Verbal Adjectives Research Articles

Mu'īnü'l-Mürīd’de Yetkinlik Sıfat Fiili

In this study, it is aimed to examine the participles, which are an important component of the Turkish language, through the work "Mu'īnü'l-Mürīd". The work was written in the Khwarazm region and was penned to explain the principles of Islam and Sufi doctrines to the Turkmen people. In this study, the competence participles and their sub-functions found in the work are discussed. These sub-functions include suitability, skill, possibility, habit, and differentiation from others. In this study, it is explained how these sub-functions are addressed with examples from the work. By addressing an important linguistic element of the Turkish language through the work, this study contributes to a deeper understanding of the functions and structural features of the language. Ultimately, examining the competence participles and sub-functions in the work "Mu'īnü'l-Mürīd" will help us better understand the structural elements of the Turkish language. Keywords: Mu'īnü'l-Mürīd, Adjective Verb, Function, Competence Function

Two more contexts for Ge‘ez *u > u and three for *a > ǝ

The main Ge‘ez (Classical Ethiopic) verbal adjective is characterized by an ǝ-u vowel melody. Based on cognate evidence, the most basic form of this adjective, 01-stem 1ǝ2u3, derives from a *1a2uː3- pattern and thus shows assimilation of *aCuː > ǝCu. This assimilation does not operate in a set of specialized numerals shaped like 1ä2u3, which should be reconstructed as *1a2u3- with short *u. Short *u also yields Ge‘ez u in the nonaccusative case of the masculine cardinal numerals, like *ɬalaːθtu > śälästu ‘three’; this ending goes back to the Proto-Semitic diptotic nominative. The assimilation of *aCuː > ǝCu, on the other hand, also affected the personal pronoun *huːʔa-tuː > wǝʾǝtu, the perfect of fientive verbs like *gabaruː > gäbru ‘they did’, and the jussive of stative verbs like *yitrapuː > yǝtrǝfu ‘may they remain’. Ə was leveled to other parts of these paradigms, solving several longstanding problems of Ge‘ez morphology.

Non-finite verb forms in Turkic exhibit syncretism, not multifunctionality

Abstract Non-finite verbs in Turkic are typically categorised as participles, converbs, and sometimes infinitives, with multiple uses of a form within one category considered to constitute multiple functions. This multifunctionality approach predicts that all non-finite verb forms within each of the categories should have the same range of syntactic functions. We show that this is not the case. Based on analysis of a representative set of Turkic languages (Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Sakha, Tatar, Turkish, and Tuvan), we propose a categorisation based on morphological and syntactic properties of non-finite verbs, resulting in four categories: verbal nouns, verbal adjectives, verbal adverbs, and infinitives. Under this approach, forms that are typically labelled as participles end up categorised as verbal nouns, verbal adjectives, or both, and forms that are typically labelled as converbs end up categorised as verbal adverbs, infinitives, or both. Some forms even span these two divisions. When a non-finite verb form appears to exist in multiple categories, we consider this to be a case of syncretism; this is, there is a member of one category that has the same form as a member of another category. We propose historical trajectories that may have led to the types of situations that are attested, examine the limitations of this approach, and discuss its wider implications.

The structural underpinnings of multifunctionality and syncretism in non-finite forms in Irish

Abstract The paper proposes a constructionist analysis of two highly syncretic non-finite forms in Irish, traditionally referred to as the verbal noun (VN) and the verbal adjective (VA). The VN can fulfil the function of the infinitive, the ‘present participle’ in the periphrastic progressive, the argument supporting (AS) nominal and the R(eferential)-nominal. The VA can function as the passive participle in periphrastic passives/resultatives, the ‘passive’ adjective, the active participle (showing further syncretism with the genitive of VN) and the ‘active’ adjective. The basic idea is that the two syncretic forms receive a unified analysis (i.e. same structure). The VN is viewed as a kind of “elsewhere” realization of [vP[Root]] in all contexts except for [Tfin [VoiceP [vP [Root]]]]. VA spell-out is implemented when the morphosyntactic bundle carries no features that positively define the input as verbal or nominal. The height of affix attachment is indicative of the type of participle involved. Verbal passive/perfective participles and corresponding adjectives embed the external argument introducing projection (VoiceP), whereas active verbal participles and adjectives lack it. The extensive multifunctionality and syncretism in Irish seem to be closely linked to the lack of the AspP layer in the structure of non-finite verbs, nominals and adjectives as well as the lack of overt transitivizing morphology.

The structural underpinnings of multifunctionality and syncretism in non-finite forms in Irish

Abstract The paper proposes a constructionist analysis of two highly syncretic non-finite forms in Irish, traditionally referred to as the verbal noun (VN) and the verbal adjective (VA). The VN can fulfil the function of the infinitive, the ‘present participle’ in the periphrastic progressive, the argument supporting (AS) nominal and the R(eferential)-nominal. The VA can function as the passive participle in periphrastic passives/resultatives, the ‘passive’ adjective, the active participle (showing further syncretism with the genitive of VN) and the ‘active’ adjective. The basic idea is that the two syncretic forms receive a unified analysis (i.e. same structure). The VN is viewed as a kind of “elsewhere” realization of [vP[Root]] in all contexts except for [Tfin [VoiceP [vP [Root]]]]. VA spell-out is implemented when the morphosyntactic bundle carries no features that positively define the input as verbal or nominal. The height of affix attachment is indicative of the type of participle involved. Verbal passive/perfective participles and corresponding adjectives embed the external argument introducing projection (VoiceP), whereas active verbal participles and adjectives lack it. The extensive multifunctionality and syncretism in Irish seem to be closely linked to the lack of the AspP layer in the structure of non-finite verbs, nominals and adjectives as well as the lack of overt transitivizing morphology.

The spelling of short forms of verbal adjectives ending in -нный/-nniy: н/n or нн/nn (from materials of the academic description of Russian orthography)

The article examines one of the unresolved spelling issues, namely the formulation of a clear rule for spelling н/n or нн/nn in short forms of verbal adjectives ending in -нный/-nniy. This rule should correspond to lexicographic data, consistent writing practices, and the historical direction of the changes in the spelling of individual units. The criteria and structure of the rule have been revised. The traditional rule is based on the dichotomy "participle (н/n)/adjective (нн/ nn)", but it makes several possible exceptions for adjectives. Moreover, there are numerous examples of spelling one н/n in short forms of adjectives. The paper outlines the new rule and the reasons for its introduction. The criteria for selecting the correct spelling and the rule structure have been modified. The main criterion is the word stress in the short forms of participles and verbal adjectives ending in -нный/-nniy: 1) if the word stress is placed on the suffix only in the masculine form, there is one letter н/n (хорошо сложён, сложена, -о, -ы, / horosho slozhyon, slozhena, -o, -y / engl.: wellbuilt; навострён, навострена, -о, -ы / navostryon, navostrena, -o, -y / engl.: sharpened or concentrated); 2) if the word stress is placed on the suffix in all forms, there are two letters нн/nn (утончён, утончённа, -o, -ы / utonchyon, utonchyonna, -o, -y / engl.: refined; непринуждён, непринуждённа, -о, -ы / neprinuzhdyon, neprinuzhdyonna, -o, -y / engl.: relaxed); 3) if the suffix remains unstressed in all short forms, there is one letter н/n (атрофированы, востребованы, пресыщена / atrofirovany, vostrebovany, presyshchena / engl.: atrophied, in demand, satiated). Additionally, there are 100 words whose spelling is determined by referring to a dictionary. These lexemes fall into three groups. In the first group, the criterion for choosing the correct spelling is the grammatical category of the participle/adjective (люди собраны на митинг – люди собранны, серьезны / lyudi sobrany na miting – lyudi sobranny, seriozny / engl.: people are gathered for a meeting – people are concentrated, serious). As for the second group, participles are spelt with one н/n (пауза выдержана / pausa vyderzhana / engl.: a pause is made); adjectives are spelt with both н/n and нн/nn (пьеса выдержана в духе… – она выдержанна / pyesa vyderzhana v dukhe… – ona vyderzhanna / engl.: the play is in the spirit of… – she is unperturbed) depending on the meaning conveyed. The third group includes those words spelt with нн/nn which do not correlate with participles (восторженны, отчаянны / vostorzhenny, otchayanny / engl.: enraptured, desperate). The analysis of writing practices made it possible to review the codifications of several words provided in dictionaries. These lexemes have been classified as a separate group.

An Analysis on Overpassivization in the Process of Acquiring Ergative Verbs and Their Syntax

Ergative verb serves as a special sentence type in English. The understanding of its syntactic structure will lay a foundation for better English acquisition. Overpassivization is an important phenomenon of adjectival verbs and their syntactic acquisition. Through empirical analysis and understanding of the causes of this phenomenon, it is of great practical significance to take effective measures to give corresponding solutions to it. This paper summarizes the characteristics of ergative verbs, and gives further analysis on the phenomenon of overpassivization and its causes in syntactic acquisition, so as to provide a feasible reference for the correct application of ergative verbs in English acquisition.

SIDE NAMES WITH AUXILIARY VERBS IN UIGHUR TURKISH

Although indefinite verbs form temporary nouns, they can sometimes lose these properties and become permanent nouns in both Uyghur Turkish and Turkish. The reason for this is that adjective verb suffixes have some constructive suffixes. Adjectives make the verbs to which they are added temporary nouns. The adjective verb suffixes used in my study made nouns both permanent nouns and temporary nouns that have a primary purpose. My study provides examples of both permanent and temporary nouns. When we look at the permanent nouns made with adjective verbs in Uyghur Turkish, it is seen that there are permanent names used in daily life, related to household tools and equipment, agriculture and animal husbandry. In our study -DACI, -DIK, -KAN, -GU, -KUÇİ, -mAs, -Ar, -yUk, -mIş adjective verb suffixes were used. A total of 177 examples have been identified with these adjective verb suffixes.

Adjective and Adjective Verb Conceptual Dictionaries in an Integrated Narrative Generation System

Adjective and Adjective Verb Conceptual Dictionaries in an Integrated Narrative Generation System

On the origin of the optative use of the verbal adjective in -l

This paper deals with the origin of the optative function of the verbal adjective in -l in the Serbian language, a functionally restricted and stylistically marked modal form. Within synchronic analyses, it is usually explained as secondary form: a result of reducing complex verbal forms, whose constituent it represents today. By applying diachronic and comparative linguistic analysis it is shown that the formant *-l- is of Proto-Indo-European origin, appearing in both verbal and nominal systems of Indo-European languages. The diversity of formations with the element *-l- is explained by the assumption that in early Proto-Indo-European this element was a kind of modal particle, which in the process of creating inflection became a grammatical morpheme. In Proto-Slavic, the originally modal verbal-nominal form in *-l- developed in two ways: on the one hand, it produced adjectives (mostly resultatives, but also adjectives with a modal nuance) and, on the other, it became part of complex verbal forms in the domain of non-present (perfect, pluperfect, conditional). The independent modal verbal form in *-l- was preserved in the optative function as an archaism, which explains its markedness and restricted use in specific contexts.

THE GERUND AND GERUNDIVE IN THE WORKS OF TACITUS AND PLINY THE YOUNGER

The gerund is a defective verbal noun and the gerundive is a passive verbal adjective in -ndus, -a, -um with necessitative meaning. This paper presents some results obtained from a comparison of the various uses gerunds and gerundives in the Annals of Tacitus and in the Letters of Pliny the Younger, i.e. in such different literary forms as epistolography and history. The difference in the frequency of use of certain constructions by the two authors is very interesting and noticeable. The use of a gerund or of a gerundive is also the result of selection in stylistic presentation. In general Tacitus is much more free in his usage than Pliny. In the Annals we found 191 cases of the use of the gerund and 331 of the gerundive. However, in Pliny the gerunds are slightly in excess of the gerundive (152 to 106). Another very noticeable point of difference between our two authors is that in Tacitus the dative of gerundive makes a large per cent (37) of all the gerundive uses, a much larger proportion than is found in Pliny (3 per cent). The same case is with the use of the ablative of the gerund without a preposition. In the Annals this construction occurs 57 times, against only nine cases of the ablative of the gerund in Pliny. However, an analysis and classification of all occurrences of the gerund and gerundive in Pliny and Tacitus may also confirm the similarity of the use of these verbal forms in the Annals and in the Letters.

On Tense Values of Verbal Adjectives in Kazakh Turkish

Göreceli bir kavram olan zaman, felsefeden başlamak üzere felsefe temelinde doğmuş bütün bilim dalları için araştırma sahası hâline gelmiştir. Zaman, dil açısından incelendiğinde gerçek zaman ve fiil zamanı olmak üzere iki grupta incelenmektedir. Fiillerin çekim ekleri vasıtasıyla geçmiş, gelecek, şimdiki vb. zaman karşılıkları olduğu gibi sıfat-fiil eklerinin de zaman değerleri vardır. Bu zaman değerleri ekin ihtiva ettiği zaman değerlerinin dışında işlevsel ve anlamsal açıdan incelendiğinde farklı zaman değerlerini de ifade edebildiği bilinmektedir. Çalışmada, Kazak edebî metinlerinden hareketle sıfat-fiil eklerinin hangi zaman değerlerini karşıladığı işlevsel-anlamsal açıdan incelenmeye çalışılmıştır.Kazak gramerlerinde tespit edilen sınıflandırmalardan farklı olarak çalışmada, sıfat-fiillerin zaman değerleri işlevsel-anlamsal açıdan ele alınmıştır. Sıfat-fiiller incelenirken bir sıfat-fiil ekinin birden fazla zamana gönderme yaptığı da göz önünde bulundurularak her sıfat-fiil ekinin altında hangi zaman değerine sahip olduğu örneklerle ortaya koyulmuştur. Ayrıca, çalışmada sıfat-fiil eklerinin zamanla kalıplaşarak isim ve sıfat türetme işlevi kazanması nedeniyle örneklerde geçen fiil + sıfat-fiil yapısının sözlüklerde madde başı olarak yer alıp almamasına da özellikle dikkat edilmiştir. Böylece çalışma için sıfat-fiil eklerinin kalıplaşmadığı, yani temel işlevini kaybetmediği örnekler seçilmeye çalışılmıştır.

ПРИЛАГАТЕЛЬНОЕ КАК СПОСОБ ДЕПЕРСОНАЛИЗАЦИИ СООБЩЕНИЯ: АКТАНТНО-ПЕРЕМЕННАЯ ФУНКЦИЯ ПАССИВА (КЛАССИЧЕСКИЙ ПОДХОД)

Semantic perspective of the sentences with passive predication, expressed by the verb in passive voice or using verbal adjectives with passive meaning is analysed in the article. Such types of predication are considered as categorial and non-categorial means of Passive Perspective expression respectively (grammatical and non-grammatical). The general characteristics of the sentences presented by the categorial passive or by non-categorial means are: absence of Agence in grammatical subject position, centripetal direction of the process, expressed by the predicate words and affection of grammatical subject. All these testify the identical character of the expressed relations (by them). Perspective (the direction of the action in the sentence) is defined by subject-object and has the identical nature in both variants.

R̥gvedic depictive adjectival compounds and their functions

Abstract The present study provides a survey of the semantics of depictive (in a broad sense, including circumstantials) adjectival compounds in Vedic Sanskrit. Following the typology of depictive constructions developed by Himmelmann & Schultze-Berndt (2005), we structure our classification along the semantic fields that such expressions tend to occur in. Our results show that in Vedic, the use of depictive adjectival compounds spans (almost) the whole gamut of functions reported for depictives in cross-linguistic studies. In Vedic, depictive compounds rank on a par with other strategies of non-finite event elaboration such as participles, verbal adjectives, and action nouns.

NP-internal structure and the distribution of adjectives in Mə̀dʉ́mbὰ

Abstract This article discusses the structural and internal properties of adjectives in Mə̀dʉ́mbὰ, a Grassfield language spoken in the west region of Cameroon. It focuses on material inside the NP with a view towards establishing the structural positions of NP-internal constituents such as adjectives. I analyze adjectives and propose, following Scott, Gary-John. 1998. Stacked adjectival modification and the structure of nominal phrases. School of Oriental and African Studies Working Papers in Linguistics and Phonetics 8. 59–89, Scott, Gary-John. 2002. Stacked adjectival modification and the structure of nominal phrases. In Guglielmo Cinque (ed.), Functional structure in DP and IP: The cartography of syntactic structures, 91–120. New York: Oxford University Press that adjectives pattern within the DP just like adverbs pattern within the clause. In Mə̀dʉ́mbὰ, an adjective can be placed before the noun, after the noun or alternatively before and after the noun. Mə̀dʉ́mbὰ adjectives can further be distinguished as belonging to three classes: pure adjectives, verbal adjectives and nominal adjectives. In this paper I focus principally on the position in which attributive adjectives are generated inside the DP. However, issues relating to the internal structure of adjectives will also be mentioned. I show that Cinque, Guglielmo. 1994. On the evidence for partial N-movement in the Romance DP. In Guglielmo Cinque, Jan Koster, Jean-Yves Pollock, Luigi Rizzi & Raffaella Zanuttini (eds.), Paths towards universal grammar, 85–110. Georgetown: Georgetown University Press, Cinque, Guglielmo. 2003. The dual source of adjectives and XP-vs. N-raising in the Romance DP. Incontro annuale di dialettologia, Padua, 26, Cinque, Guglielmo. 2010. The syntax of adjectives: A comparative study. Linguistic Inquiry Monographs. Cambridge: MIT Press), and Laenzlinger, Christophe. 2005. French adjective ordering: Perspectives on DP-internal movement types. Lingua 115 views are both necessary to fully capture adjectival placement facts in Mə̀dʉ́mbὰ. Building on and refining the analysis given by these authors, I demonstrate that the type of mechanism involved in introducing adjectival modification correlates with the syntax of the adjective. On the proposal advanced here, depending on their syntactic distribution, adjectives are generated in specifier positions directly and NumP versus FP movement yields the surface structure.

A writing assistant en route to a full computational grammar for Sepedi

A detailed user study and observations by lecturers indicate that the correct compilation of sentences in the eight verbal moods as well as for a number of similar grammatically complicated constructions in Sepedi poses a challenge in any text production situation. Feedback from target users indicated that there is a need for a computational writing assistant for the compilation and verification of correct constructions. To address this need, an extended computational sentence builder for verbal moods, adjectives and possessive constructions in Sepedi was designed and built to assist in text production and to serve as a model for other African languages. This article introduces a prototype of such an extended computational sentence builder for verbal moods, adjectives and possessive constructions in Sepedi. The emphasis throughout is on the grammatical complexity of Sepedi and how the Sepedi Helper can assist users to produce correct sentences. In contrast to typical traditional grammars of Sepedi, the tool also provides the required cognitive information through basic clickable help screens. The Sepedi Helper is a dynamic lightweight tool aimed at combining user knowledge with a text production tool, i.e. user-involved, step-by-step production of Sepedi phrases. The emphasis in the design is on simplicity.

Language Antinomies Concerning Spelling of Short Forms of Verbal Adjectives with н or нн

According to the Russian orthography, the spelling of short forms of verbal words in -нный with н (n) or with нн (nn) before a non-zero ending depends on the grammatical status of the word: participle or adjective. It is believed that writing expresses a systemic opposition of grammatical categories, i.e. the reflective vector of the antinomy “reflective – conditional” operates in this area. But is it possible to check whether the antinomy was chosen correctly to describe a particular picture of the studied area of writing? Are there any distinctive features of the types of spellings obtained as a result of the action of one or another antinomy? We attempt to answer the latter using the example of the spelling of short verbal adjectives. Proceeding from the fact that short forms of participles are always written with only one letter н, and short forms of adjectives with a non-zero ending are threefold: either with нн, or with н, or both with н and with нн, depending on the meaning and / or model management, — we will evaluate the quantitative ratio of these groups, how they are recorded in different dictionaries, compare the codification and the usual norm, as reflected in the texts of the RNC resources and Google books, we will determine what is being implemented in writing steadily and what is not. Based on the results obtained, one can try to understand whether the letter regularly reflects precisely the grammatical opposition.

ТРАНСФОРМАЦИИ ПРЕЦЕДЕНТНОГО ТЕКСТА LIVESMATTER В АМЕРИКАНСКОМ ИНТЕРНЕТ-ДИСКУРСЕ

The article presents an analysis of intertextual references to the name of the American social-political movement “Black Lives Matter”. By means of a wide selection method from the titles of media texts in the English-language segment of the Internet the author selects and considers four types of intertextual transformations of the nominations. The first and second types of transformations focus on the adjective and noun. Its transformations include a change according to the principle of color analogy, its replacement with a possessive construction with a definition function, the use of verbal adjectives that convey a physical and emotional state, as well as a change in the grammatical category of the degree of comparison (from positive to comparative or superlative). The third type of transformation involves changing the grammatical features of the words within the nominations, replacing the verb “matter” with a verb with a different meaning and simultaneously transforming lexical and grammatical features. The last application of the text is to expand it by including the components of negation in the structure of the nomination. In conclusion, it is stated that variations in the name of the movement contribute to the segregation of population groups due to a clear delineation of the signs of a “socially approved and accepted” category of persons (defined by race, gender, age, orientation, condition).

An Analysis of Derivational and Inflectional Morpheme in Selected News From Tempo.Co

The objectives of this research are to know the derivational and inflectional morphemes and to know the functions of morpheme in the selected news from Tempo.co. This research uses qualitative method. The analysis shows that the derivational and inflectional morphemes found in Tempo.co as 357 words. Derivational shows 97 data (27.17 %) and inflectional shows 260 data (72.83 %). Derivational changes the grammatical categories of words which consists of suffix and prefix, for example, noun-forming suffix changes the words/morphemes to nouns in the suffix –ion, -ment, -ist, -ship and –er. Adjective-forming suffix changes the words/ morphemes to adjectives in the suffix –able, -al, -ful, -ic, -cal, and –ous. Adverb-forming suffix changes the words/morphemes to an adverb in the suffix –ly. While, verb-forming prefix changes adjective to new adjective or form verb to new verb in the prefix un- and mis-. The inflectional does not change the grammatical categories of words which consists of “-s, -‘s, -er, -est, -s, -ed, -ing, and –en”. The suffix –s means plural. The suffix -‘s, -s’ means possessive. The suffix –er means comparative. The suffix –est means superlative. The suffix –ed means past. The suffix –ing means Ving (continuous). The suffix –en means participle.

日本語形容詞,形容動詞との比較による「―な」付加される英語借用語の語彙範疇化について

日本語形容詞,形容動詞との比較による「―な」付加される英語借用語の語彙範疇化について