Verbal Features Research Articles

Culture, communication and persuasion on gastronomic tourism websites: A multimodal analysis

This paper examines the communicative and persuasive strategies adopted on three websites promoting gastronomic tourism: Slowfood.com/travel, Lonelyplanet.com and DeliciousItaly.com. The analysis focuses on both the visual and linguistic features used to construct the identity of Piedmont and of the tourist as well as on the interplay between verbal and non-verbal features. Hypertexts and interactive websites rely on a wide spectrum of multimodal resources and strategies to provide potential tourists with a full immersion in a given country and its culture. The ultimate goal is to sell a holiday experience by describing a reality which will be perceived as authentic and unique. In this perspective, a multi-method approach has been adopted as the analytical framework: it draws on Kress and van Leeuwen’s visual grammar, Martin’s semantic categories of evaluation and is unified by an overarching systemic functional theoretical framework. Discourse analysis will be combined with Quan and Wang’s model of the tourist experience, in order to shed light on the correlation between communicative and persuasive features, as well as the social and discursive construction of the identity of prospective tourists and destinations.

Multimodal literacy and language testing: Visual and intersemiotic literacy indicators of reading comprehension texts

This paper is concerned with multimodal literacy involving the different kinds of knowledge required to fully access texts with multiple semiotic resources used in reading comprehension test tasks. Such literacy requirements have not drawn researchers’ attention to date, mainly because the foreign language teaching and testing project has primarily focussed on the verbal features of reading comprehension texts. Drawing on data from the Greek National Foreign Language Exams (known with the acronym KPG) – one of the few high-stakes examination systems which use multimodal reading comprehension texts – the paper approaches reading comprehension as a meaning-making process highly dependent on both image and language used in test tasks and the relations between them (i.e. intersemiosis). Working mainly within the framework of Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL), this study has attempted a systematic description of the visual and intersemiotic literacy indicators of 86 multimodal media texts used in KPG reading comprehension test tasks. For the SFL-oriented multimodal discourse analysis, Tan et al.’s categories of system choices suggested for the analysis of different types of multimodal media texts, and the Multimodal Analysis Image (MMA) interactive software program were used.

On the History of Studying Modal Verbs in the German Language

The article is an overview and a summary of the study of modal verbs in the German language in Russian and foreign linguistics, from Antiquity to the present day, in line with the holistic study of modality in world linguistics. Using the methods of generalization and systematization, the author analyzes monographs and articles by Russian and foreign experts in the field of the history of the German language, functional grammar, and morphology. While a considerable number of works by foreign and Russian linguists in the 20th century are devoted to the issues of semantics of preterite-present and modal verbs in specific historical periods of the development of the German language, there are still many open questions in this area. Throughout almost the entire 20th century, Germanists viewed modal verbs mainly as a means of expressing internal modality, i.e., the attitude of the speaker to the action being performed. However, in the late 20th and early 21st century, they began to actively study the subjective use of modal verbs. Much modern literature on the subject is devoted to the study of German modal verbs in the function of subjective (epistemic) modality. This article focuses on etymological, semantic, grammatical, and functional features of modal verbs in modern German and discusses a number of controversial issues, such as the question of whether modal verbs are a closed or open cluster of vocabulary, that is, whether it is possible, at the present stage of language history, to include other linguistic units into the category of modal units, it these other units answer certain semantic or grammatical criteria. It is also open to discussion whether there is a one-to-one corre-spondence between a modal verb and the type of modal relations that is expressed with the help of this verb in speech, and vice versa. The author highlights such significant aspects as grammaticalization of modal verbs, correlation of modal verbs with various types of modal relations, primary and secondary meanings of modal verbs, characteristics of the preterito-presentia, compatibility of modal verbs, and syntactic features of their usage. The relevance of this study lies in the fact that it gives a more comprehensive understanding of functions and pragmatics of modal verbs as a special lexical cluster in speech.

SEMANTIC CLASSIFICATION OF AUXILIARY VERBS IN ARABIC LANGUAGE

In Arabic, the verb takes a signifcant place among the parts of speech. Without knowing the morphological features of Arabic verbs, it is impossible to maser many of the rules of other parts of speech. This article is devoted to auxiliary verbs, which, together with the main verb, convey additional meaning to the action of the subject. In Arabic, the topic of auxiliary verbs has attracted the attention of linguiss from the early Middle Ages to the present. The mos recent sudies on this topic are collected in the works of Abbas Hasan, Musafa Galayini, Fuad Nemat, Antoine Dahdakh, Abu Bakr Abdul Ali. In this article, the issue of the semantic classifcation of auxiliary verbs is scientifcally subsantiated. According to it, verbs are divided into such semantic groups as: “verbs of being and becoming”, “beginning verbs”, “verbs denoting the proximity of an action”, “verbs denoting the likelihood of an action” and others that assign the above meanings to the main verb. “ ”كان و أخواتهاare the mos commonly used among others, they perform the function of a linking verb and require the setting of a nominal predicate in the accusative case. And in verb sentences, together with the verb-predicate, they form a complex temporary consruction. The verbs أفعال الشروعrequire the subject in the nominative and the predicate in the accusative and denote the beginning of the action of semantic verbs. The predicate after the verbs أفعال المةاربةcan be a whole sentence. Also, the verbs أفعال المقاربةcan be both semantic and auxiliary. In Arabic, auxiliary verbs are verbs of a wide variety of uses in a sentence. They not only determine the degree and sate, but also the time of action. During the research, it became known that there is another type of auxiliary verbs that demonsrate excitement, desire and feelings

TYPOLOGY OF EVALUATION SPEECH ACTS

The given research is dedicated to the study of typology of evaluation speech acts. In this article questions connected with the analysis of the appearance of the evaluation in the utterance are being discussed. Particular attention is paid to the illocutionary and perlocutionary effect of evaluation speech acts. The purpose of the given article is to consider the most common features of evaluative speech acts and determine their place in the hierarchy of speech acts in general. The research methods, used in the study, are determined by the purpose, theoretical direction of the article and are comprehensive. The research methods integrate the basic notions of modern cognitive theory and theory of communication. The minimum unit of communication is speech act. The structure of the speech act includes four levels. They are locution, proposition, illocution and perlocution. In the evaluation speech acts, semantic basis is the category of evaluation. The author of the article offers the following classification of evaluation speech acts. Based on semantic and pragmatic properties of the object of our study, the article proposes to distinguish the following types of evaluation speech acts: 1) focus on the subject; 2) focus on the object. Among evaluation speech acts, oriented on the object, proper evaluation speech acts (for example, praise, condemnation) and emotional evaluation speech acts (for example, admiration, anger, respect) can be selected. The given approach is based on the fact that the evaluative verbs are direct representatives of illocutionary intention of evaluation speech acts. So, we consider that the classification of evaluation speech acts can rely on semantic and pragmatic features of evaluative verbs.

Morphosyntactical Analysis of Arabic Loanwords

Beja, the subject of this paper, are people speaking a language called – Bedawiet – in the Red sea Hills in north-eastern of Sudan, (Dahl, 1991). They are in the region for thousands of years along the coast from Egypt to Eretria. The paper emphasizes on the analysis of Arabic loanwords in the Beja language. The work aims at analyzing the morphology of Arabic loanwords to find the changes that have occurred in their presence in Bedawiet and to test how these words are accepted with some degrees of adaptation by techniques used in adopting the words in Bedawiet. Possible explanations speculate the analysis of loanwords of the research problem. Basically, the paper investigates the morphological processes that have applied when Arabic words are borrowed into Bedawiet language. Data is collected from different sources and a descriptive analytical approach is employed in order to address the morphological changes that have been occurring to Arabic loanwords in Bedawiet. In summary, the results of the analyzed data show that Bedawiet has accepted a huge number of nouns and verbs with some modification. During the processes of adaptation, some features of nouns and verbs are lost. A limited number of conjunction and preposition are also in the data; however, the borrowed prepositions shifted to post-positions in the processes according to the rules of Bedawiet. The paper recommended further studies in the acceptance of borrowing preposition as a problematical area.

A Unidirectionality of Derivational Relationship in the English Dative Alternation

This article argues for the uniderectionality of the derivational relationship between the NP+NP and the NP+PP form in the pursuit of settling empirical as well as theoretical questions arising in common from three different types of analyses. It shows that the NP+PP is derived from the NP+NP only with [+Poss] verbs. It also claims that what is responsible for the syntactic alternation has closely to do with the tendency to regularize Case checking system. Once providing a conceivable cause for the alternation, it explains the puzzling mismatch between syntactic forms and their putative meanings. In brief, it defends the argument that it is not a particular syntactic form, but the [+/- Poss] feature of verbs that determines a putative meaning, as the feature is the one that is held accountable for selecting the base structure.

Arap Gramerinde Sıfat Fiillerin İfade Yöntemleri Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme

Arapçada fiilden yapılan sıfatlar içinde özellik ve şekil açısından farklılık gösteren bir takım sözler vardır ki, bunlar Türkçedeki sıfat fiillere benzemektedir. Arap gramerinde bu çeşit sıfatlar ism-i fâil (şimdiki zaman sıfat fiiller) ve ism-i mefûl (geçmiş zaman sıfat fiiller) adını almaktadır. Eylemi sıfat şeklinde bildiren bu gramer sınıflandırmaları gerek klasik, gerekse modern Arapçada geniş bir şekilde kullanılmaktadır. Bu makalede bu çeşit sıfat fiillerin Arapçada en fazla hangi durumlarda yer aldığı ve ifade yöntemleri ele alınmıştır. Araştırmada Arapçada ism-i fâillerin ve ism-i mefûllerin, sıfat gibi kullanılmasının çok yaygın olduğu ortaya çıkmaktadır. Türkçede sıfat fiiller olarak adlandırılan bu türden kelimeler, Arapçada sıfat gibi istifade edilerek nitelendirdiği kelimeler ile malum kurallar dâhilinde bir uyum içinde bulunmuştur. Arapçada sıfat fiiller, fiil özelliği taşıdığı için kendisinden sonra nesne alması geniş yaygınlık kazanmıştır. Özellikle modern Arapçada çok yaygın olan bu metotta ism-i fâiller, eylemi şimdiki zamana daha net olarak konuşma anına bağlar ve cümlede muzârî fiil rolünü üstlenir. Arapça gramerinde ism-i fâil ve ism-i mefûl ıstılahları bu sıfat fiileri işaret etmek için kullanılmıştır. Bunlardan ilki işi icra edene, ikincisi ise üzerinde iş icra olunana işaret eder. Bu modeller içinde fiillerden türeyen, türediği fiilin ifade ettiği eylemi gerçekleştiren ve fiilin ifade ettiği mânâ ile geçici bir süre nitelenen ve vasıflanan etken şahsa delalet eden kelimeler ism-i fâiller adı altında öğrenilmektedir. Aksam-ı seb‘a ) yedi kısım( olarak adlandırılan yani kök harfinin cinsine göre bölünen fiillerin ism-i fâillerinde bir takım ibdâl (değişme) kuralları olsa da tüm çeşitlerde ism-i fâiller sülasi (üç harften oluşan) mücerret mâlûm fiilden fa:il, ism-i mefûller ise mefûl kalıbı vasıtası ile yapılmaktadır. İsm-i fâiller eylemi yapan türemiş bir isim, ism-i mefuller ise o eylemden etkilenen ismi gösteren türemiş bir isimdir. Bir diğer ayırt edici unsur ise zaman anlayışıdır. Sıfat-ı müşebbehelerde zaman anlayışı yoktur. Çünkü özellik ve nitelemenin kalıcı bir şekilde devamlı olması onu zamana tâbi olmaktan kurtarmıştır. Ancak sıfat fiiller olan ism-i fâillerde, hâl ve eylem sıfat şeklinde belirtildiği için bunların zamana bağlı olması şarttır. Eylemin gerçekleştiği yerde zaman vardır. Bu bakımdan sıfat fiiller cümlede sıfat şeklinde kullanılmasının yanı sıra tam fiil olarak da görev ala bilirler. İsm-i fâiller Arapçada fiil olarak kullanıldıklarında ismi haber bildirir, eylemi ve durumun zamanını konuşma anına bağlar. Aynı düşünceleri ism-i mefûller için de söylemek mümkündür. Ancak ism-i mefûllerin meçhûl, müteaddi (geçişli ) fiillerden yapıldığı dikkatten kaçmamalıdır. Bu çalışmada söz edilenlerin yanı sıra sıfat fiillerin Arapçada en yaygın özellikleri de incelenmeye çalışılmıştır.

Verbal Features of Film Reviews in the Modern American Media Discourse

The article discusses the verbal specifics of film reviews. In the article the features of English-language vocabulary in the modern American media discourse on the material of the film review in the Esquire and GQ are revealed. The media concept of the Esquire and GQ is studied. Main verbal characteristics of film reviews in the Esquire and GQ are identified. Lexical, semantic, and structural features of the vocabulary of film reviews in the Esquire and GQ are analysed. In the article the expressive means used by the authors of the media film reviews in the Esquire and GQ are examined. The article establishes that authors of film reviews use epithets, comparisons, metaphors, lexical repeats, homogeneous members of the sentence, various grammatical structures, and other expressive means to realize their thought as efficiently and succinctly as possible. The research makes a contribution to the development of discourse and influence theories, psycholinguistics, cultural linguistics, media linguistics on the example of verbal features of film reviews in the American media discourse.

THE COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SYNTACTIC FEATURES BETWEEN INDONESIAN AND ENGLISH DENOMINAL VERBS

This paper aims to describe the comparison on the syntactic feature of denominal verbs of the Bahasa Indonesia and the English. The syntactic feature defined as a presentation of transitivity (and valency) on the construction of derivated verbs. Based on observation (simak) method formulated by Sudaryanto (2015), the data taken from the usage of Bahasa Indonesia and tha English on written forms. Based on Contrastive Syntax approach designed by Hickey (2017), the result shows two descriptions of comparison, namely the similarities and the differences of syntactic features. First, the similarities are (a) transitive feature and (b) an intransitive feature. Second, the differences are (a) the bitransitive feture of bahasa Indonesia, (b) the markers of transitivity of Bahasa Indonesia and the English and (c) the grammatical relations of the English denominal verb. For further study, researcher may pay attention on detail analysis of the role of denominal verbs in sentences construction of the Bahasa Indonesia and the English.

METACOMMUNICATIVE REFLECTION IN THE "NAIVE" EPISTOLARY

The study of private correspondence language has been a relevant problem in Ukrainian philology for a long time, however linguists are primarily interested in the epistolary works of elitist language personalities, including Ukrainian writers, cultural and public figures, and therefore analyze the codified Ukrainian speaking. The paper suggests changes to the scientific vector, directing it to the written communication of "naive" authors and accordingly to the Ukrainian non-codified spoken language in its written form. Our research aim is to analyze the reflexives of "naive" authors of daily family and household letters of epistolary communication as a whole and its individual elements. In other words, this work examines those linguistic units (metacommunicatives) that transmit information about the letters, the correspondence process in the letters. The tasks of the work are to identify and describe the metacommunicative reflexives as the subject of research, as well as to establish their functional load in the "body" of the epistolary text. The research material was a collected corpus of daily family and household letters, whose authors are Ukrainians as native speakers, rarely – Russian, living in the Sumy Oblast, and used surzhyk in their daily communication. We used the descriptive, lexical-semantic and discursive analysis methods to establish the composition of the metacommunicative reflexives, which include neutral and connotative marked names of letters and other forms of distance communication (postcard, telegram, parcel, money transfer, phone call), the most common definitions and marking the procedurality of epistolary communication. In addition, the names of material carrier of the letters, tool names for writing the letter, the verbal feature of the individual manner of writing, etc. were introduced into the circle of metacommunities. The letter composition, implementation of text categories (integrities and coherences in priority), construction of epistolary chronotype, expression of emotions, and feelings are among the functions performed by the metacommunicative reflexives.

Метод компонентного анализа глаголов с общим значением «манера передвижения» в английском и русском языках

The article deals with problems of differentiating verb units with partially same meaning and the lexical meaning in modern dictionaries. The purpose of the research is to identify the integral and differential features of verbs with the common meaning “manner of movement” in English. Methods of research. In the process of the research the following research methods were used: descriptive method, method of opposition component analysis, associative experiment method, receptive experiment method, experimental method, contextual analysis. The object of the study are verbs: to dash, to parade, to race, to roam, to march, to shamble, to plod, to lumber, to shuffle, to stride, to stroll, to strut, to trudge, to wander. The authors of the article emphasize that the choice of these verb units is due to the fact that they are the most frequent lexemes representing the lexico-semantic group of verbs with the common meaning “manner of movement”. Research results. As a result of the lexicographic analysis it is turned out that the dictionary entries do not completely reveal the situation, and experimental analysis revealed additional components that depend on context.

THE FOCUS ON CONSECUTIVE VERB CONSTRUCTIONS IN MEDICAL ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES

The English language training of researchers and teaching staff at medical universities has become a priority task in higher medical education. Catenative verbs constitute one of the most challenging aspects in learning English as a second language. The article examines the features of catenative verbs while teaching the course in professional English for PhD students and academic staff at higher medical educational institutions. The aim of the study was to examine and systematize the most common challenges in using consecutive verbs in medical English. The authors developed their own concept of presenting the training material, and the proposed approach was tested in the development of the textbook “Medical English for Academic Purposes” (2018), which was written in the context of current trends in internationalised higher education, involving the training of specialists who will work in the modern English language educational and scientific environment. The ability to use catenative verbs correctly is an essential prerequisite of successful communication, intercultural reciprocal understanding and international cooperation in the context of rapid development of integration in Ukraine, which renders the present research relevant. A series of training exercises were presented, aimed at clarifying the lexical peculiarities of modern English. The most commonly used consecutive verbs, their significance and contextual role in professional communication have been analyzed. The proposed system of didactic materials is intended to support courses in professional English for PhD students and academic staff at higher medical educational institutions. The study of consecutive verbs is important to eliminate possible mistakes and avoid misunderstanding in medical communication. The authors believe that the professional development of PhDs and academic and clinical teachers of English-speaking medical students will promote academic mobility, scientific cooperation and the training of foreign students to international standards, and thus contribute to the development of higher medical education in Ukraine.

Вербализация мысли о неравнодушии / небезразличии в социальной рекламе

The article considers the problem of indifference through the prism of world history. One of the main fighters against indifference is social advertising. As a result of the analysis of verbal features of outdoor social advertising the ways of transformation of the idea of indifference into verbal and logical forms are defined and illustrated.

Linguistic Personology – Potential in Phonoscopic Expertise

The study attempts to justify the development of linguistic personology in Bulgaria as an interdisciplinary scientific paradigm, which comprises theoretical foundations of psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics, anthropological linguistics, linguistic pragmatics, semiotics and phonоstylistics. The applied aspect of the approach consists in describing speaker's physiognomic expressions and speech markers, and their anthropological characteristics, which enable researchers to present a speech profile of the respective person through two parameters: their personal identity and personal voice with its unique inherent features. Linguistic personology through speech as an autonomous interdisciplinary research paradigm, serves in forensic (phonoscopic) expertise for the speakers' characteristics diagnostics, considering typical voice peculiarities. The approach studies speaker's verbal behaviour and distinctive features of his or her personal identity signaled by personal voice expression measured through linguistic (phonoscopic) expertise. Linguistic personology through speech is a unique method of personality typization as well as characterizing the speaker based on the analysis of his / her specific pronunciation and voice transformation, used in the field of forensic phonetics. It is proposed to supplement the expert assessment with the results of acoustic analysis of voice samples, as well as their perception, for more objective identification of matching linguistic data. The article represents speech excerpts, the acoustic images of which demonstrate audio-and-visual comprehension of gender differentiation of speakers, whose voices indicate that the recipients belong to the diagnosed group of men, women or transvestites.

Conflicting strategies of argumentation in social networks

The article is devoted to the definition and qualification of strategies of argumentative communication in interaction in social networks. The purpose of the article — to determine the specifics of the implementation of the conflict strategy of communication during argumentation on social networks, which led to the following tasks: to identify the peculiarities of the concept of communication strategy, to characterize the concept of conflict as a form of communicative interaction, to distinguish the main communicative conflicts in social networks. The subject of research is the linguistic means of expressing conflict in network discourse, the object of study is communicative strategies of argumentative interaction in network communication. The analysis and analysis were based on the texts of posts and comments from the pages of the users of the social network Facebook, posted in the public information space. The concept of strategy is considered, the specifics of conflict communication in contrast to cooperative are characterized, the typology of conflict strategies of argumentation is proposed. The content of conflicting interaction in argumentative discourse has been traced on the posts and comments of Facebook users. It is proposed to distinguish discrediting and declaring strategies that have verbal features of implementation in social networks. Conflict strategies are aimed at asymmetric interaction, their purpose is to discredit the subjects against whom argumentation is directed. However, the argumentative discourse on the social network has a specific feature — it is the targeting of verbal aggression, not against the addressee’s opponent, but against the object of description that distinguishes them from cooperative strategies.

On the Syntax and Semantics of the Transitivity of Prepositional Verbs in Arabic

AbstractArabic Prepositional verbs, verbs obligatorily forming a combination with a certain preposition they select, differ from single (one‐word) transitive verbs or intransitive verbs in that they display distinctive syntactic behaviors concerning theta and Case assignment. This article will offer a syntactic account of the transitivity feature of prepositional verbs by examining their structural configuration and thematic representation. I will show that prepositional verbs are two‐place predicates, that the prepositions in such constructions are semantically vacuous but serve a Case‐checking function, and that such prepositions are defective due to their being obligatorily selected by the verb, which results in the formation of a head‐licensing chain that renders them transparent to theta and Case assignment. While I will argue that theta licensing allows the verb to directly theta‐mark the object of the preposition, Case licensing of objects of prepositions differs in that the preposition obligatorily assigns genitive Case only to the specifier of its complement, optionally permitting the verb to assign accusative Case to the rest of the elements in the complement. Such theta and Case licensing is possible only in configurations wherein a prepositional phrase occurs as a complement of the verb.

Graphic and phonetic features of the “Mirror of Theology” by Kyrylо Stavrovetsky in 1618

The article analyzes the peculiarities of spelling and phonetic features of Ukrainian language of the monument “Mirror of Theology (Зерцало богословіи)” (1618) by Kyrylo Tranquillion-Stavrovetskyi.It is emphasized that the old Ukrainian literary and written tradition developed in the stream of contemporary cultural and linguistic trends of the late Middle Ages.The vernacular element has already penetrated into all spheres of written language of use: Ruthenian-Ukrainians easily and effortlessly introduced it into office work, fiction and polemical literature, into church-religious texts, and wrote scientific treatises with it. It is emphasized that special value for understanding the development of the Ukrainian literary language of specific time periods are original works, which revealed the uniqueness of the author, which is often emphasized by the use of local colloquial elements. Kyrylo Stavrovetskyi occupied a prominent place in the formation and development of the old Ukrainian literary language, because, according to many researchers, he was one of the most educated figures of the first half of the 17th century. It is noted that, in Ukrainian colloquial element is revealed quite widely and consistently at the sound level (confusion of ы, и; reflection of *ě; reflection of the consequences of ІІ palatalization, etc.). At the same time, some verbal features, inherent in writings of that time, are either not presented at all in the old edition of Kyrylo Stavrovetskyi (transition of the initial je > o), or are only singly revealed (new “ять”). Such selectivity of getting into the text of some features and not getting of others, perhaps, should be explained both by the general writing and spelling tendencies of that time and by author’s level of education. Keywords: history of the Ukrainian language, Old Ukrainian literary and written language, written memoir, dialect features.

Мовний образ Великодня в епістолярних текстах Лесі Українки та її родини

The article elucidates verbal actualization features of one of the most frequent geortonyms in the Ukrainian language – Easter. The study focuses on the epistolary texts of Lesya Ukrainka and her immediate family – parents, siblings. The study has revealed the dominance of this lexeme in the Kosaches family lexicon, which confirms its normativeness not only for the idiolect of Lesya Ukrainka but also for the communication discourse in all Ukrainian families of that time. The epistolary version of this holiday, Paska (peculiar primarily to the dialectal speech of Western Polissia), is the most frequent in the letters of the poetess’ brother Mykhailo. The synonymous version Paskha is explicated in only one letter of Lesya Ukrainka to Kliment Kvitka, written in Russian. Its regulatory use is observed in the epistolary texts of her father, Petro Antonovych (probably owing to the language of his daily communication). The article considers the use of the lexeme Easter in two main functions – chronotopic and etiquette. The author analyzes functioning of the geortonym Easter as an element of the holiday greetings with an emphasis on the Kosaches’ family tradition to send Easter cards, using them as a kind of interpersonal communication in letters. The article reproduces in fragments from the letters the dominant elements of Easter celebrations (traditional dishes, peculiarities of treating, behavioral elements) in the Kosaches’ family and in families of different ethnic communities, where Lesya Ukrainka and Mykhailo Kosach used to be on holidays.

Category of time of the english verb

Everyone who has studied English as a foreign language, and even more so who has chosen the profession of teaching English at school, lyceum, gymnasium or university, knows that the greatest difficulty for speakers of Russian is the tense of the English verb. Indeed, if anyone who speaks Russian as a native knows that the tense of the verb is three, then what kind of bewilderment should the English grammars say that this language is not three or five times, but twelve. However, the presence of twelve tenses of a verb recorded in grammars as a fact very rarely raises a puzzling question: what other tenses are there in English, besides the present, past and future? Try to answer it! Does not work? You can not waste time in vain. Because, in addition to the above three, there are no other verbs of the English verb and cannot be. This article discusses the peculiarities of English verb tenses. Different features of verb tenses are analyzed.