Vertical Divisions Research Articles

Discharge prediction in straight mobile bed compound channels

Most of the recent advances in techniques to predict the discharge capacity of compound channels have been based on experimental results from fixed bed laboratory models. This paper represents a significant departure from this trend by introducing a mobile bed in the main channel. As a result, sediment will be transported and reshaped by the flow in the main channel and this will lead to an increase in roughness as bedforms are created. The introduction of a mobile bed provides another degree of freedom and increases the complexity of the experiments. The discharge prediction problem still remains and methods for predicting the channel discharge capacity are examined. Experimental results from the United Kingdom Flood Channel Facility (UK FCF) and from the University of Ulster show that an improved estimate of both the zonal and overall discharge can be estimated using the Weighted Divided Channel method. Percentage errors for each discharge assessment were averaged for each data set; the most accurate method was the WDCM with an average error of 2·4 and the least accurate was the Divided Channel Method with vertical divisions with an over prediction in discharge of 16·0%. Results from tests on the rare situation of a compound channel with smooth floodplains and a rough main channel indicated that the usual explanation given for the effects of the momentum interaction between these two regions may need further investigation.

Asymmetric Segregation of Numb in Retinal Development and the Influence of the Pigmented Epithelium

Asymmetric segregation of cell-fate determinants during cytokinesis plays an important part in controlling cell-fate choice in invertebrates. During Drosophila neurogenesis, for example, asymmetric segregation of the Numb protein, which inhibits Notch signaling, is necessary for the two daughter cells of a division to have different fates. In vertebrates, the role of asymmetric segregation of cell-fate determinants is uncertain, and the way the process might be regulated is unknown. We have studied the orientation of cell divisions and the distribution of Numb in the developing rat retina. We show that, whereas most retinal neuroepithelial cells divide with their mitotic spindles oriented parallel to the plane of the neuroepithelium, a substantial minority divides with their spindles oriented perpendicularly. The proportion of these vertically dividing cells changes during development, peaking around the day of birth. Numb appears to be inherited only by the apical daughter cell when a neuroepithelial cell divides vertically. Similarly, in dissociated cell cultures, some retinal neuroepithelial cells divide asymmetrically and distribute Numb to only one of the two daughter cells, suggesting that the dissociated cells can retain their polarity in vitro. Using retinal explant cultures, we find that the retinal pigment epithelium apparently promotes vertical divisions in the neural retina. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence that asymmetric segregation of cell-fate determinants may contribute to cell diversification in the mammalian retina and that an epithelium controls this process by influencing the plane of division in the adjacent neural retina.

An alternative framework for the technological and transaction firm models

Economics, management and business have for some time questioned our perceptions about what is a "firm". The need to comprehend this question is paramount to understanding the functioning not only of our firms but also of our economic systems, both at a micro and macro level. Neoclassical theorists have generally assumed that the distribution of resources in an economy is dependent directly upon the price and markets. Notwithstanding this, the questions remain why do firms or organisations exist, and what is the nature of their mechanisms? A significant limitation in economic discussion is that it considers the firm as consisting of a horizontal set of inputs and outputs but fails to recognise that there are vertical divisions of these sets among which trade-offs occur. Contextual discussion of these vertical divisions is the focus of this paper. A new framework is developed to enable the identification and analysis of those particular aspects that make the firm function.

Unruly Knowledge: Women's Studies and the Problem of Disciplinarity

From its beginnings, Women's Studies has faced challenges due to use of the concept discipline to identify bodies of knowledge and to construct institutional boundaries in the academy. With its multiplicity of approaches, Women's Studies crosses lines between realms of knowledge that are typically identified with departments, creating difficulties for students and faculty who pursue intellectual and institutional goals that do not fit the usual rules. While creation of cross-departmental committees to oversee most undergraduate women's studies programs has served to overcome some of these problems, recent trends, toward both departmentalization of Women's Studies and development of doctoral programs, highlight the importance of reviewing the institutional as well as epistemological history through which current disciplinary and departmental borders were established. Situating Women's Studies within another history, that of interdisciplinary research and teaching, the author suggests that women's studies practitioners adopt an empirical, both/and stance toward the problem of disciplinarity, continuing to establish Women's Studies with disciplinary departments while also participating in whatever types of cross-disciplinary units best fit their intellectual interests and specific institutional histories and structures. Women's studies practitioners should both engage the disciplines and cross boundaries, especially in order to learn from each other. We can take satisfaction in recognizing the extent to which traditional vertical divisions in many areas of life are giving way to horizontal groupings, and identities becoming more diffuse, multiple, and flexible, thus creating new constructions more congenial to Women's Studies than the disciplinary divisions that are now deemed traditional.

Gender and Professionalization: An Institutional Analysis of Teacher Education and Unionism at the Turn of the Twentieth Century

The central thesis of this article is that professionalization projects, such as those endorsed by normal schools and schools of education, contributed to vertical and horizontal divisions of labor by constructing differing views of professionalization, which became associated with and gave institutional support to gendered assumptions about women and teaching in general. Local unions, such as the Chicago Federation of Teachers, provided a counterforce to these divisions of labor, by skirting concerns about certification and instead working directly with practicing teachers on issues of authority and autonomy. Unfortunately, these efforts by local unions often occurred within the shadow of national associations that tried to balance the interests of educational administrators and teachers. This balance limited the influence of local proposals that challenged men's advantage relative to women in the educational community.

The Sporeling Ontogeny of Monoclea gottschei subsp. elongata

Sporeling ontogeny ofMonoclea gottschei Lindb. subsp. elongata Gradst. & Mues was determined using controlled germination experiments and a combination of optical and scanning electron microscopy. Germination is exosporic, without the formation of a germ tube, and early development is characterized by the formation of tiers of quadrants. While the apical tier remains undivided, subsequent orderly vertical and horizontal divisions in subapical tiers produce a bistratose discoid protonemal phase. After a brief period of protonemal expansion, a juvenile thallus apical cell with two lateral segmenting surfaces is delimited by unequal oblique divisions in one of the apical quadrants. The transformation of the bi- or tristratose ribbon-shaped juvenile thallus to adult thallus form is correlated with a modification in apical cell geometry and the appearance of an apical notch, which is overarched by club-shaped ventral slime cells. Similarities between early stages ofsporeling development in Monoclea, Haplomitrium, and Fossombronia most likely reflect shared antiquity rather than close phylogenetic affinity, because subsequent cell patterning in Monoclea appears to be indicative offundamental marchantioid affinities. The systematic relationships of Monoclea Hook. have long been controversial, with affinities vari- ously postulated to lie with the complex thalloid hepatics, simple thalloid hepatics, or Haplomitrium Nees (Bartholomew-Began 1991; D. Campbell 1936; E. Campbell 1954; Proskauer 1951). The clarifica- tion of ontogenetic patterns in Monoclea is timely in light of recent ontogenetic and anatomical data that support the close alliance of the Haplomitriales (excluding Takakia Hatt. & Inoue) and Metzgeriales and the resultant classification of these two orders into the single subclass Metzgeriidae of the Junger- manniopsida (Bartholomew-Began 1990).

On the "Block Economy"

The State Council's 1980 decision to implement a fiscal system based on dividing revenues and expenditures among different levels in which each assumes financial responsibility for its own level [lit., setting up separate financial households (fenzao chifan)] has become the foundation for all reform measures relating to planning, investment, materials, distribution, and enterprises. The system has concentrated local financial interest and ultimately transformed the economic management system from one primarily characterized by vertical (tiao-tiao) divisions to one primarily characterized by territorial (kuai-kuai) divisions, or from what might be called a strip economy to a block economy.

Composing Robot Production Systems: Japan as a Flexible Manufacturing System

In this paper, case-study evidence of the composition of four robot production systems is provided to reveal the linkages between local, regional, and national social divisions of labour. The relation-specific skill epitomizes the sophisticated procedures used to compose production systems, and the four case studies provide evidence of the communalities and varieties of these procedures. The geography of the interrelationships of the vertical divisions of labour of design-supplied suppliers and of the horizontal division of labour of design-approved suppliers is discussed. The cooperation and competition within this social division of labour allows Japan to function as a flexible manufacturing system.

Assam-Bengal Trade in the Medieval Period

Assam, in the beginning of the medieval period, extended between 24-28 and 88-96 degrees latitude north and longitude east of Greenwich respectively. It was bounded by the Himalayan mountains of Bhutan and Arunachal Pradesh in the north, and the hills of Nagaland and Manipur in the east, Mizoram and Tripura in the south and the river Karatoya in the east. The river Brahmaputra flowing, from north-east to south-west, through the heart of Assam separated it into two parts: Uttara Kula (North Bank) and Dakshina Kula (South Bank), as well as forming an island called Majuli. Further, its vertical land divisions are designated as Upper (Eastern) and Lower (Western) Assam. Politically it constituted various principalities. Its Western part marked the continuation of the old kingdom of Kamaruipa which comprised the areas lying between the rivers Karatoya in the West and Bhareli in the east with its capital at Kamaruipanagar (Gauhati); sometime after 1257, its capital was shifted to Kamatapur (near the present town of Koch Bihar) and thence it was known as Kamata. The landlords (Bhuyans)-the revenue assessment officers, who possessed the surplus stockpiles, exerted political authority in this part of Assam; finally, they usurped the Kamata kingdom in the latter half of the 13th century. Its eastern part was ruled by the Chutiyas and the Kacharis: the Chutiya domain

Effect of vertical food-trough dividers on the feeding and agonistic behaviour of layer hens.

1. Opaque, vertical dividers were used to create either one or two feeding spaces in front of each cage. Three hens were housed in each 310 x 510 mm cage. 2. The effects of these dividers on feeding, extending head out of the cage front and agonistic behaviour were compared with undivided areas. Body weights were also recorded. 3. Compared with controls (unmodified feeding space), birds with two feeding spaces per cage spent less time feeding and head out, had fewer feeding bouts, received fewer agonistic head pecks overall and weighed less at the end of lay. 4. Access to the food trough was through 5 spaces separated by the vertical wire divisions of the cage front. Regardless of treatment group, most activity at the cage front occurred through the second space in from either side of the cage. 5. The data are discussed in relation to the social controls which may affect trough use, the potential for improving cage design by modifying the design of the feeding area, and the validity of research trials which use food trough dividers to separate treatment groups.

Cambial Activity and Developmental Changes in Ray Initials of Some Tropical Trees

Summary Structure, divisional activity and dimensional variations of ray initials in Tectona grandis L., Gmelina arborea Roxb. and Mangifera indica L. have been studied in relation to annual seasonal cycle of cambium. Resting ray initials have thick and beaded walls. Additive and multiplicative divisions in active ray initials lead to vascular ray differentiation and an increase in ray size respectively. New secondary rays originate primarily by division of ends and sides of fusiform initials. Multiseriate rays develop through the transverse and vertical divisions of ray initial precursor cells. Fusion between tangentially and radially adjacent rays occurs following the loss of intervening fusiform initials. The mean height and the average number of rays are significantly greater in active cambium. The seasonal variations in ray height is discussed in comparison with the length of fusiform initials.

Erect Glandular Trichomes of Medicago scutellata (L.) Mill.: Gland Development and Early Secretion

Gland development and early secretory activity of erect, capitate-stalked glands of Medicago scutellata (L.) Mill. were studied by light and electron microscopy because the glands provide defense against larvae of the alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica (Gyl.). Observations were made from the apices of stipular teeth, which form glandular tissue equivalent to that of erect glands. In gland development an epidermal initial forms a seven-celled filament by transverse divisions. Vertical and oblique divisions in cells 6 and 7 of the filament produce a globose head of 12-20 cells. In presecretory stages, cells of the gland head contain spherical vacuoles created by dispersal of the cell vacuole. These vacuoles acquire clumps of electron-dense material along the inner membrane surface. Isodiametric bodies (IB) in membrane-bounded aggregates appear to associate with vacuoles and may be a precursor of the presecretory dense material. Granular bodies in the cytoplasm, similar to IB, may be another secretion precursor ...

Natural Convection in Undivided and Partially Divided Rectangular Enclosures

Heat transfer by natural convection in a two-dimensional rectangular enclosure fitted with partial vertical divisions is investigated experimentally. The horizontal walls of the enclosure are adiabatic while the vertical walls are maintained at different temperatures. The experiments are carried out with water, Pr ≃ 3.5, for Rayleigh numbers in the range, 2.3 × 1010 ⩽ RaL ⩽ 1.1 × 1011, and an aspect ratio, A = H/L = 1/2. The effect of the partial vertical divisions on the fluid flow and temperature fields is investigated by dye-injection flow visualization and by thermocouple probes, respectively. The effect of the partitions on the heat transfer across the enclosure is also studied and correlations for the Nusselt number as a function of RaL and partition length are generated for both conducting and non-conducting partition materials. Partial divisions are found to have a significant effect on the heat transfer; especially when the divisions are adiabatic. The results also indicate that the partial divisions may have a stabilizing effect on the laminar-transitional flow on the heated vertical walls of the enclosure.

Depillarisation in the Netherlands

The pillarised structure of Dutch society assumed its most developed form between the late 191 0s and the mid 19 60s. l During this period most people lived most of their lives within one of the following three (or four) pillars: Roman Catholic, orthodox Calvinist or secular, with the last sometimes further divided into bourgeois liberal/conservative and socialist constituents. It is not possible to specify the numbers in each pillar but the 1960 Census recorded religious affiliations as follows: RC 40.4 percent, Dutch Reformed 28.3 percent, Rereformed 9.3 percent, Others 3.6 percent and None 18.4 percent.2 Figure I sets out the pillarised structure of four institutional areas. Primary schools played a crucial part in the consolidation of the pillarised structure of Dutch society; parties and unions are central concerns of this article; and television serves as just one example of the extension of pillarisation beyond the concerns of this article.3 The aim of this paper is to consider some of the causes and consequences of the depillarisation which began in the 1960s. I shall advance the proposition that attempts to democratize and decentralize the internal organization of the pillars, or zailen, can only end in the dissolution of the pillarised structure itself. In addition, I shall argue that one cannot adequately characterize depillarisation unless one also considers the character of the Dutch class structure. Failure to do this is responsible both for Lijphart's mischaracterization of political change from the mid 60s to the early 70s as a movement from consociational to depoliticized democracy, and for the perplexed air of recent analyses of changes in industrial relations.4 In connection with the latter, it is mistaken to suppose that the erosion of major vertical divisions within the working class necessarily leads to intensified class action in politics and industry. The mistake derives from use of Marx as a source of expectations of class action when neo-Weberian ideas of a fragmentary

Class Structure and Political Power in Iran Since 1796

The transformation in the structure of classes and of power in the past two centuries in Iran, as in many Third World countries, can be seen as: (1) a change from a relatively decentralized structure of power in which several different groups and localities shared power to one in which power is concentrated in the center and is backed by a modernized army and bureaucracy, (2) a change from primarily vertical divisions in society, in which the most homogeneous groups--tribes, ulama, towns, and religious communities--comprise both rich and poor, to a division based on more horizontal class lines. These two changes go together and form part of the transformation often referred to under such rubrics as “modernization,” “westernization,” or “the impact of the West,” although none of these terms is fully satisfactory. This paper attempts to outline the basic lines of these two sociopolitical changes in modern Iran and also to assess recent sociopolitical developments there.

Studies on the development ofCommelina benghalensis L I. Zygote to globular proembryo

The embryogeny ofCommelina benghalensis L, from zygote to the globular proembryo, is presented. The terminal cell of the proembryo, after two vertical divisions, right angles to each other, becomes morphogenetically differentiated: one of the half-hemispheres is destined to develop into the cotyledon and the other into the epicotyl. The subjacent tier—derivatives of the basal cell—which is close to the terminal tier, show two ontogenetic norms of development. The root pole is differentiated from the derivatives of the basal cell which are opposite to the shoot pole.

FEEDING BEHAVIOUR AND ECOLOGY OF NEW GUINEA RAINFOREST INSECTIVOROUS PASSERINES

SUMMARYFifty species of insectivorous warblers Sylviidae, flycatchers Muscicapidae and whistlers Pachycephalidae were studied in primary rainforest at various localities in New Guinea. The structure of the various forest types is described and the birds' feeding ecology and behaviour analysed by recognizing three main foraging techniques and five horizontal and three vertical basic structural divisions of the habitats.Altitudinal ranges of the species are assessed to determine potential co‐existence and they are divided into lowland and lower montane groups (either side of the main avifaunal discontinuity at 1500 m) with a third small group occurring in both areas and a fourth group of 12 lower montane species that occur also in the structurally much simpler Upper Montane forest.The feeding behaviour and ecology of the species within each major habitat are compared, with particular attention to taxonomically related and ecologically similar species. Other important considerations—additional behavioural differences, notable morphological distinctions, altitudinal separation of ranges within the habitat—are also noted.The likely importance of differences in foraging behaviour and feeding sites for reducing competition between related species is amply demonstrated, members of several pairs and groups of species have nearly mutually exclusive preferences. The overall pattern of habitat utilization is, however, extremely complex with nearly all stations used, in a variety of ways, by several species and there are many instances of substantial similarity between pairs of species, often involving congeners.The calculation of information theory derived indices of foraging diversity and overlap enables more general comparisons between the altitudinally graded habitats to be made and differences related to current ideas on tropical species diversity.Between Lowland and Lower Montane forest there is a fairly general trend of reduction in foraging diversity and decrease in the mean overlap between species in many genera and groups. The 12 species that continue into the simpler Upper Montane forest show very significantly reduced foraging diversity (compared with their values in lower montane forest) and also less overlap, indicating a different relationship between these species in the absence of the other Lower Montane forest birds. Together these results suggest that the most tropical (i.e., lowland) species show greatest overlap but do not necessarily have smaller niches.In progressively higher habitats there is a bias to the disappearance of generalist (high diversity index) species. These mainly use flycatcher‐gleaning techniques supporting suggestions that the increase in insectivorous species in the tropics is partly due to exploitation of feeding strategies related to hovering. Habitat and ecological factors influencing this are assessed.The importance of altitudinal isolating mechanisms is also discussed and, amongst the species studied, both on average and in specific cases, those with the greatest similarities in foraging behaviour and ecology are segregated altitudinally and do not co‐exist. It is suggested, however, that substantial overlap between many co‐existing tropical species may not be abnormal, but rather an adaptation for ensuring maximum efficiency of habitat utilization in the prevailing environmental conditions of tropical rainforest.

Plant Component Yield and Cell Contents of an Adapted and a Tropical Corn, Zea mays L.1

Ten plant components (leaf, node, rind, pith, cob, grain, husk, shank, tassel, and undeveloped ear shoots) of normal and fruitless ‘Dixie 18’ and ‘Tuxpeno’ corn, Zea mays L., were separated and analyzed for dry matter yield and percent cell contents (PCC). The objective was to determine the site of dry matter and cell contents accumulation. Components were combined into six vertical plant divisions to provide a nutritional profile of the plants. Weight of dry matter and weight of cell contents were greatest at the base and decreased progressively to the top for both normal and fruitless plants (excluding the ear bearing division). Three plant portions contained the bulk of total cell contents per plant: (i) grain ‐‐ 51 and 44%, (ii) three divisions below the ear ‐‐ 23 and 32%, and (iii) leaf ‐‐ 17 and 18% for normal Dixie 18 and normal Tuxpeno, respectively. Fruitless Dixie 18 plants produced 69% as much cell contents as the normal, and fruitless Tuxpeno 84% of the normal. Normal Tuxpeno produced significantly more dry matter than normal Dixie 18; however, total cell contents did not differ significantly. The data indicate that fruitless plants compensate partially for the absence of grain. The three divisions below the ear contained 23 and 32% of the cell contents of normal Dixie 18 and normal Tuxpeno, respectively; consequently, leaving a high stubble when harvesting silage causes loss of nutrients. Tuxpeno would be satisfactory for certain feeding situations but cultural hazards may limit its use.

Peasant Movements and Political Mobilization: The Jats of Rajasthan

Caste has provided a frequent and important perspective for the analysis of political mobilization and change in India. The political salience of ascriptive social collectivites, of course, has been found not only in peasant and tribal societies but in the more highly mobilized and cosmopolitan as well.' Affective bonds have not always been observant of the laws governing the processes of rationalization and demystification of society so long presumed to be immutable. In the Indian situation caste has been found, with varying degrees of reliability, to be the single most important determinant of political organization and action as well as a differentiated and plural political category given to different rational coalition possibilities.2 Most studies of caste and politics have focused upon caste associations conceived as instruments for the imposition or adaptation of new action patterns by relevant groups for purposes of achieving ritual and social mobility.3 Caste associations have been both function and agent of the modernization process. They have represented the formation of new organizations by contract and choice. The quality of leadership selection has emphasized achievement and performance as well as election. They have encouraged the expansion of caste horizons and cooperative effort from parochial and vertical social divisions to more horizontal and inclusive ones. Less attention has been given, however, to longitudinal studies concerning the impact of differential patterns of caste mobilization and strategies

Avifaunal survey of Mt. Hayachine in Iwate, N. Honshu

The National Science Museum's project of biological field survey for 1967 included the avifaunal investigation of Mt. Hayachine in Iwate of which no report is published yet. The author was appointed to this and made field studies during 29 June and 4 July.The mountain, 1913m at the summit, is the highest peak of the east-west ridge. The north side foot zone is at the elevation of 600m of altitude, ascending as an extensive gradual and then steeper slope, grading from the oak zone, mixed desciduous forest, needle-leaved forest, dwarf forest, Pinus pumila to rocky zones. The south side is very abrupt near the summit and beech forest is developed on the foot zone, the lower part merging to the oak zone with some deforested parts down to 500m of altitude.Bird censuses by line transect method were made on both sides, except for the steep upper south slope (owing to rainy days) and a comparative avifaunal analyses were made. Forty four species, 42 on the north side, 28 on the south side, were recorded, and 8 species were added to Mr. Kuzu's unpublished bird list which includes winter birds. These make an total of 85 species recorded from this mountain.The north side avifauna shows a fine vertical distribution of bird species according to the forest types and was richer than on the south side where upper vertical forest divisions were lacking. The results are compared in tables and relative densities were calculated by number of birds per 1km, 1 ha, (also 40 ha for total) and 1 hour. For calculation, the highest number recorded for a same route was used, except for density per hour in which the total of numbers recorded in total census time was used. Breeding pair density was calculated for several species recorded by territory songs. Some discussions are given on factors influencing the census records. The efficiency was much better in some morning and with slow pace censuses than those of afternoon or with faster pace.Only a few birds were collected for food analysis, and a wren specimen was so distinctly darker and fully barred as to be readily distinguished from typical Honshu birds. The observation of a Turdus pallidus suggests its possible breeding unreported from Honshu. These points are left for future.