Standard sample as an obligatory element in the diagnosis of poisoning by toxic substances

Abstract

One of the actual problems of poisoning diagnosing remains a wide variety of toxic substances and the constant emergence of new natural and synthetic compounds. Classes of compounds to which toxic substances may belong are extremely diverse. Plant, animal, bacterial and biotechnological toxins can cause acute poisoning. The difference in their physicochemical properties and chemical structure complicates the reliable and timely detection of the toxin in the human body. In the review, the authors describe the main modern diagnostic methods that allow for a qualitative and quantitative assessment of the content of the toxin. Methods of analytical control, the result of which is a quantitative characteristic of the analyzed component, in turn provide for the use of a standard sample, since this allows not only to identify the toxicant, but also to evaluate its content in the human body. The review considers the role of a standard sample in the diagnosis of poisoning by toxic substances, including in accordance with the requirements of the legislative framework of the Russian Federation in the field of ensuring the uniformity of measurements. This requirement includes ensuring the metrological traceability of measurement results, monitoring the accuracy of measurement results, conducting validation and verification procedures for analytical methods that require the use of a certified standard sample. The main problems specialists face in the process of diagnosing and determining the direction of activity for their solution are indicated. Today, the need to develop domestic analytical standards is becoming important, which is associated with the difficulties of acquiring them in other countries and restricting the access of the Russian Federation to world biobanks, storages of reference samples.