Verification Procedure Research Articles

Quantifying the Impact of Sea Level on Coastal Cities using Bayesian optimized Monte Carlo Simulation model

The immediate treatment of the increasing of sea levels represent on coastal cities around the globe is the subject of this research. Using an all-encompassing and probabilistic methodology, the study quantifies the complex effects of rising sea levels using a Bayesian-optimized Monte Carlo simulation framework. The current approaches for assessing the effects of rising sea levels frequently do not adequately capture the intrinsic complexity and unpredictability of changing structures. This work presents a novel method combining Monte Carlo simulation and Bayesian optimization to overcome these drawbacks. The present research is innovative since it incorporates Bayesian optimization methods into a Monte Carlo simulation framework. By constantly modifying distributions of probabilities according to observable results, this combination improves simulation performance. This constantly changing optimization methodology closes a significant gap within current methods by ensuring a more accurate portrayal of shifting conditions. In addition, the method used in this work emphasizes cooperation among mathematicians, coastal scientists, and climate researchers, thereby promoting a comprehensive knowledge of the complex issues raised by rising sea levels. This set of variables includes the current level of the sea, land height, frequency of storm surges, population density, and infrastructure resilience. The model’s effectiveness is rigorously assessed, utilizing procedures for verification and calibration that use past information. Calculations are guided by various rising sea-level situations based on scientific forecasts and uncertainty ranges. Sensitivity analysis pinpoints important factors, guiding further efforts to gather data and improve the model. The structure for the performance assessment ensures that the model is dependable and applicable to those making decisions who want to prioritize flexible measures and create resilient communities along the coast.

Screening and Retaining Adolescents Recruited Through Social Media: Secondary Analysis from a Longitudinal Clinical Trial.

Social media has become a popular method to recruit participants, particularly for studies with hard-to-reach populations. These studies still face challenges in data quality and, for longitudinal studies, sample retention. However, in addition to aiding in recruitment, social media platforms can help researchers with participant verification and tracking procedures during the study. There is limited previous research describing how longitudinal studies can use social media to screen and retain participants. This paper describes strategies implemented to screen and retain a nationwide sample of sexual minority youth who were recruited through social media platforms for a longitudinal study testing a drug abuse prevention program. Our screening strategies for participants included collecting necessary demographic information (name, phone, email, and social media accounts), verifying this information using publicly available web-based records, and sending confirmation emails to ensure working email addresses and correct dates of birth. Retention strategies included communications designed to develop positive participant relationships, incentives for survey completion, regular updating of participant contact information, targeting hard-to-reach participants, and using social media as an alternative means of contacting participants. During enrollment, although the only demographic data required were a phone number and an email address, 87.58% (1065/1216) of participants provided their Instagram as an alternative means of contact. This form of alternative communication remains the most preferred with 87.40% (1047/1198) of participants continuing to provide an Instagram username as of January 2023, about 3 years after recruitment began. In comparison, other alternative means of contact (eg, Facebook and alternative email) were provided by only 6.43% (77/1198) to 56.18% (673/1198) of participants. Direct messaging on Instagram was used to successfully confirm participant identity, remind participants to take annual follow-up surveys, and update lost participant contact information. Screening and retention strategies used in the study have helped achieve 96.30% (1171/1216) to 96.79% (1177/1216) sample retention across 3 waves of data collection. Though social media can be a helpful tool to recruit participants, attrition and participant authenticity difficulties may be associated with this method. Screening and retention strategies can be implemented to improve retention. Internet searches are effective for screening youth to ensure they meet eligibility requirements. Additionally, social media-Instagram in this study-can help to track and locate participants who do not respond to traditional contact methods. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03954535; https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03954535.

Verification of the analytical performance of the serum Folate assay on the Abbott Alinity ci®

In the evolving landscape of clinical diagnostics, the significance of folate takes center stage as precision and innovation shape advancements in analytical methodologies. Folate, a pivotal element in cellular metabolism, governs physiological processes and serves as an indicator for various medical conditions. This study employs the Chemiluminescent Microparticle Immunoassay (CMIA), known for its accuracy, to assess the reproducibility and repeatability of serum folate levels. Folate's role in cellular metabolism influences diverse physiological functions, making its precise quantification crucial for identifying and monitoring conditions such as folate deficiency. The CMIA method emerges as a robust approach, leveraging immunological specificity for high precision and reliability. Utilizing the Abbott Alinity ci® Analyzer, a technologically advanced clinical chemistry instrument, this study incorporates a systematic analytical method verification procedure. This involves quantification through a standardized protocol and a comparative analysis against criteria set by esteemed societies (RICOS and FSCB), ensuring comprehensive insights into analysis techniques. The reproducibility test, evaluating the impact of various factors on assay results, reveals low Coefficient of Variation (CV) values (CV1: 10.25%, CV2: 8.58%, CV3: 9.13%) across different levels. The results align with quality control limits, emphasizing the method's reliability. Repeatability assessment demonstrates exceptionally low CV values (CV1: 4.84%, CV2: 3.41%, CV3: 1.89%), highlighting the method's stability and precision under controlled conditions.

Telemanagement and Radiology: current structure, opportunities and new horizons.

Telemedicine is a method of providing remote services in compliance with data security, with a significant positive impact on healthcare, in which Teleradiology means the electronic transmission of radiographic images from one geographical area to another. In this context, the term "telemanagement" shows a real remote management of a diagnostic examination, concluded by the production of telereport and telediagnosis. On the basis of Italian position papers, National guidelines and current Laws, a careful analysis of multiple aspects was carried out, in order to understand the current obligations and application limits. Proper radiotelemanagement requires a shared operating protocol within the structure, which integrates verification and safety procedures, periodic checks and adequate resources. In addition, practical interface between the involved figures must be properly established. Then, guidelines highlight the "standard" radiological procedures that can be performed in the absence of the specialist: in ordinary hospitalization, it is allowed to perform Telemanagement procedures only within "standard" procedures; in emergency setting, the only limit is placed in case of administration of contrast agent. No provisions have been approved for teleradiological work in private settings. Finally, inter-company procedures are only provided for screening programs. In this context; potential negative implications are the risk of substitution of health professionals, as well as ethical issues related to data security, patient's consent and quality of the doctor-patient relationship. In an effort of optimism aimed at the future, we want to express our propensity towards a universe with lots of potential that, over time, will emerge in its concreteness.

Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence for Ensuring the Authenticity of Organic Legume Products in Supply Chains

Background: The increasing demand for organic legume products has raised concerns about the validity of supply chains. This research explores the integration of blockchain and Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies as a robust solution for ensuring the accuracy of organic legume products in supply chains. Leveraging the immutable and transparent nature of blockchain, the study establishes a decentralized ledger to record and validate each stage of the supply chain, from crop husbandry to distribution. Methods: Artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms are used in tandem to examine data points and identify irregularities that can signal the existence of fake goods. Through the integration of various technologies, the research aims to offer an advanced and flexible system that can anticipate and detect any risks to the validity of the product. Smart contract implementation on the blockchain enables automated verification procedures assuring, adherence to organic norms and laws. Result: Through case studies and empirical evidence, this paper demonstrates the efficacy of the proposed blockchain and AI integration in mitigating the risks associated with counterfeit organic legume products. This research contributes to the burgeoning field of blockchain and AI applications in supply chain management, offering a novel approach to fortify the integrity of organic food supply chains.

Review of Procedures for Verification of Grid Code Compliance of Renewable Generation

Renewable generation has undergone an enormous increase in the last decade all over the world, in terms of energy, installed power and number of plants. In order to cope with a huge number of connection applications, system operators are detailing specific procedures for verifying the compliance of the plant performance to the grid code requirements. This paper reviews the procedures used by system operators of different countries with the objective of introducing actual practices and highlighting the similarities and differences among countries. In general, for plants that include multiple similar units, the compliance procedure includes a mixture of commissioning tests and simulations results, with the later used for plant model validation purposes. Also, for some specific requirements only simulation results are accepted for the entire plant, when a single unit has been validated against measurements for the same requirement.

Standard sample as an obligatory element in the diagnosis of poisoning by toxic substances

One of the actual problems of poisoning diagnosing remains a wide variety of toxic substances and the constant emergence of new natural and synthetic compounds. Classes of compounds to which toxic substances may belong are extremely diverse. Plant, animal, bacterial and biotechnological toxins can cause acute poisoning. The difference in their physicochemical properties and chemical structure complicates the reliable and timely detection of the toxin in the human body. In the review, the authors describe the main modern diagnostic methods that allow for a qualitative and quantitative assessment of the content of the toxin. Methods of analytical control, the result of which is a quantitative characteristic of the analyzed component, in turn provide for the use of a standard sample, since this allows not only to identify the toxicant, but also to evaluate its content in the human body. The review considers the role of a standard sample in the diagnosis of poisoning by toxic substances, including in accordance with the requirements of the legislative framework of the Russian Federation in the field of ensuring the uniformity of measurements. This requirement includes ensuring the metrological traceability of measurement results, monitoring the accuracy of measurement results, conducting validation and verification procedures for analytical methods that require the use of a certified standard sample. The main problems specialists face in the process of diagnosing and determining the direction of activity for their solution are indicated. Today, the need to develop domestic analytical standards is becoming important, which is associated with the difficulties of acquiring them in other countries and restricting the access of the Russian Federation to world biobanks, storages of reference samples.

Vulnerability assessment and lifecycle analysis of an existing masonry arch bridge

This paper presents a comprehensive study on structural verification and proposed improvements for an ancient masonry arch bridge. The research encompasses multiple stages, starting with a detailed survey utilizing LiDAR and aerial techniques to collect precise data on the bridge’s condition. Mechanical inspections assess deterioration levels and identify critical areas requiring attention. Based on the gathered data, a structural model of the bridge is developed, considering geometric parameters and material properties. The model undergoes rigorous verification procedures to assess its seismic response and ensure compliance with safety standards. The analysis includes identifying potential collapse mechanisms, such as the formation of plastic hinges, which can lead to structural failure. The study proposes structural improvements to enhance the bridge’s performance and safety. These interventions specifically target vulnerabilities identified during the verification process. They include additional support elements, reinforcing critical areas, and utilizing advanced materials to improve tensile strength and durability. The feasibility of the proposed retrofitting solutions will be proved by performing a cost analysis, while environmental impacts are evaluated through an environmental assessment (Lifecycle Assessment — LCA) in which all the main bridge refurbishment phases have been included. Finally, some of the advantages of bridge refurbishment measures are shown by comparing the proposed intervention with a bridge reconstruction in terms of costs and environmental impacts. The outcomes of this study contribute to the existing knowledge on the rehabilitation of masonry arch bridges and serve as a valuable reference for engineers and practitioners involved in preserving architectural heritage.

АВТОРИЗОВАНИЙ ЕКОНОМІЧНИЙ ОПЕРАТОР: ШЛЯХИ РОЗВИТКУ, ЙОГО ВПЛИВ НА ПРОЦЕСИ ПРИ МИТНОМУ ОФОРМЛЕНІ, РИЗИКИ ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ

Goal. To identify development pathways for Authorized Economic Operators (AEO), assess their impact on customs clearance processes, and analyze application risks. Method. The theoretical and methodological basis of the research comprises fundamental and modern studies by foreign and domestic experts in the field of Authorized Economic Operators (AEO). The analysis of AEO's impact on customs clearance processes is based on methods of analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction. The research on AEO development pathways and the assessment of their application risks employs the methodology of scientific abstraction, allowing for the identification of key trends and promising directions for further improvement of customs procedures. Results. Current trends in international trade demand the adaptation of supply chain security tools by customs administrations. Authorized Economic Operators (AEO) are becoming key players in this process, offering new opportunities for optimizing customs operations. The implementation and development of AEO contribute to cost reduction, shortened customs clearance time, and increased transparency of trade operations. However, the use of AEO entails certain risks, particularly related to cybersecurity and potential abuses. Key principles of partnership between customs authorities and businesses that have obtained or seek to obtain AEO status have been identified. The dynamics of obtaining AEO status by enterprises in Ukraine have been analyzed, indicating that the current state of the AEO program in Ukraine has significant development potential, promoting increased efficiency in international trade and reduced administrative barriers.Scientific novelty. The current state of the trade industry and its development prospects were analyzed. The main organizational structures of trade business structures existing at the current stage of development were analyzed. Scientific Novelty. The main stages of the process for obtaining Authorized Economic Operator status have been analyzed, and the main customs risks that require careful management and control by customs authorities have been identified. This includes continuous improvement of risk assessment and verification procedures, as well as close cooperation with AEO program participants to ensure the safety and efficiency of international trade. Practical Significance. Key directions for improving the authorization process for enterprises under the Authorized Economic Operators program have been formulated.

Development of a reduced-order virtual model of a diesel locomotive cooling module

The article describes the process of developing a virtual model of a reduced-order cooling module for subsequent integration into a 1D virtual model of a diesel locomotive. A description of the steps in the model creation process is provided, including data collection, selection of mathematical models, and verification and validation procedures. The results of the work show that the created virtual model provides a convenient and accurate tool for analyzing and optimizing the cooling system of a diesel locomotive, which expands the possibilities for optimizing the design and improving the system control algorithms, which in turn leads to increased reliability and efficiency of its operation. The study highlights the prospects for the application of reduced-order virtual models in the railway industry.

Data structure and privacy protection analysis in big data environment based on blockchain technology

In today's digital world, the rapid advancement of Information Technology (IT) has made it crucial to prioritize the protection and management of data storage and retrieval. It is vital to challenge the difficulties related to dispersed and decentralized data to build strong mechanisms for access control and provide effective authorization and authentication in data processing. In the contemporary context of IT, the imperative to secure data storage and retrieval has become distinctly observed. The challenges posed by distributed and decentralized data demand the development of robust mechanisms for access control, demanding a focus on proper authorization and authentication in transaction processing. This research addresses the existing gap by comprehensively adapting data structures effectively to the evolving needs of secure access and storage control. It uses the Enhanced Merkle Tree (EMT) as a novel data structure. This article initially modifies the conventional Merkle Tree (MT) structure used in Blockchain technology to suit e-healthcare Systems (e-HS) requirements. The EMT enhances data security in access and storage and significantly improves data integrity management. Its constant three-degree MT with multiple leaves, branches, and a single root node enables updated data authentication, verification, and validation procedures. The proposed method is applied to the e-HS scenario, and the proposed EMT outperforms existing state-of-the-art techniques, achieving a minimal verification time of 14.26 m for 100 transactions. This research, therefore, contributes to the discourse on data security by presenting an innovative and efficient solution tailored to the unique challenges of e-health systems.

Bundestag Election Verification Procedure – Comments Against the Background of the 2021 Bundestag Elections

The analysis of the procedure for the verification of the Bundestag elections, based on the experience of the September 2021 elections, raises legitimate concerns about its efficiency and reveals at the same time the need for its thorough reform. The current two-stage process, involving first parliamentary proceedings and then judicial review, can lead to lengthy delays. As the experience of the twentieth-term Bundestag elections has shown, the election verification proceedings took twenty-seven months, i.e. more than half the term of the current Bundestag. Introducing a one-step election verification procedure, leaving it in the remit of the Federal Constitutional Court, would speed up the decision-making process, increase the independence of the adjudication and improve citizens’ confidence in democratic institutions and the regularity of elections.

Treatment robustness of total body irradiation with volumetric modulated arc therapy

This study evaluated the robustness of multi-isocenter Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy Total Body Irradiation dose distribution in the overlapping region between the head-first and feet-first computed tomography scans, considering the longitudinal isocenter shifts recorded during treatment delivery. For 15 out of 22 patients, the dose distribution in the overlapping region fulfilled all three the robustness criteria. The overlapping region dose distribution of the remaining 7 cases fulfilled two robustness criteria. The dose distribution was found to be robust against daily recorded longitudinal isocenter shifts, as a consequence of the patient position verification procedure, of up to 16 mm.

A Novel Approach to Strengthening Web-Based Cloud Services: Two-Factor Access Control

In this paper we introduce a recent and evolved two-factor authentication (2FA) access govern system specially designed for webbased cloud computing services. Our innovative system encompasses an attribute-based access govern mechanism that combines a user’s secret key with a lightweight safety device. Our system significantly improves security, particularly in scenarios where multiple users share a single computer for web-based cloud services, as access is contingent on the presence of both components. In addition, the attribute-based govern mechanism enables the cloud server to enforce access constraints based on users with identical attributes, while maintaining the highest extent of user confidentiality protection. The server’s verification procedure focuses exclusively on verifying that users meet the necessitated criteria, without accessing their exact identities. To further confirm the practicability and usefulness of our 2FA system, we conduct an in-depth simulation as a portion of our study.

Integrated Digital Signature Based Watermarking Technology for Securing Online Electronic Documents

Even though the transmission and processing speeds of electronic documents have been vastly enhanced, electronic document information may be revealed, counterfeited, tampered with, or otherwise compromised. To maintain corporate success in the marketplace, network security should be essential to the protection of electronic documents. As a result, there is a rising demand for authentication and verification procedures for a variety of important documents, including those used in banking, government, and other transactions as well as certificates and other academic credentials. In recent years, there has been a fast growth of digital watermarking technology, which involves embedding invisible or hidden digital signatures into data without compromising the data's authenticity. Hence, in this paper, we utilize the watermarking technology in the encrypted data using dynamic wavelet transform algorithm to make a document more protected. Now the protected data is sent to cloud database for storage. Integrated digital signature algorithm (SHA-256 + DSA) is proposed in this research to generate digital signature for each document. When recipients download the data, the data is verified for its integrity after extracting the digital signature and encrypted data. This strategy improves record security. We also compare the suggested technique to standard practices and assess its performance based on a variety of indicators to demonstrate its effectiveness.

영아교사의 놀이성과 놀이신념이 놀이실행역량에 미치는 영향

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of infant teachers playfulness and play beliefs on play execution competency and to provide basic data for strengthening infant teachers play execution competency. To this end, a questionnaires was distributed to 231 infant teachers working at daycare centers in Seoul and Gyeonggi Province and analyzed the collected data using SPSS 21.0. The statistical analysis method was analyzed according to Pearson correlation analysis, step-by-step multiple regression analysis, and Baron and Kenny's (1986) mediation effect verification procedure. The results of the study are as follows. First, as a result of analyzing the correlation between infant teachers playfulness, play belief, and play execution competency, it was found that there was a statistically significant positive correlation between the three variables. The higher the playfulness and play belief infant teachers, the higher the play execution competency. Second, as a result of examining the effects of infant teachers playfulness and play belief on play execution competency, it was found that infant teachers playfulness and play belief were the main variables predicting play execution competency. Play belief is a variable that has a greater influence on play execution competency than playfulness, and among the sub-variables of playfulness, pleasure has a greater influence on play execution competency of infant teachers. Third, it was confirmed that playfulness plays a partial mediating role in the relationship between play beliefs and play execution competency.

현행 공소제기의 문제점 및 개선방안 연구

Until now, the Korean Criminal Procedure Act has taken strict written precautions to guarantee the defendant's right to defend, requiring prosecution only in writing. In recent precedents, the prosecution was dismissed, breaking the practice of storing tens of thousands of documented crime lists on CDs, etc. and attaching them to the indictment. However, if a large amount of digital evidence is used, such as a personal information leakage case, the processing may take excessive cost and time, and the complexity of verification procedures due to documentation may weaken the strong evidence capability of digital evidence.
 Accordingly, through the analysis of actual investigation cases and precedents, this paper derived electronic measures to improve prosecution to guarantee the Defendant's right to defend against the current prosecution method that significantly delays investigation processing in the changing ICT environment. In particular, prior to the enforcement of the Criminal Procedure Electronic Documents Act to digitize data generated at all stages of criminal justice procedures, the necessity of preparing an institutional device to electronically manage prosecutions was raised. On the other hand, even if electronic prosecution is included in the Criminal Procedure Electronic Documents Act, a conflict between the two laws is inevitable as long as written principles are adhered to in the Criminal Procedure Act. This paper proposed amendments focusing on Articles 254 and 266 of the Criminal Procedure Act and Article 118 of the Criminal Procedure Rules as the legal basis for judgments to recognize electronic criminal schedules in criminal proceedings.

A Position Analysis of BPJS Claims Administration Officers and Verifiers (Case Study: Jambi Province Regional Mental Hospital)

The high coverage rate of handling partially rejected claim financing reaching 7.34% of the total 19,476 cases in the Outpatient Unit of the Jambi Provincial Mental Hospital (RSJD) in 2022, is closely related to the quality of human resources (HR) in this case, the claims officer and the suitability of what is done with the job description, job specifications and standard operating procedures (SOP) that have been made. This study aimed to analyze the position of administrative officers and claim verifiers in the outpatient unit of the Jambi Provincial Mental Hospital. This research used a qualitative method. Information was collected through in-depth interviews with eight informants, observation, and document review. Test validity by triangulating sources, techniques, and data. The results showed that officers already knew the claims administration and verification procedures. The claim administration SOP in this case, the RJTL claim submission SOP and the monthly reporting SOP have not been outlined in a decision letter for the coding SOP. However, it has been outlined in a decision letter but has not been adequately socialized to the officers concerned. The SOP for claim verification has not been outlined in a decision letter and still refers to the technical guidelines for claim verification issued by BPJS Health. It is still found that the delegation of tasks and the number of verification officers not following the calculation of workload and standards set are obstacles in implementing administration and verification of claims in the Jambi Province RSJD outpatient department.

The system of regulatory documents in the field of professional audit ethics: current state and areas for improvement

Subject. Auditors’ compliance with professional ethics is fundamental for the reputation of the profession as a whole. Ensuring their reputation is critical to the audit institution, because without it, auditing can be quickly replaced by competing forms, such as public assurance and artificial intelligence verification procedures. In this situation, it is more appropriate to prevent risks associated with the loss of auditors’ reputations than to eliminate their consequences, which may be catastrophic for the audit market as a whole. To achieve this, the norms of professional audit ethics should be unified, established by an authoritative party, understandable for both auditors and the general public, and their violation should be suppressed and strictly punished. In this regard, it is important to ensure an up-to-date, consistent, and centralised system of documents regulating these norms. The study is devoted to the modern organisational issues facing this system in the Russian Federation.Objectives. The aim of the study was to reveal the key current problems, from the authors’ point of view, in the organisation of the system of documents establishing the norms of professional ethics of auditors in the Russian Federation, which constitute threats to the Russian audit market, and to propose potential solutions.Methodology. The research results were obtained using analysis, synthesis, analogy, logical approach, classification, etc. The above methods and approaches were applied to the mandatory requirements for auditors contained in regulatory legal acts and other regulatory documents, the system of state regulation and professional self-regulation of auditing activities in the Russian Federation, and statistical materials of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation characterising the Russian audit market. We also applied them to the established legal and auditing practices and current developments presented in specialised scientific literature.Results. We identified the issues related to the responsibility for updating the Code of Professional Ethics for Auditors and the Rules of Independence of Auditors and Audit Organisations; the prevalence of decisions of the Bank of Russia in the field of professional audit ethics in the financial market over these documents. We proposed a structure for the process of updating the Code of Professional Ethics for Auditors and the Rules of Independence of Auditors and Audit Organisations preserving the originally envisaged hierarchy of parties involved in the regulation of auditing activities.Conclusions. We came to the conclusion that there is no body responsible for updating the main documents containing mandatory requirements for auditors in terms of compliance with professional ethics; decisions of the Bank of Russia in the field of professional audit ethics in the financial sector take precedence over the relevant mandatory requirements at the federal level. We argued and proposed solutions to these problems for further professional and scientific discussion.

ARE YOU A REAL PARTICIPANT? EXPERIENCES WITH FRAUDULENT PARTICIPATION ACROSS TWO FUNDED STUDIES

Abstract While offering financial incentives for participation in research studies is common, less discussed is the potential impact of fraudulent participation for financial gain. Survey and data management software provide safeguards for fraud detection but enabling detection does not automatically weed out fraudulent responses. Few resources provide guidelines for identifying or managing fraudulent participation. Thoughtful processes are important, while also being mindful of normal research behaviors which might get flagged as suspicious, for example due to low literacy skills. This presentation discusses experiences across two studies with adults living with serious illness and/or their family members and two different types of fraudulent participation: online surveys and studies requiring personal interaction. Study one is a pilot instrument validation study collecting online survey data. Recruitment occurred locally through listservs and a research participation database from a large university hospital. Study two is a mixed-methods longitudinal design where survey and interview data are collected via phone or video calls. Participants for this study were recruited nationwide using multiple strategies, including social media. Both offer time-saving insights for dealing with fraudulent participation in research. For example, study one provides tips for planning how to manage spam/bots prior to data collection, including setting up filters to automatically weed out identified spam, creating automatic messaging included in the survey in the event it needs to be paused, and identifying potential problematic patterns in data that bypasses fraud detection. Study 2 emphasizes the importance of creating strong verification procedures for study eligibility when relying on participant reporting.