Vertical Divisions Research Articles

The portals of the facades of buildings of the late 19th and early 20th centuries in Kyiv

The compositional features were considered and the portals of the facades of buildings of the late 19th and early 20th centuries were classified. in Kyiv. Their symbolism, structure and structural construction, stylistics and characteristic architectural and decorative features were studied. The purpose of the study: to investigate and analyze the compositional, stylistic and semantic features of the portals of the facades of buildings of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. in Kyiv, to develop the principles of classification of portals and conduct their classification. Methodology. The research was conducted on the basis of the following methods: empirical, theoretical and empirical-theoretical. The empirical method includes observation, photo-fixation, graphic sketches and constructions, comparisons and generalizations. Theoretical techniques include: going from the abstract to the concrete, abstraction, concretization, identification and separation. Most of the work was carried out using empirical and theoretical methods. The results. Photographs, graphic sketches and classification of building portals of the late 19th and early 20th centuries were carried out. in Kyiv based on the developed compositional-constructive and stylistic principles of classification. It was found that the portals are located mainly on the main compositional axes of the facades of historical buildings, namely on the main vertical divisions, which are highlighted by risalites, bay windows, attics, towers and often changed scale and shape of windows. The role of the portals in the overall composition of the building and the problem of violation of the compositional integrity of the facades due to the replacement or destruction of individual parts and elements of the portals have been revealed. In particular, as a result of unsuccessful repairs and renovations in some buildings of the historical center, the entrance doors were replaced with faceless, rough, unscaled ones, which distorted not only individual facades, but also entire sections of the urban environment. The scientific novelty and practical significance of the research lies in the identification of the compositional and semantic features of the portals of the facades of Kyiv buildings of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, as well as in the detailed analysis of the compositional structure, constructive and stylistic components of the portals. A scientific novelty is the developed classification of the portals of the historical buildings of Kyiv. The research will contribute to the deepening of theoretical and practical knowledge about the peculiarities of Kyiv portals of the specified period, which can be used in the restoration and reconstruction of buildings of the late 19th - early 20th centuries. in Kyiv. The developed classification of portals will be a useful educational reference material for students - future architects and designers who are interested in the peculiarities of Kyiv's historical buildings.

Theoretical basis and examples of ordination analysis for the training of restoration architects

The article provides initial information about architectural ordination that can help identify systemic proportionality of forms in the architectural whole and its parts. Examples are given of how architectural ordinates can be used to detect regulating lines in the structure of vertical and horizontal divisions of façade forms, and recommendations are provided for determining the numerical value of the regulating proportion. A conclusion is drawn about the benefits of studying the theory and practice of architectural ordination in the architectural restoration course in universities.

КОМПОЗИЦИОННЫЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ АРХИТЕКТУРЫ РУССКОГО СТИЛЯ ГОРОДА ВОРОНЕЖ

The article outlines the role and significance of the period of the Russian style in the historical development of the city of Voronezh. The stages of the development of the Russian style from the middle of the XIX – early XX centuries in the city of Voronezh and their characteristic regional features are considered. For the first time, a comprehensive analysis of the architectural buildings of the Russian style of Voronezh is carried out to identify the techniques of spatial composition, architectural planning solutions, compositional construction and artistic methods of facade design. Particular attention is paid to stylistic, compositional and morphological analyses of architectural details of building facades and decor. The research of the composite structure of facades is based on the scientific methodology developed by S.V. Sementsov, which allowed to analyze the facade construction system and present a comparative analysis of two periods of the development of the Russian style. The compositional principles of the axial construction of facades, the analysis of rhythm and meter, the breakdown of the facade into horizontal and vertical divisions, the location of plastic decor and the choice of color solutions are described. Then, on the basis of the theory of architectural forms, a morphological analysis of the architectural decor of buildings was carried out: crowning elements, window and door frames. The characteristic facade forms for the architecture of the Russian style of Voronezh are revealed, the variants of their layout and the varieties of building materials used are analyzed.

Self-Help, Natality and ‘Civic Growth’

This paper examines the role that SHGs (self-help groups) have played in the creation of ‘civic growth’ and changing electoral politics in India. Based on ethnographic engagement in a village in West Bengal before and after the formation of these groups, the impact of the transformative effect of these groups on women is placed in a wider political context. The activity of the SHG enabled horizontal solidarities to emerge despite the vertical divisions in village society and successfully challenge the status quo. It builds on a growing literature on women’s empowerment and capacity for collective action through SHGs to show that the notion of ‘empowerment’ can be extended to include the capability for active citizenship and skills in how to do politics, what Arendt calls ‘natality’.

Terrorism – A Universal Problem

Terrorism first started in our Country in the north eastern states like Assam, Nagaland, and Mizoram etc. A similar type of terrorism known as Naxalism proved to be o impediment in the development of a state like west Bengal and troubled it for a very long west Bengal and troubled it for a very long period of time. We are familiar with the terrorism in Punjab and its cvil Consequences. The terrorism of L.T.T.E. has nearly cut Sri Lanka in to two vertical divisions. Kashmir which was like heaven on earth and the metropolitan cities in India have been turned in to hell by the activities of terrorists. Nepal’s integrity is threatened by the Maoists who have created a terror in the minds of the people. It was an act of terrorism that destroyed the world trade centre in New York.

Study on the temperature characteristics caused by two fires in a tunnel based on multi-layer zone model

Temperature characteristics induced by two pool fires in a tunnel are studied in this paper. Multi-layer zone (MLZ) model, small-scale experiments, and fire dynamics simulations are carried out considering different fire sizes and spacing. The multi-layer zone model is used for two fires in a tunnel and verified by experiments and simulations. The results show that the effect of different numbers of vertical divisions (N ≥ 5, where N is number of vertical divisions) can be ignored, while the radiation between layers is an integral part of the model. Moreover, the calculated results of the revised model have good agreement with experiments and numerical simulations. Therefore, the improved model can reasonably predict maximum, longitudinal, and vertical temperature characteristics.

Impact of Agricultural Division of Labor on Fertilizer Reduction Application: Evidence from Western China.

Nowadays, environmental friendly agriculture has become the world trend of modern agricultural development; fertilizer reduction application is an essential way to achieve sustainable development goals. With the deepening development of the agricultural specialized division of labor and socialized services, the division of labor economy can promote the economic input of fertilizer. Based on 540 survey data of farmers in the main rice-producing areas of Sichuan Province, this paper constructs a theoretical analytical framework for the impact of agricultural division of labor on fertilizer reduction application. A binary probit model was used to empirically analyze the effect of agricultural division of labor on fertilizer reduction application, and its mechanism was examined. The results show that: (1) both horizontal and vertical agricultural divisions of labor have positive and significant effects on the reduction in fertilizer application by rice farmers. All above results remain stable after treatment of endogeneity; (2) due to the migration of the rural labor, the horizontal division of labor is expressed as changes in the structure of labor and cultivation within the household which has changed. To achieve economies of scale, farmers increase specialization in production, resulting in reducing marginal cost and application of fertilizer; (3) the vertical division of labor is expressed in the adoption of external socialized services by farmers, which improves the land resource endowment of fragmentation and hydraulic conditions. Thus, it creates a good environment for fertilizer application to improve its application efficiency, which in turn promotes fertilizer reduction by farmers. Based on this, this paper proposes that the government should motivate farmers to deepen their participation in the horizontal and vertical division of labor. Meanwhile, it is also necessary to improve the agricultural specialization continuously and further promote the development of socialized services market.

Study on the Influence Mechanism of the Integration of Industry and Education on the Satisfaction of Applied Talents in Guizhou Network Engineering

The present study aims to determine the perceived satisfaction of students enrolled in the network engineering undergraduate program through industry and education integration and assess the impact perceived skills have on their intentions regarding future careers. The three research objectives are; to determine the network engineering students are trained according to vertical and horizontal divisions; to establish a model to evaluate student satisfaction can further improve the evaluation mechanism for the integration of production and education in Guizhou universities; to understand the current situation of the integration of production and education in the network engineering major and discover existing problems, and promote the healthy development

Организация жилого пространства в традиционном этикете башкир

Introduction. In traditional culture, proxemic behavior is of great importance. The article is based on the results of the research on the structuring of the dwelling and the observance of ethno-etiquette norms within the framework of the traditional living space of the Bashkirs. The aim was to study the structure of the living space, interiors, and the stylistics of behavior in the traditional dwelling. Materials and methods. The main research sources were the author’s unpublished field materials, as well as published folklore texts, reports of the participants of academic expeditions of the 18th century, which contain valuable information about the temporary and permanent dwellings of Bashkirs. Methods used for the analysis were comparative-historical, typological, structural-semantic, and descriptive. The chronological framework of the study covers the period between the 18th and early 20th centuries. Results. The research shows that the structuring of living space is closely related to ancient beliefs, religion, and the ethnic history of the people. Vertical and horizontal divisions of the dwelling and analysis of space distribution inside the yurt indicate that the dwelling was perceived as a model of the world. The horizontal structuring of the inner space was associated with the ancient knowledge of the Bashkirs about the cardinal points, later enriched with Muslim teachings. In their behavior in the interiors, the Bashkirs were guided by the structural-semantic model of the dwelling, the entire developed space. In this aspect, gender, age, and social status were important factors of the traditional etiquette. The dwelling represented a cultivated, protected space, separating “one’s own” space from “other’s”, according to the structure of the internal space, and creating conditions for variable behavior; family members and guests followed binary oppositions, such as left versus right, male versus female, honorable versus less honorable, the parts for guests and household activities, top and bottom, center and periphery.

Utilization of meta-innovative solutions based on genetic algorithm to optimize the number of divisions, angles and structure of diagonal grid systems

Diagonal lattice systems are extensively structured systems of tubular and frame structures and can drastically reduce the weight of the structure and significantly improve the behavior of high-rise buildings by significantly reducing shear lameness. In this paper, the number of partitions, the angle and the optimal structure of single and double layer diagonal grid systems in tall buildings are determined. For this purpose, a computer program and meta-innovative solutions based on genetic algorithm and Caramba have been used as the engine of structural analysis. In these analyzes, the relationship between input factors including distance between two layers, angle and number of elements and number of vertical and horizontal divisions with output factors obtained from structural analysis using Caramba engine, including maximum deformations, weight and Pi delta effect were obtained. Based on the results obtained from genetic algorithms and meta-heuristic solutions, the weights obtained for diagonal lattice systems are more than one layer compared to two-layer systems. In addition, due to lower weight, simpler geometric structure, higher execution speed, no need for highly skilled technical force, lower energy consumption, less architectural space, creating more open spaces and better exposure in single-layer systems than two-layer, These systems are recommended for use in high-rise buildings.

Parametric Analysis of Architectural Elements on Daylight, Visual Comfort, and Electrical Energy Performance in the Study Spaces

The quality of visual comfort has always been an essential element considering human comfort. Providing visual comfort in a living environment reduces the need for artificial lighting, which subsequently has a direct relationship with energy consumptions and its expenses. Besides, the maximum possible usage of daylight instead of artificial lighting significantly contributes to providing a favourable condition in terms of visual comfort for the residents. This essential factor is manifested in public spaces, such as libraries that are associated with students and the quality of their study time. The main aim of this paper is to provide applied solutions to use more natural lighting strategies as an alternative for artificial lighting, which helps to reduce electric energy consumption while providing visual comfort for users. The role of architectural elements, such as the position and dimensions of the windows, reflectivity of materials, layout of surfaces, and appropriateness of space in line with the objectives as mentioned earlier are examined thoroughly. For this purpose, literature studies, as well as computer simulations via Relux software, are utilized to investigate the set research objectives. Finally, the simulation results suggest that the best orientation to achieve the optimal model using daylight in study spaces is northern-southern orientation. In addition, using windows with maximum height in the middle of the transverse front of buildings with window to wall ratio of 35 to 45 percent along the vertical and horizontal divisions (grid) is suitable for such places. Design criteria include the higher access to daylight, visual comfort, and reduction of electrical energy consumption. The reflectivity coefficients for roof materials, floor, and walls are 0.6, 0.4, 0.4, and 0.6, respectively, and transparency for windows is 80%. The obtained results also suggest the length-to-width ratio and height-to-width ratio are 6-to-5 while horizontal and vertical surfaces in near windows and in middle space along the longitudinal direction are optimal for research purposes.

Electing to Do Women's Work? Gendered Divisions of Labor in U.K. Select Committees, 1979–2016

AbstractWhere female representatives are located within legislatures and what they do matters for the substantive representation of women. Previous scholarship has found that female parliamentary committee members participate differently than their male counterparts in relation to both policy area and status of positions held. Here, we draw on an original time-series data set (n= 9,767) to analyze the U.K. select committee system. We test for the impact of four variables previously found to be important in explaining changes in gendered divisions of labor: the system of appointment/election, the proportion of female representatives in the legislature, sharp increases in the number of female representatives, and changes in government from right-wing parties to left-wing parties. We find that horizontal and vertical divisions of labor persist over time and that membership patterns in the United Kingdom mainly correspond to those found elsewhere. Moreover, there is little evidence that any of the four variables have systematically affected membership patterns.

Silo-Busting: Overcoming the Greatest Threat to Organizational Performance

Most organizations are set up to operate in some form of silos, such as vertical divisions or horizontal functions. At best, silos offer a practical way for organizations to operate efficiently. At worst, they create a silo mentality where departments do not want to exchange knowledge or information, hindering internal collaboration and organizational learning, thus preventing achievement of high performance and organizational sustainability. The silo mentality issue has been recognized for a long time as a real tangible problem that has to be dealt with. On the basis of a questionnaire containing statements on organizational strength, collaboration, and silo-busting techniques applied, which was distributed to a sample of mainly large companies, we found that there are five factors that are important for breaking down silos and increasing the quality of cooperation.

Changing classes, changing preferences: how social class mobility affects economic preferences

While many studies have identified an association between social class and economic preferences, we know little about the implications of changes in class location for these preferences. This article assesses how social class and intra-generational class mobility affect economic preferences drawing on longitudinal data from the British Household Panel Survey. In doing so, the article adopts a post-industrial perspective that considers horizontal and vertical class divisions. Even when time-invariant characteristics of individuals are kept constant (through fixed-effects estimation), it is found that both vertical and horizontal class location explain economic preferences. Thus, these estimations suggest that social class moulds preferences, even when accounting for factors that can lead to selection into classes. Moreover, people who change classes hold different economic preferences than their peers in the class of origin, but do not completely assimilate into their class of destination. This implies that growing intra-generational class mobility could undermine the class basis of political conflict.

Sport as high culture in the USA

This study seeks to theoretically and empirically advance our understanding of sport and cultural capital in the USA by testing if social class patterns of four types of sport participation (fitness, competitive, attending elite sporting events, and participation in all three) fit Bourdieu’s theory of class cultural divisions. In addition to testing for the influence of vertical class divisions, it tests for divisions within the dominant classes, and builds on the existing literature through blending Bourdieusian and omnivore theory and incorporating Lamont’s focus on “moral capital.” Hypotheses for relationships between sport and other high culture practices are generated through an historical analysis of sport and neoliberalization from this modified Bourdieusian perspective. Findings generally support the theory. Future research should map changes in the class distribution of sport over time and incorporate class trajectory in analyses.

Model house F3 in Ljubljana – Nearly Zero-Energy Building

Building F3, Model House is a multi-apartment building, located in the new “Zeleni Gaj” residential development in Ljubljana’s Brdo district. The architectural design of the multi-apartment low-energy structure involves vertical divisions into four distinct sections or “lamellas” (A, B, C and D). The lamellas differ from each other in terms of technology, structure and design/concept. This means that they differ above all in terms of the materials used for floor finishes and types of ventilation. As a Nearly Zero-Energy Building the building is also part of a special project researching living comfort in a multi-apartment building, which consist of a minimum three-year period of implementation, research and monitoring.

Medical populism

Medical emergencies are staple features of today's 24/7 culture of breaking news. As politics becomes increasingly stylised, audiences fragmented, and established knowledge claims contested, health crises have become even more vulnerable to politicisation. We offer the vocabulary of medical populism to make sense of this phenomenon. We define medical populism as a political style based on performances of public health crises that pit ‘the people’ against ‘the establishment.’ While some health emergencies lead to technocratic responses that soothe anxieties of a panicked public, medical populism thrives by politicising, simplifying, and spectacularising complex public health issues.To demonstrate the concept's analytical value, we offer four illustrative examples. Thabo Mbeki's HIV denialism and the Philippines' vaccination scandal are examples of the populist logic of forging vertical divisions between the people and the establishment (e.g. the West, big pharma, medical experts). Meanwhile, the Ebola scare and Southeast Asia's drug wars are examples of horizontal divisions that divide the ‘virtuous people’ against ‘dangerous outsiders’ (e.g. racial minorities, drug addicts) whose ‘threats’ have long been overlooked by out-of-touch members of the political and medical establishment. The article concludes by examining the implications of medical populism to health communication and democratic politics.

Social dynamics and nationhood in employment politics in the Trepça mining complex in Socialist Kosovo (1960s)

ABSTRACTThis article analyses the interconnection of socio-economic divisions and nationhood in Socialist Kosovo through a case-study of employment politics in the Trepça mining complex during the 1960s. The article first describes the shifting cadre politics in Trepça, which aimed to increase the degree of skills of the work collective and to address the dramatic under-representation of Albanians in management and specialist positions. It then analyses the departure of Serb and Montenegrin specialists from the enterprise and the internal dispute over the proportional relevance of socio-economic and national grounds for this trend. The second half of the article situates these developments against two levels of social division in the enterprise: vertical social divisions between manual production workers and specialist cadres and horizontal divisions at the top management level. The article argues that the divisions between low-skilled production workers and management personnel was not politically relevant. Such vertical social divisions were depoliticised and denationalised. The outspoken national dimension of cadre politics for specialist personnel and the pluralist tendencies in the management culture of Yugoslav enterprises during the late 1960s, on the other hand, nationalised and politicised the competition between a new generation of Albanian technically-schooled specialists and the predominantly Serb, politically-appointed managers in function.

Monitoring the Attack Incidences and Damage Caused by the Almond Bark Beetle, Scolytus amygdali, in Almond Orchards.

The almond bark beetle, Scolytus amygdali Geurin-Meneville, is responsible for significant loss of fruit production in almond orchards throughout the world. Here, we studied the damage and the incidences of S. amygdali attack on two different scales: (1) at the level of a single tree; and (2) in an entire orchard. Our results revealed no differences in attack level among four orientations (east, west, south and north sides) for the whole tree. However, the bark that was facing west side in the direction of the prevailing wind was found to be the most suitable for females to initiate attack in Stratum S2. Attack distribution remains the same among different strata (strata is vertical divisions of the tree from the ground to the uppermost twigs with ~40 cm intervals). More than 50% of attack was observed in the trunk of the tree and upper strata. However, multiplication rate (number of emerged adults/maternal gallery) varies significantly between strata. In addition, we studied attack intensity (holes produced by beetle per tree) comparing it to tree morphology (flowers, leaves and circumferences) and gum deposit. Our results revealed a positive correlation between attack intensity and gum deposits, and a negative correlation between attack intensity and tree morphology. This revealed that gum on the tree was an indicator for attack intensity. A positive correlation between attack intensity and the circumference of the tree revealed that older trees were more susceptible to S. amygdali attack. These results, while preliminary, aim to help in the monitoring of S. amygdali populations before deciding to apply any control measures.

What role can African cities play in low-carbon development? A multilevel governance perspective of Ghana, Uganda and South Africa

Cities’ ability to mainstream climate goals into their activities is, to a large extent, influenced by the vertical divisions of responsibilities across different levels of government. This study examined how cities’ agency to steer low-carbon urban development is enabled or constrained by multi-level governance arrangements in Jinja in Uganda, Ga East in Ghana, and Polokwane in South Africa. In both Uganda and Ghana, uneven progress with implementing decentralisation reforms greatly limited local government action, and there was poor alignment of sectors they could influence and those with significant emissions reduction potential. In Polokwane, however, a highly devolved governance structure afforded the municipality authority and autonomy over a much wider range of functions. Across all three cases, however, systemic capacity and resource constraints constrained the potential to develop proactive climate governance.