Verbal Suffixes Research Articles

한국어 학습자의 속담 사용에 나타난 형태적 양상 분석

This study examines morphological aspects of the use of proverbs by Korean language learners through a corpus analysis of language learners’ sentences containing proverbs. The sentences showed a high proportion of basic forms and inflectional forms, indicating that Korean language learners use proverbs without variation. Moreover, it was found that grammatical errors made up an overwhelming proportion of all errors, showing that learners often make mistakes in the appropriate grammatical forms when using proverbs, such as the quotative verb suffixes or metaphorical signs, rather than having difficulty understanding the meaning or vocabulary of the proverb. While previous proverb education has focused on meaning, this study highlights the need for education based on the usage patterns of learners regarding the expression of quotations, grammatical forms, and variability when using proverbs.

More species in the affixal forest

This paper concerns the verbal suffixes -el and -er in Dutch and Afrikaans. These suffixes often bring about an iterative and/or attenuative interpretation (cf. Weidhaas & Schmid 2015; Audring et al. 2017; Grestenberger & Kallulli 2019). They furthermore display the same morphological behaviour and pragmatic features. This paper presents a detailed dictionary and annotation study on the morphological, semantic, and pragmatic properties of these two suffixes. Our analysis is stated in terms of the three-way division of suffix types proposed in Creemers et al. (2018). We show that the -el and -er suffixes are categorially flexible suffixes, which are the closest to the stem with respect to other suffixes. As Creemers et al.’s typology (2018) fails to identify verbal suffixes in Dutch that are in the position closest to the stem, this paper adds an important, but previously unnoticed species to one of their affix types.

Хятад хэлний 了 (le) сул үгийн гарал үүслийн тухайд

There has been much controversy over whether the Mandarin Chinese sentential particle le has the same origin as the perfective verb suffix –le. This paper argues that the verb liao, meaning ‘to finish’ is the origin of both le and –le. Taking the position that the essence of the particle le is inchoativity, it traces the path of its grammaticalization in texts through history. The inchoative use of liao is found in texts from the 10th century (late Tang) on, and it had developed functions similar to its modern use as a particle by the 13th century (late Song). As evidenced in Chunggan Nŏgoltae (重刊老乞大) (1975), when both le and –le had been fully developed in the 18th century (Qing), their pronunciation was still [liau], the same as the lexical verb liao (Kim 1998) from which they originated. On the other hand, lai ‘to come’, which Chao (1968) has suggested as the origin of le, has a similar function to modern laizhe, in marking recent past and signaling the discontinuation of the situation at the reference time. The use of lai as a past experience marker still exists in some Northern dialects in Shanxi and Shaanxi, yet in these dialects the cognate of the Mandarin Chinese particle le is clearly related to the cognate of the suffix –le, but not to lai. It is possible that the reason for the disappearance of lai from records dating from about the 18th century (Zhang 1986) was the rise of laizhe in the same period, which Ōta (2003) observed, rather than le replacing lai as suggested by Sun (1996).

A synchronic and diachronic analysis of potential dāk 得 in Cantonese

Abstract The morpheme dāk 得 has a broad range of functions in modern Cantonese, including being used as a particle introducing an adverbial construction, as a particle introducing the so-called ‘potential complement’ (we refer to this as the ‘long potential’) and as a verbal (quasi-)suffix (the ‘short potential’), which indicates that the state of affairs denoted by the verb may happen. In this paper, we first offer a general introduction on dāk 得 in modern Cantonese, which we then compare with Mandarin de 得 and parallel acquisitive modals in Lao, Vietnamese, and Zhuang, also with a focus on their modal meanings. We will then provide a diachronic overview of Cantonese dāk 得 based on a sample of texts from the 19th and early 20th century written in Cantonese by Western scholars, missionaries, and officers. The historical Cantonese data will be analyzed and compared to the development of the cognate morpheme de 得 in mainstream Chinese written sources: because of the limited diachronic depth of Cantonese data, this is necessary to delve further into the history of this item and of the related constructions. We will argue that: a. all the contemporary Cantonese (and Mandarin) uses seem to derive from the attainment sense of postverbal de/dāk 得; b. the vast majority of possible word order configurations were attested at some point in the recorded history of Chinese, but there appear to be also some patterns which could be specific to Cantonese; c. there seems to be a (partial) structural and semantic split between the ‘short’ potential and the ‘long’ potential; d. the adverbial construction probably had a more straightforward development.

ГРАМАТИЧНІ ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ДІЄСЛІВ КЛАСИЧНОЇ ЯПОНСЬКОЇ МОВИ БУНҐО

Background. Classical bungo Japanese and modern Japanese languages have a number of differences that make it difficult, and in some cases impossible, for an untrained reader to understand a text written in the bungo style, even if the reader has a high level of modern Japanese. This makes it necessary to first familiarize yourself with the grammatical features of the classical Japanese language. Verbs in bungo texts are the most difficult element due to their grammatical differences with modern Japanese, which makes them the object of this study. Methods. The following methods were used: comparative – for comparing verbs in modern Japanese and classical; descriptive – for the description of conjugation rules and functions of auxiliary verbs. Results. The rules of conjugation of verbs in the classical Japanese language were formulated according to the bases of the verbs, examples are given in the form of tables. Examples of verbs in modern and classical Japanese are given, which refer to different conjugations, which complicates the perception of classical texts. After the analysis of literary works written in bungo style, the most common auxiliary verbs (suffixes) are singled out and the features of their use are outlined. The following suffixes have been highlighted: ～ず、～き、～けり、～ぬ、 ～つ、～たり、～り、～む、～けむ、～らむ、～らし、～まし、～べし、～めり、～なり. Such auxiliary verbs as ～ず、～たり、～べし, etc. exist in the modern Japanese language as well, but perform a narrower range of functions. Conclusions. Given the leading role of the verb in the system of the classical Japanese language bungo, the article only provides the list of the main verb suffixes and their functions, therefore, in further research, it is necessary to carry out a detailed analysis of less common verb suffixes, as well as grammatical features of other parts of the language. This will contribute to a deeper and more systematic understanding of bungo texts.

일본어 오노매토피아의 용법 연구

This study will focus on the generation of onomatopoeias in vocabulary (as seen through the characterization of Japanese onomatopoeias) and tries to systematically describe the development and the function of onomatopoeias with suffixes in a diachronic perspective. This is done by mainly adding a suffix to a word root in order to be a verb or an adjective. For example, we can see the verbal suffixes such as Kirameku(キラめく), Ityatuku(イチャつく), etc. and adjectival suffixes such as Sawayaka(サワやか), Kiraraka(キラらか) etc. This is not done simply to enlarge Japanese vocabulary, (dealing successfully with the shortage of verbs) but to lively describe a situational context. As an efficient usage of language, this makes a great role in language activities. To this point, the method of making onomatopoeias with suffixes plays an important role in conveying the sense or the feeling of the speaker in a livelier manner as well as generating new vocabulary.

동시 관계 유사 문법 항목 ‘-으며’, ‘-으면서’의 레지스터 분석 연구

This study aims to determine the distribution by register of the verbal suffixes -eumyo (-으며) and -eumyeonseo (-으면서) ‘while, during’ indicating simultaneous occurrence. To this end, a standard corpus was developed based on the Sejong corpus, and the distributions of the two forms by spoken/written and formal/informal speech registers were analyzed. The loglikelihood ratio (G2) values were then used to verify the statistical significance of the distributional differences. The results show that -eumyo is predominantly used in speaking (G2 = 2301.66), while -eumyeonseo is widely used in both spoken and written registers, though it is more common in the latter (G2 = 39.97). Both -eumyo and -eumyeonseo occurred more frequently in the formal speech register, although the difference was smaller for -eumyo (G2 = 29.47) than in writing, while the difference for -eumyeonseo was statistically insignificant (G2 = 0.95). This study allows objective conclusions to be drawn regarding similar grammatical items that have received conflicting explanations and is significant in showing the value of register analysis and depiction methods.

Figure-Ground Alignment Patterns in Indonesian

This paper investigates the syntax and semantics of two verbal suffixes in Indonesian. The two verbal suffixes are the suffix –kan and -i. Many linguists have studied the verbal suffix -kan, whereas the verbal suffix –i got less attention. This paper discusses the suffix –kan in conjunction with the suffix –i. The suffix –kan marks a causative verb, and the suffix –i a locative verb. A causative verb has A FIGURE object, whereas a locative verb has a GROUND object. The proposed analysis employing causative and locative alignment patterns showed a more revealing result of the main functions of the suffix –kan and –i.

In the Middle of Korean Middles

This paper proposes a Distributed Morphology account of middle sentences in Korean. In the middle of Korean middles lie the functional head Voice bearing [-ACT] and the generic operator GEN, interacting with each other to produce the morphosyntactic and semantic properties of Korean middles. VoiceSUB[-ACT]/SUB is responsible for the demotion of an external argument of eventive verbs, characteristic of middle sentences where a theme occupies the grammatical subject position. This functional head also figures prominently in passives, where the same range of verbalizing suffixes of middle sentences also appear. This functional head is responsible for the external argument demotion and the sharing of the same verbal suffixes with passives. The generic operator unselectively binds the event variable e and consequently ascribes a disposition to the theme occupying the grammatical subject position. This binding prevents Existentential Closure from binding this variable which would result in an episodic reading of the event that middles sentence are incapable of yielding. Unlike English middles which employ VoiceSUB[+ACT]/SUB, Korean middles are generic passives.

The Importance of Morphological Awareness in L2 Prosody and Reading Comprehension

This study investigated how morphological awareness and vocabulary knowledge and metacognitive awareness affect Korean adult learners’ second language (L2) prosody and reading comprehension. In the present study, 56 Korean adult learners of English were asked to take morphological awareness tests (i.e., morphological structure and verbal suffix knowledge) and prosody tests (i.e., stress contour discrimination and stress contour matching) and to complete a survey that showed the participants’ English proficiency based on TOEIC scores, learning experience, age of acquisition, the vocabulary knowledge and metacognitive awareness. Multiple regression analyses were conducted, and the results showed that scores of morphological awareness were more associated with L2 prosody, and scores of vocabulary knowledge, stress contour discrimination, and stress contour matching were more correlated with L2 reading comprehension. Future research is needed to investigate how L2 learners’ morphological awareness contributes to L2 prosody and reading comprehension based on pedagogical implications.

ANALYSIS SUFFIXES ON REPORT TEXT “WASHINGTON D.C”

Suffix is one component that can be used to form new words in English. The suffix used in this case is a beginning suffix. The purpose of this study to finding the form, function and meaning of the beginning suffix found in "WASHINGTON DC" in the Report Text. The form, function and meaning of the beginning affixes found are classified According to the theory by Plag (2002) in his book "Word-Formation in English." The results of this study indicate that there are four types of suffix, namely "nominal suffixes," "verb suffixes," "adjectival suffixes" and "adverbial suffixes." In this study the author uses qualitative research, to analyze the suffix in the report text "Washington DC". Qualitative research as the study of the real of phenomena mainly suitable for answer the questions of why the thing is not inspect, and focusing on intervention improvement. It can be said that there are four forms of suffixes found in the data source, namely nominal suffix, verbal suffix, adjectival suffix and adverbial suffix. In Indonesia there are seven types of suffixes, namely: -an, -I, -kan, -kah, -ku, -mu, -nya, -pun. Research findings showed that beginning suffixes was found in the washingthon D.C., they are suffix -al, -s, -ist, -ion, -ing, -ed, -ly, - ous, -ence, in Indonesia we found suffixs -kan, -an, -nya.

Asynchronization at the phonology-morphology interface: A case study of an atypically developing Hebrew-acquiring boy

ABSTRACT In this paper, we present a case study of an atypically developing Hebrew-acquiring boy (YV), in comparison with three typically developing boys. Drawing on data from longitudinal studies, we examined the development of two verbal suffixes, -im ‘ms.pl.pres’ and -ti ‘1.sg.past’, with reference to two prosodic structures that these suffixes assume – word final codas for -im and trisyllabic words for -ti (e.g. bon-ím ‘they build’, kará-ti ‘I read’). We found that YV’s developmental trajectory was similar to that of the three boys in both phonology and morphology, each module independently; the deviant phenomena were found at the interface between phonology and morphology. The typically developing boys produced the relevant phonological structures in bare stems before they produced them in suffixed forms. YV, however, proceeded in the opposite order; he produced the final m in -im verbs before mastering word final codas in bare stems; similarly, he produced trisyllabic forms in -ti verbs before mastering them in bare stems. We attribute this deviance to asynchronization between phonological (prosodic) and morphological development. That is, YV’s phonology lagged behind his morphology, but this lag did not block the morphological development as it would have in synchronized development.

Derivational Suffixes in Novel “The One And Only Ivan” Written by Katherine Applegate

A novel written by Katherine Applegate entitled The One and Only Ivan contains so many derivational suffixes. Knowing suffixes could help the English learners enrich their vocabulary knowledge significantly. For the reason above, this research is aimed at. This research uses qualitative method as the research approach that it could help much in finding out the meaning of derivational suffixes and the functions of each derivational suffix. The data of this study are in the form of words which contain English suffixes. The data is collected by downloading The One and Only Ivan novel from internet, and by reading the entire source of the data. To analyze the data, the writers use Plag theory (2002) to sort the suffixes into their categories. After that, the writers classify, and analyze the data as the procedures of data analysis. Finally, the writers take the conclusion. In this novel, there are four types of suffixes. The suffixes found are nominal suffix, adverbial suffix, adjectival suffix, and verbal suffix. The suffixes found in this novel are -ness, -ion, -ation, -ful, -er, -ance, -ence, -ment, -or, -ity, -ty, -ly, -y, -able, -ic, -ive, -en, -ful, -en. All of the suffixes may form other words class from the root word or change the meaning of the words, though not all of them are analyzed completely because of the space limitation.

The derivative structure of Mandarin disyllabic verbs

Abstract With detailed examinations of the four characters that are known to be the most commonly used verb suffixes (huà, dé/de, yú and yĭ) and their correlative implementations in Mandarin disyllabic verbs, this article discusses the traits of the derivative structure that are formed with a content morpheme and a suffix. The observations show that not all of the disyllabic words where these characters are the second morpheme are derivative verbs. On the other hand, being the derivational components of the disyllabic verbs, these suffixes all have their individual qualities that lead to their non-uniformed morphological representations.

Адвербиализатор guža (гужа) в андийском языке

The present article examines the marker guža (гужа) in Andi, a language of the Avar-Andic branch of the Nakh-Daghestanian family. This marker often co-occurs with finite verb forms, so one may think of analysing it as a verbal suffix that derives converbs from finite verbs. However, as I show with examples taken from Andi texts, guža functions as a more general adverbializer that produces adverbials from both clauses and constituents of various types, namely noun phrases, postpositional phrases and adverbs. Thus, guža is not a verbal suffix as such, but rather a syntactic marker which is placed in the rightmost element of a constituent or a clause.

Особенности словообразования в мокшанских переходных говорах рузаевского ареала

The aim of the study is to determine the word-formation potential of the Moksha transitional dialects of the Ruzaevka area, which occupy border areas with the central and south-eastern dialects. Attention is paid to the suffixes that form verbs from verbal and nominal stems. The scientific originality of the study lies in the fact that the features of word formation in transitional dialects are considered for the first time. As a result of the analysis of a large lexical material, it has been revealed that in the word-formation system of the dialects, verbal suffixes constitute a significant group, for some of them the motivating basis is a verbal stem, for others it is a nominal one.

SIDE NAMES WITH AUXILIARY VERBS IN UIGHUR TURKISH

Although indefinite verbs form temporary nouns, they can sometimes lose these properties and become permanent nouns in both Uyghur Turkish and Turkish. The reason for this is that adjective verb suffixes have some constructive suffixes. Adjectives make the verbs to which they are added temporary nouns. The adjective verb suffixes used in my study made nouns both permanent nouns and temporary nouns that have a primary purpose. My study provides examples of both permanent and temporary nouns. When we look at the permanent nouns made with adjective verbs in Uyghur Turkish, it is seen that there are permanent names used in daily life, related to household tools and equipment, agriculture and animal husbandry. In our study -DACI, -DIK, -KAN, -GU, -KUÇİ, -mAs, -Ar, -yUk, -mIş adjective verb suffixes were used. A total of 177 examples have been identified with these adjective verb suffixes.

Do typological differences in the expression of causality influence preschool children’s causal event construal?

AbstractThis study investigated whether cross-linguistic differences in causal expressions influence the mapping of causal language on causal events in three- to four-year-old Swiss-German learners and Turkish learners. In Swiss-German, causality is mainly expressed syntactically with lexical causatives (e.g.,ässe‘to eat’ vs.füettere‘to feed’). In Turkish, causality is expressed both syntactically and morphologically – with a verbal suffix (e.g.,yemek‘to eat’ vs.yeDIRmek‘to feed’). Moreover, unlike Swiss-German, Turkish allows argument ellipsis (e.g., ‘The mother feeds [∅]’). Here, we used pseudo-verbs to test whether and how well Swiss-German-learning children inferred a causal meaning from lexical causatives compared to Turkish-learning children tested in three conditions: lexical causatives, morphological causatives, and morphological causatives with object ellipsis. Swiss-German-learning children and Turkish-learning children in all three conditions reliably inferred causal meanings, and did so to a similar extent. The findings suggest that, as young as age 3, children learning two different languages similarly make use of language-specific causality cues (syntactic and morphological alike) to infer causal meanings.

TVORBENA PRODUKTIVNOST SKRAĆENICA U ITALIJANSKOM I SRPSKOM/CRNOGORSKOM JEZIKU: DERIVACIJA SUFIKSACIJOM

The research is focused on the comparison between the abbreviations in modern Italian and those in Serbian and Montenegrin language, as stems for derivation by nominal, adjectival, and verbal suffixes. The approach is contrastive, and for the corpora were used mostly materials extracted from the daily press, as well as dictionaries of neologisms in the case of Italian corpus. For the Italian corpus, the dictionaries used were Neologismi: Parole nuove dai giornali (2009) by Istituto Treccani, with an updated online version of that dictionary on the publisher’s site https://www.treccani.it/magazine/lingua_italiana/neologismi/, as well as the database ONLI: Osservatorio Neologico della Lingua Italiana (https://www.iliesi.cnr.it/ONLI/), which collects materials mostly from daily and weekly press. Several studies on abbreviations were also very helpful as the source for examples of suffixation. Serbian and Montenegrin press was analyzed as one corpus, as there are virtually no differences between these languages as far as abbreviations are concerned. The latter corpus relies mostly on online versions of Serbian and Montenegrin daily press (Vijesti, Pobjeda, Dan, Novosti, Telegraf, Politika, and so on), with several examples taken from social media, blogs and web portals, for the most part through the web site Kontekst.io (https://www.kontekst.io/) which for Serbian corpus uses database srWaC (Serbian Web, https://www.clarin.si/noske/run.cgi/corp_info?corpname=srwac&struct_attr_ stats=1&subcorpora=1). As in printed Serbian and Montenegrin literature were found only older and, in some cases, outdated examples, it was necessary to complement this corpus with newer and more up-to-date materials. In the corpora analysis, neologisms derived from acronyms by suffixation were of particular interest, as an indicator of vitality and productivity of these lexical items in modern language. As they become more and more present in modern languages, this traditional approach to abbreviations as a marginal anomaly should be revised. It is necessary to establish consistent rules of writing and pronouncing for some acronyms, as well as to meet the requirements of everyday use which their limited inflection and morphosyntactic irregularity can complicate. Although their form does not conform to the rest of the language system, their use is becoming more frequent and encompassing, and the number of derivations from the most used and present abbreviations keeps growing. In both Serbian and Montenegrin linguistics, the research of abbreviations has merely started as far as word formation is concerned. Therefore, this field offers a lot of potential for further research, especially if one observes the daily influence of extralinguistic context on the changes in modern language.

Pluractionality in Lithuanian: A tale of two suffixes

The paper investigates the use of the two verbal suffixes -inė- and -dav- in Lithuanian. Both suffixes express pluractionality, but -inė- is derivational and tends to express plurality of sub-events within one situation (event-internal pluractionality), whereas -dav- is inflectional and designates plurality of situations (eventexternal pluractionality). The data show that, when the two suffixes are combined within the same verb form, -dav- always scopes over -inė-, thus, the combination of the two suffixes usually describes the repetition of different situations such as processes, progressive situations, punctual events, delimited processes etc. Most of the data used in the article come from the Web corpus of Lithuanian.