identified in 35.3% (12/34) of the muscle and 38.2% (13/34) of the liver tissues analyzed. Of those muscle and liver tissue samples that tested positive, 25% (3/12) and 38.5% (5/13) respectively had drug concentrations higher than the recommended Maximum Residue Limits. The overall mean enrofloxacin/ciprofloxacin concentration in the chicken muscle and liver tissues was 83.6 (±34.5) µg/kg and 171.5 (±75.9) µg/kg. This observed presence of enrofloxacin/ciprofloxacin levels above safety requirements is attributable to inadequate medicines use information provided by veterinary drugs vendors to farmers and also to the non-compliance of some farmers to meat WDT due to the economic implications.

Solvents Influence 1H NMR Chemical Shifts and Complete 1H and 13C NMR Spectral Assignments for Florfenicol

Florfenicol (FFC) is an important and widely used veterinary drug, and its structure has been characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The study aimed to investigate the influences of solvent type, solvent concentration, and temperature on the chemical shifts of the 1H NMR of FFC. The results showed that different types of solvents significantly affected the chemical shifts, especially the chemical shifts of 2-H, 3-H, 5-H, and the active protons. When DMSO-d 6 is used as the solvent, there is no significant difference in the chemical shifts of FFC with a concentration ranging from 20 to 250 mmol/L; however, as the temperature increases, the chemical shifts of the active protons move to a higher field. Besides, the NMR spectroscopic data and structural analysis of FFC were refined by 1H, 13C, distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer-135 (DEPT-135), 1H–1H correlation spectroscopy (1H–1H COSY), phase-sensitive gradient heteronuclear singular quantum correlation (gHSQC), and heteronuclear multiple bond correlation (gHMBC) NMR spectroscopy using DMSO-d 6 as a solvent. The study will help with qualitative and quantitative analysis of FFC in the future.

Improved Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues: Advancing Analytical Techniques to Ensure Food Safety

Abstract: Veterinary drug residues in foods pose risks to consumers and promote antimicrobial resistance. Effective detection methods are needed to monitor and control residues. Recent advancements in analytical techniques for veterinary drug residue detection were reviewed. Key sample preparation methods, including QuEChERS, SPE, ASE, and LLE, were summarized. Instrumental analysis techniques including LC-MS/MS, GC-MS, immunoassays, CE and biosensors were examined. Recent trends and future directions were identified. : LC-MS/MS and GC-MS provide the highest sensitivity and specificity for veterinary drug residue analysis. However, selectivity remains a challenge, particularly for complex matrices like meat and liver. Multi-residue methods now cover over 100 analytes, but analyzing new and legacy drugs lacking established methods is difficult. Increased sensitivity has been achieved through UHPLC and high resolution MS, but detection limits below 1 μg/kg often remain elusive. sSimplified onsite tests are gaining interest. : More selective extraction strategies, data-driven multi-residue methods, microflow LC, and integrated analytical platforms may help address current challenges. Continued advances in sample preparation, instrumentation, data processing, and validation will be needed to fully realize the potential of veterinary drug residue detection and ensure food safety.

Harnessing the power of molecular imaging for drug discovery and development

AbstractNon‐invasive, real‐time, dynamic, and quantitative molecular imaging has been developed to facilitate disease diagnosis, drug development, and pathological analysis at the molecular level. Qualitative and quantitative analysis and imaging of physiological processes at the molecular level can be achieved with advanced molecular imaging by employing imaging contrast agents in combination with traditional imaging modalities, such as optical imaging, ultrasound imaging, magnetic resonance imaging, single‐photon emission computed tomography, and positron emission tomography. With the aid of molecular imaging, absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and other processes of drugs in various animals can be monitored quantitatively, and in vivo pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics can be simulated before clinical trials, which significantly shorten the period for drug development and reduce the number of animals participating in various tests. Here, the role of molecular imaging in drug target validation, drug screening, drug sensitivity analysis, pharmacokinetics research, drug efficacy evaluation, and other processes of chemical and biological drug research and development is summarized. Molecular imaging has become a powerful and effective tool in the research and development of various drugs for the treatment of a variety of diseases. Advanced molecular imaging can provide important support for disease and drug research, which will accelerate drug discovery and development.

"Blind men and an elephant": The need for animals in research, drug safety studies, and understanding civilizational diseases.

Animal-based research and drug safety studies are essential to understanding the mysteries of nature and the long-term survival of humans. Due to the rapid increase in the global human population, conflict- and economically driven human migration, tourism-related activities, densely populated metropolitan areas, and local policies, humans will be affected by a multitude of novel disease-causing microorganisms and civilizational diseases. Despite disparities among countries, recent and planned changes in regulations concerning animal research and drug safety studies could have detrimental effects on both the animal research community and nations lacking sufficient social support systems. Based on existing scientific literature, I argue that we need animal research encompassing aspects such as animal development, behavior, drug safety studies, and for the understanding of future civilizational diseases. Depending on the nature of the research questions and local challenges, a suitable animal model organism should be made mandatory.

Trace analysis of food by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy combined with molecular imprinting technology: Principle, application, challenges, and prospects.

Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is a rapid detection method with high sensitivity and simple pretreatment, but can be affected by interference from matrix components. By incorporating molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) that recognize specific targets, MIP-SERS sensors effectively overcome the interference of complex matrices and offer improved stability and sensitivity. This review provides a comprehensive understanding of the applications of MIP-SERS sensors for the detection of trace toxic substances in food. The underlying mechanism and development of SERS technology and the principle and classification of MIPs technology are discussed. Furthermore, the types of MIP-SERS sensors are introduced, with their advantages and disadvantages systematically illustrated. Recent advances in MIP-SERS technology for the detection of mycotoxins, additives, prohibited dyes, pesticides, veterinary drug residues, and other hazardous substances in food are highlighted. Finally, this review discusses the challenges associated with MIP-SERS technology and proposes future development prospects.

A one-step solid-phase extraction with UHPLC-MS/MS for fast and accurate determination of multi-class veterinary drugs in animal muscles.

Excessive use of veterinary drugs in livestock growth poses a threat to food safety. It is, however, challenging to quantify these multi-class veterinary drugs within animal muscles, because of their varied physicochemical properties. In this work, we presented a simple, efficient and sensitive method for the simultaneous determination of multi-class veterinary drugs with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). The method involves a highly efficient extraction using a EDTA (pH 7)-ACN (30:70, v/v) solvent system, followed by a one-step solid-phase extraction cleanup approach with PRiME HLB sorbent (Reversed-phase N-vinylpyrrolidone and divinylbenzene copolymer). For all the analytes, over a wide range of polarity, satisfactory recoveries were obtained between 70% and 120%, with relative standard deviations <15%. Excellent sensitivities were achieved with the limits of quantification ranging from 0.2μg/kg to 3.0μg/kg. This developed method provides a new targeted strategy for the analysis of multi-class veterinary drugs in muscle matrices.