Verb-noun Research Articles

Shared core meanings and shared associations in bilingual semantic memory: Evidence from research on implicit memory

Aims and objectives/purpose/research questions:The degree of overlap across languages in bilingual semantic memory has been debated in the cognitive bilingual literature for decades. This paper focuses on theory and recent evidence addressing the questions of whether translation-equivalent words in a bilingual person’s two languages access common core-meaning representations and whether long-standing semantic/conceptual associations among words are language-general or language-specific.Design/methodology/approach:We explain a theoretical approach to this problem and review recent evidence that addresses it. The empirical work cited used primarily memory tasks in which the languages of the word stimuli or responses changed from encoding to test.Data and analysis:Several studies are reviewed. In most cases, data were analyzed using an analysis of variance.Findings/conclusions:Robust between-language priming was observed for concrete nouns, abstract nouns, verbs, and adjectives using a variety of specific tasks, indicating that the semantic representations of translation equivalents overlap. The reduction in priming relative to within-language conditions could be explained in some cases by repetition of language-specific processes in the within-language conditions. Results of repetition-priming and false-memory experiments that involved semantic associations showed that category–exemplar, noun–verb, antonym, and other semantic relationships are shared across languages in a common semantic system.Originality:Many of the results are interpreted with respect to questions that have not been addressed in previous work.Significance/implications:The nature of semantic system integration is important for understanding bilingual cognition. Episodic memory tasks can be a useful way to study the organization of core-meaning representations in bilinguals, and indicate that these representations are shared across languages. However, these procedures do not capture other aspects of semantic representation that may differ across languages.

Noun–verb naming dissociation in neurosurgical patients

ABSTRACTBackground: Dissociated impairment of noun and verb retrieval has been frequently reported after vascular brain lesions: selective damage of either grammatical class allowed to test models of lexical processing and of its neuroanatomical foundation. However, vascular lesions are often quite large and do not involve brain structures uniformly. Neurosurgical lesions do not undergo such apparent limitation, being usually smaller and better distributed across the cerebral cortex.Aims: We explored the neuroanatomical correlates of noun–verb naming processing and dissociations by means of the voxel-based lesion symptom mapping (VLSM) procedure and the subtraction of lesion volume of interests (VOIs) approach in a series of 99 neurosurgical patients.Methods and Procedures: The VOIs and behavioral data for noun and verb naming were analyzed in a VLSM procedure. The verb (or noun) naming performance was included as a covariate control variable, which allowed testing effects on noun (or verb) naming, controlling for the verb (or noun) naming performance. The total lesion volume was also included as a covariate to avoid spurious effects.Outcomes and Results: Eighteen patients showed a significant dissociation between noun and verb naming: seven patients showed disproportionate impairment in naming nouns, and eleven patients with disproportionate impairment in naming verbs. In addition, there were 27 undifferentiated patients, i.e. performing abnormally on nouns and/or verbs, but non-dissociating between the two word classes.VLSM in combination with the subtraction of lesion mask analyses revealed that verb naming impairments were related with lesions in the middle frontal gyrus, precentral gyrus, parietal and rolandic operculum, supplementary motor area, and the inferior parietal (supramarginal and angular gyri), whereas noun naming impairments were associated with basal temporo-occipital lesions. Furthermore, data indicate that noun and verb naming deficits also depend on a disconnection phenomenon: at subcortical level, noun naming impairments are related to damage to parts of the sagittal stratum (including the inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus and the inferior longitudinal fasciculus), the splenium of the corpus callosum, the posterior thalamic radiations (plus optic radiations), the retrorolandic part of the internal capsule, the tapetum and the fornix. On the contrary, verb naming impairments are related to damage to parts of the superior and posterior corona radiata, and of the anterior and posterior limb of the internal capsule.Conclusions: Summing up, results point to verb-specific areas in the superior frontal as well as the inferior parietal cortex, and noun-specific basal temporo-occipital and subcortical neural circuitries.

The effects of explicit instruction on L2 learners’ acquisition of verb–noun collocations

This study investigates the relative effectiveness of two methods for teaching a set of English verb–noun collocations: form-focused instruction (FFI) and concept-based instruction (CBI). The sample comprised 73 Chinese-speaking learners of English taking intermediate English courses, who were randomly assigned to one of three groups: an FFI intervention group, a CBI intervention group, and a control group. In order to determine the effects of the two instructional methods, the participants’ collocational knowledge was measured in three ways: via form recall testing, form recognition testing, and meaning recall testing. Specifically, all of the participants took pretests, immediate posttests, and one-week delayed posttests. The results of a comparison of the learning gains between the three groups showed that the CBI and FFI approaches each had a positive effect on establishing initial form–meaning relationships for verb–noun collocations. The CBI group significantly outperformed the FFI group on both collocational acquisition and retention. This result suggests that CBI’s focus on learning verbal meanings through image schemas and conceptualization practice is associated with a deeper understanding of English verb–noun collocations. The study concludes with pedagogical implications for teaching second language (L2) collocations.

Event Structure Composition in Korean Verbless Constructions by Particles and Verbal Nouns : Evidence from Newspaper Headlines

Event Structure Composition in Korean Verbless Constructions by Particles and Verbal Nouns : Evidence from Newspaper Headlines

К ИСТОРИИ АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА: ПРОИСХОЖДЕНИЕ И РАЗВИТИЕ ГЕРУНДИЯ

The article deals with the historical development and formation of the gerundial construction in the system of the English language, including the reasons for singling out this part of speech from the verbal noun. The results of the research show that the complexity and versatility of this part of speech are historically conditioned. Among the reasons for the appearance of the gerund, it is possible to distinguish the need for the development of circumstantial features in the verbal noun, the general tendency to expand compatibility, the acquisition of the verbal categories of perfect and voice, and also a number of cognitive aspects, namely, the need for expression of the process (cause) through the gerund by means of generalized meaning.

Why are verbal nouns more verbal than finite verbs? New insights into the interpretation of the P200 verbal signature

Traditionally, languages are assumed to minimally manifest a distinction between nouns and verbs. This assumption has occasionally been debated in the theoretical linguistic literature, in particular in the context of challenging verbal noun constructions that simultaneously manifest nominal and verbal features. From a psycholinguistic perspective, one of the most promising diagnostic criteria for determining whether a given word belongs to the category NOUN or VERB is an event-related brain potential (ERP) component, P200, whose amplitude is larger for verbs than for nouns. So far, a challenge for the interpretation of the P200 has been whether this component reflects verbal (e.g., action) semantics, lexical category or verb-related morphological operation. In the present study we report an ERP experiment whose goal was to contribute to a better understanding of the nature of the “verbal” P200 component by monitoring the comprehension of Polish morphologically related finite verbs, converbs, and verbal nouns. Thereby, we manipulated the syntactic category and morphological complexity of the critical words while keeping their semantics identical. The results show that finite verbs engender a smaller amplitude of the P200 component than less prototypical “verbs” such as verbal nouns and converbs. Based on this observation, we argue that the P200 component reflects the brain activation triggered by the demands of verb-related morphological integration processes performed on the verbal base of derived forms.

Contex Free Grammer For Turkish

Formal Grammar which is introduced by Chomsky is one of the most important development in Natural Language Processing, a branch of Artificial Intelligence. The mathematical reresentation of languages can be possible using Formal Grammars. Almost all natural languages have word classes such as noun, adjective, verb. In addition to this one sentence consist of noun phrase and verb phrase. Noun phrase may consist of location, destination and source elements. Despite many similarities between the languages, there exist important dissimilarities in grammar rules of the languages belonging to different language families. In our study the most appropriate formal grammar representing Turkish language is investigated. Accuracy of the suggested grammars’ rules is evaluated in two different corpus. This study is the enhanced version of “Turkish Context Free Grammar Rules with Case Suffix and Phrase Relation” that was presented on UBMK 2016 International Conference on Computer Science \& Engineering \cite{ilk}. Different from the first study, this study includes all word and sentence types of Turkish. Adjectives and prepositions are considered. The quoted sentences, incomplete sentences and question sentences are included. The genitive phrase structures including verbal word are included. In this study, the noun phrases are also defined in detail.

What is the Meaning of Meaning in Paul Tillich's Theology?

AbstractOne of the most frequently occurring terms in Paul Tillich's theology is meaning (in his English writings) or Sinn (in his German writings). But Tillich used both in multiple senses, without acknowledging or even appearing to be aware that he was doing so. He wrote only in German till he immigrated to the United States at the age of forty-seven. He used the German Sinn abundantly in his native tongue, and with a variety of meanings: a universal medium for understanding the world; “sense,” as in “making sense” or what is missing in “senseless” (sinnlos) statements; “the unconditional” (“das Unbedingte”); a “thing pointed at” (in Tillich's theory of symbols and signs); a grand metaphysical quality of some undefined sort; the object-correlate of an act of cognition; and “God.” He drew on the German Sinn when he began to write in English but, because of the grammatical status of meaning as a verbal noun, the English term allowed Tillich to ascribe agency to things that in his view bear meaning, for example the thing that grasps us when we are in the state of faith. In addition, the English word meaning for Tillich meant “comprehensibility,” “value,” “direction,” from existential philosophy (what is missing when life is meaningless); “ultimate concern” (the “meaning which gives meaning to all meanings”); in the plural, something undefined that the human person “lives in”; and “God.” The change from German to English accompanied a change in his conception of faith, raising the possibility that the new language moved Tillich's theology in a new direction.

Presurgical language fMRI: Technical practices in epilepsy surgical planning.

Little is known about how language functional MRI (fMRI) is executed in clinical practice in spite of its widespread use. Here we comprehensively documented its execution in surgical planning in epilepsy. A questionnaire focusing on cognitive design, image acquisition, analysis and interpretation, and practical considerations was developed. Individuals responsible for collecting, analyzing, and interpreting clinical language fMRI data at 63 epilepsy surgical programs responded. The central finding was of marked heterogeneity in all aspects of fMRI. Most programs use multiple tasks, with a fifth routinely using 2, 3, 4, or 5 tasks with a modal run duration of 5 min. Variants of over 15 protocols are in routine use with forms of noun–verb generation, verbal fluency, and semantic decision‐making used most often. Nearly all aspects of data acquisition and analysis vary markedly. Neither of the two best‐validated protocols was used by more than 10% of respondents. Preprocessing steps are broadly consistent across sites, language‐related blood flow is most often identified using general linear modeling (76% of respondents), and statistical thresholding typically varies by patient (79%). The software SPM is most often used. fMRI programs inconsistently include input from experts with all required skills (imaging, cognitive assessment, MR physics, statistical analysis, and brain–behavior relationships). These data highlight marked gaps between the evidence supporting fMRI and its clinical application. Teams performing language fMRI may benefit from evaluating practice with reference to the best‐validated protocols to date and ensuring individuals trained in all aspects of fMRI are involved to optimize patient care.

ENGLISH PRESENT PARTICIPLES AND GERUNDS FUNCTIONING AS ADVERBIALS AND THEIR TRANSLATIONS INTO CZECH

The paper presents a comparative study of non-finite -ing forms with the aim of justifying their classification into gerunds and present participles. The empirical part focuses on -ing forms functioning as adverbials in contemporary English fiction and their corresponding Czech translations. The study is based on a manually excerpted corpus of works of contemporary English fiction and their translations into Czech. The results have shown present participles are more frequent than gerunds when functioning as adverbials, suggesting functional differences even in the area where they theoretically share a common function. As far as the translations into Czech are concerned, significant differences have been noticed between the two -ing forms, present participles being most commonly translated by means of clauses in a coordinate relation while for gerunds a way of translation which would so significantly prevail has not been identified, but nouns or verbal nouns have been the most common counterparts.

How dictogloss can facilitate collocation learning in ELT

This instructional intervention investigated the potential for the text reconstruction task dictogloss to facilitate the learning of English verb–noun collocations, for example ‘carry a risk’. Research has shown that learners have difficulties in using such collocations, but few useful instructional techniques are on offer. Participants in the study were 64 L1 Swedish adolescent learners of English. The effectiveness of two modified versions of the dictogloss was compared in a within-subjects design. This implied that participants in pairs co-reconstructed two texts containing target collocations, where each co-reconstruction was preceded by a specific priming activity to induce learners to process collocations as intact wholes. Results showed that having learners elaborate on the meaning of collocations in a pre-task activity outperformed a form-oriented pre-task activity on all measures, notably for productive knowledge on delayed post-tests. The findings are discussed in relation to previous research and their implications for ELT.

Derivational affixes in Japanese and Indonesian

Japanese and Indonesian seen from morphological typology is an agglutinative language in which the morphological processes are done by affixation, ie by adding prefixes, suffixes and infixes. While the basic sequence sentence structure has a SOV sequence pattern for Japanese and SVO for Indonesian language. The predicate filled by the verb is capable of binding arguments in constructing the clause structure, so that there are verbs with one, two and three arguments, it depends on the type of verb. This study is a preliminary study of Japanese and Indonesian derivative verbs: the study of linguistic typology. The Theory of Linguistic Typology is used to analyze the formation of Japanese and Indonesian derivative verbs in which the verb serves as the core of the predicate to bind the argument in constructing the clause structure. From the perspective of linguistic typology, the results of the analysis show that (1) the basic form of Japanese derivative verb formers are adjectives (keiyoushi) and noun verbs, whereas Indonesian derivative verbs are derived from adjectives, nouns and pre-categorical. (2) The Japanese derivation affixes joining the adjective (keiyoushi) are -める meru, -まるmaru, -がるgaru’, -むmu and which joins the noun verb is -するsuru. While the derivational affix of the Indonesian language that joined the nouns are meng-, ber-, ter-, ke-an, ber-an, ber-kan, per-, -i, per-i, per-kan, the affix that joins the adjective are meng-, ber-, ter-, ke-an, ber-an, ber-kan, per-, -kan, per-i, dan –i and the affixes that join the pre-categorical are meng-, ter-, ber-, ber-an, -i,-kan.

‘War Cry’ or War Atrocity? A Note on Sinuhe B 140

Virtually all translators render wd.n=i išnn ḥr i3t=f in Sinuhe B 140 as ‘I raised a/my war/victory cry ( išnn) over the back’ of the nḫtw of Retenu. The author argues instead that išnn is an imperfective participial form derived from the verb šni, ‘to conspire/curse’, with the verbal noun being a term of execration applied to the rebellious nḫtw. Sinuhe’s action of ‘putting’ ( wdi) the condemned conspirator ( išnn) ‘on his back’ points to the victor’s display of his disgraced opponent’s corpse.

한국인 영어 학습자의 영어 동사구 종결성 습득 양상: 동사의 상 유형과 명사구를 중심으로

한국인 영어 학습자의 영어 동사구 종결성 습득 양상: 동사의 상 유형과 명사구를 중심으로

TARİHİ TÜRK ŞİVELERİNDE BOL- > OL- FİİLİNİN İKTİDAR VE İMKÂN BİLDİRMESİ ÜZERİNE

The ruralship (competency) of verbs in Turkish are realized bu compound verb structure. There are a Naim verb and a helping verb in a compound verb. In this study the compound form of bol->ol- helping verb which shows ruralship and competency by forming a compound verb with a main verb -verbal verbs, verbal nouns, verbal adjectives and some modals- in Turkish accents. Suffixes of main verbs in before the verb bol- are differantiel, frequency of occurence shows alteration. Some of them are never used in a period, some of them are used in every period and area. As an example one of compound verbs -sA to show power and opportunity of the verb bol- those were made with tehir mode suffixes have seen commonly since the Karahanli Turkish.-A,-U,-I and -gAll and -p suffixes are used on this duty substantially. In Turkish the verb bol- associates not only with the verbal adverb form but also verbal noun and verbal adjective forms to show power and opportunity In old Turkish -mAk+I bol- and +siz/+siz suffixes with possesive suffixes, -mAksIz bol- form determined. Toa lesser extend verbal noun -gU and -gUIUk suffixes are seen. -taci/-teci, -ur/-ur, -ar/-er, -gan/-gen, - miĢ/-miĢ,- mas/-mes,-maz/-mez suffixes from verbal adjectives have been used on this duty. On Cagatay Turkish opportunity statement with verbal adjectives increase instead of verbal adverb. -ur/-ur, -ar/-er, -gan /-gen, -miĢ/-miĢ, -mas/-mes suffixes are added to main verb to determine power and opportunity.

ПРИЕМЫ РАБОТЫ С НАУЧНЫМИ ТЕКСТАМИ ПО ЭКОНОМИКЕ НА ЗАНЯТИЯХ С ВЬЕТНАМСКИМИ УЧАЩИМИСЯ НА ПОДГОТОВИТЕЛЬНОМ ФАКУЛЬТЕТЕ

Teaching the language of the specialty is an important aspect in teaching Russian as a foreign language at the preparatory faculty. It is well-known that a scientific text has a number of features, for example: large quantity of terms, increased use of verbal nouns, various syntactic constructions. The article describes some methods of working with educational and scientific texts on economics in classes with entrants, who have come from the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.

A behavioral study of the nature of verb–noun dissociation in the nonfluent variant of primary progressive aphasia

ABSTRACTBackground: Patients with nonfluent/agrammatic variant primary progressive aphasia (nfvPPA) have more difficulty producing verbs than nouns, but the reason for this discrepancy remains unclear. One possibility is that it results from impaired access to motor programs integral to semantic representations of actions. Another is that the disruption affects specific lexical or grammatical features of verbs.Aims: To use an oral picture naming task to examine the effects of motor associations on verb production in patients with nfvPPA.Methods & Procedures: We administered noun and verb naming tasks to 12 nfvPPA patients and 9 controls. We varied the manipulability of target items across categories as a proxy for the degree to which lexical access depends on motor knowledge.Outcomes & Results: Nonfluent PPA patients were significantly more impaired in both noun and verb naming compared to control participants. However, the nfvPPA patients were significantly more impaired in naming verbs than nouns, but there was no effect of manipulability.Conclusions: The results suggest that the verb naming deficit in nfvPPA is not directly related to impaired motor knowledge and is more likely to be related to other properties that distinguish verbs from nouns.

BENTUK DAN PERILAKU FRASA VERBA NOMINA DALAM BAHASA ARAB

<p>Verbal noun phrase (VNP) is a component of the construct phrase or idhāfah. This study aims to describe VNP’s structure and behavior in arabic grammar and show the unique characteristics of VNP among other types of construct phrase. The methodology used in this study is qualitative descriptive. The data containing VNP is collected from several sources i.e The Quran, Prophetic tradition, and online newspaper. The analysis of data is occurred by distributional methode in which bases its performance on analysing each linguistic particular related to other units. The results state that VNP has distinctive form: the first term mudhāf is a verbal noun which has neither the definite article nor nunation, and second term is definite or indefinite noun with no prepositional insertion. In order to syntac relation built by VNP the second term is the agent or doer of the action conveid by verbal noun, or the object of an action.</p>

ФУНКЦИОНИРОВАНИЕ АРАБСКИХ ГЛАГОЛЬНЫХ ФОРМ В ЯЗЫКЕ ТАТАРСКОЙ СУФИЙСКОЙ ПОЭЗИИ XIX ВЕКА

The article is devoted to studying the problems of grammatical assimilation of the Arabic verbal forms - action names and participles - in the language of Tatar Sufi poetry of the XIX century. The author proposes the scientific methodology to study the borrowed grammatical elements in the language of Tatar poetry of the mentioned period. The paper identifies the principles of functioning of the Arabic verbal nouns and participles in the structure of literary texts, determines the basic mechanisms of the Arabism grammatical adaptation and reveals the peculiarities of the borrowed element assimilation at the grammatical level.

JARGON DALAM TRANSAKSI JUAL BELI PEDAGANG TANAMAN DI LUBUK MINTURUN KECAMATAN KOTO TANGAH PADANG SUMATERA BARAT

The research was done because of the heterogeneous of Indonesian society which create the varieties of language insed in daily life. It is known as jargon. Let’s see the jargon used by plant sellers in Lubuk Minturun subdistrict Koto Tangah Padang, West Sumatera in their daily activities, especially in doing transaction of trading. They have special vocabularies called jargon. The purpose of this research is (1) to describe the form jargon used by plant sellers in Lubuk Minturun sub district Koto Tangah Padang West Sumatera. (2) To describe the meaning of jargon used by plant sellers in Lubuk Minturun subdistrict Koto Tangah Padang, West Sumatera. This research is a qualitative research that produces a descriptive data. It means the data analyzed and the result of the analysis is in a descriptive form, not in form of numeral of the efficiency of the relationship between variables. In this research, the data was taken from the daily conversation among the plant sellers in Lubuk Minturun by using listen method (record based technique). Based on the research about jargon in the trading transaction among the plant sellers in Lubuk Minturun sub district Koto Tangah Padang, West Sumatera, jargon can be classified into form and meaning. (1) Form, it can be words, phrases, or clauses. The word in jargon can be verbs, nouns, or adjectives. Phrases in jargon can be verb phrases, noun phrases, or adjective phrases. (2) Meaning, it has the lexical meaning and contextual meaning.Keywords : Jargon, Sellers, Plant, Trading transaction, Lubuk Minturun.