Verbal Adjectives Research Articles

Stanislavsky’s Terms for Script Analysis: Vocabulary for Analyzing Screen Performances

Alongside the field's increasing inter- est in research that uses materials other than films themselves (Smoodin 2) to investigate factors related to audience recep- tion, regulatory systems (censorship), and the material aspects of film and media production, other studies continue to show the value of analyzing films' representational strategies. In the work that explores the rhetoric of cinematic representations, scholars consistently draw on production terms such as close-ups, jump cuts, and point-of-view shots to identify and describe the meanings and ideological impli- cations about race, gender, class, sexuality, and so on that are conveyed by filmic choices.1 Stanislavsky's terms for script analysis can con- tribute to those studies. Script analysis terms not only are used by actors and directors to cre- ate performances; they also provide vocabulary for discussing character dynamics in completed films.2 As a look at scenes from the Coen broth- ers' black comedy Fargo (1996) and Kevin Mac- donald's epic biopic The Last King of Scotland (2006) should suggest, Stanislavsky's terms for script analysis are well suited to ideological studies of film because they facilitate analysis of individual and social power relations. Built as they are on established conventions of dra- matic structure, scenes from these two films show that characters with waning power might resist succumbing to the desires of stronger characters but that they are overtaken, in some- times humorous, sometimes frightening ways, by more dominant characters.3The vocabulary actors consistently use to ascertain and embody characters' desires, dilemmas, and interactions were established by Konstantin Alekseev (1863-1938), who in 1884 began using the name he would come to be known by, Stanislavsky. Synthesizing the innovative acting approaches of his time, Stanislavsky proposed that actors, working in collaboration with directors, should build their performances through a methodical pro- cess of script analysis that reckoned with four fundamental elements: the characters' given circumstances in each scene and at the outset of the story; the objectives the characters seek to achieve in each scene and by the end of the story; the actions they will use to try to obtain their objectives; and the beats or units of action in each scene that reveal the series of actions the characters employ to reach their respective objectives.Vocabulary for Analyzing Performances Action-by-ActionWhen Stanislavsky's terms for script analysis are used in studies of completed films, perfor- mances can thus be considered in light of the following questions:1. What are the g iven circumstances for each character in the scene (or story)?2. What is each character's objective in the scene (or story)?3. What are the actions each character/actor uses to achieve that objective?4. What physical/vocal changes convey shifts from one unit of action to another?In any scene, each character has one primary objective, and it is often directly opposed to the objective that the other character has set out to achieve. Characters/actors then use a series of actions in an attempt to reach their respective objectives. In theater and film, ac- tors use playable, goal-directed actions that are designed to create a change in the other character/actor. An abbreviated list of action verbs offered by acting-directing teacher Ju- dith Weston includes accuse, cajole, charm, complain, compliment, dazzle, demand, flat- ter, incite, knife, nail, persuade, pry, punish, ridicule, scrutinize, seduce, soothe, stalk, and warn (302-03). Acting-directing teacher Wil- liam Ball emphasizes that actable verbs are entirely distinct from intellectual, conditional, existential, or adjectival verbs, such as atone, fear, hope, and adore (85-88). His list of play- able verbs includes hurt, inspire, suppress, enlighten, crush, lambast, organize, destroy, prepare, build, ensnare, reassure, justify, mock, bombard, devastate, fascinate, sur- round, overwhelm, conquer, possess, praise, strengthen, fortify, exalt, lionize, and deify (85-90). …

Categorial hybrids in Kambaata

The paper discusses three categorial hybrids in the East Cushitic language Kambaata, viz. negative participles, agent adjectives and verbal nouns, all of which are shown to combine properties of two word classes (lexical categories) systematically. Unlike their affirmative counterparts, Kambaata negative relative verbs qualify as verbal adjectives (participles), because, apart from having verbal inflectional morphology and a completely verbal argument structure, they have also acquired adjectival morphology to indicate case/gender agreement with their head nouns. The combination of verbal and adjectival features is less balanced for agent adjectives, which retain fewer properties of the verbs they are based on; however, they are still able to govern objects and be modified by adverbial clauses. Kambaata verbal nouns behave almost entirely like verbs in relation to their dependents but as nouns with respect to the clause where they feature as arguments. I argue that the negative participle formation and the verbal noun formation are inflectional processes which change the word form word class from verb to adjective and verb to noun, respectively, but which preserve the properties of the lexeme word class (Verb). In contrast, the agent adjective formation is analysed as a derivational process with a greater impact on the lexeme word class.

A Dialogue System for the Elderly Considering Utterance Intention

In this paper, we propose a dialog system for the elderly. The aim of the proposed system is to encourage and satisfy their appetite for conversation. To promote the appetite, contents of the conversation should be broad. In addition, the system should estimate the feeling of the elderly. In the proposed system, sentences are created using the information from Web and the language resources such as Japanese Google N-grams and Kyoto-University-Case-frame. As for usage of Web, the proposed system employs Google Suggest, which is an API offered by Google. The proposed system extracts related words such as noun, adjective, and adjective verb, and creates variable sentences. By considering of the frequency of the words, a suitable and natural sentence can be selected. We carried out experiments to evaluate the proposed system in terms of Grice's axiom and confirmed the effectiveness of the system.

Veiksmažodiniai būdvardžiai su priesagomis <em>-tinis </em>(<em>-ė</em>) ir <em>-tinas</em>(<em>-a</em>) XVI–XVII a. raštuose

VERBAL ADJECTIVES WITH THE SUFFIXES -tinis (-ė) AND -tinas (-a) IN OLD LITHUANIAN TEXTS OF THE 16th –17th CENTURIESSummaryThe usage of verbal adjectives with the suffixes -tinis (-ė) and -tinas (-a) in Old Lithuanian texts differs noticeably. Verbal adjectives in -tinis (-ė) (as well as in -inis, -ė) are widespread in the dictionaries by K. Sirvydas (60), based on the East High Lithuanian dialect. The greatest part of such derivatives are very rare, cf. apimtimis [apimtinis] (zwyćięski) SD3 557, apmełotinis (potwarzliwy) SD3 337 a. o. On the other hand, only one verbal adjective in -tinis (-ė) išrinktinis ‘selected choise’ has been attested in the Old Lithuanian texts of the 16th-17th centuries in the Duchy of Prussia, based on the West High and Low Lithuanian dialects.Verbal adjectives in -tinas (-a), on the contrary, are much more characteristic of the dictionary of Clavis Germanico-Lithvana (28), prepared in the Duchy of Prussia in the 17th century, than of the dictionaries by K. Sirvydas (5). At first the meaning of derivatives in -tinis (-ė) (< -tas + -inis) and-tinas (-a) (< -tas + -inas) was quite the same (cf. abejotinas ‘doubtful’ and abeiotinis (wątpliwy) SD3 471) but later the adjectives in -tinas (-a) have acquired a more specific meaning of necessity.The differences in the usage of the suffixes -tinas (-a), -tinis (-ė) and also -inas (-a), -inis (-ė) in Old Lithuanian texts have old roots. The adjectives with the old suffix *-ino- must have remained prevalent in the West Baltic dialects. On the other hand, the east part of the Baltic area is assumed to be the center of the spread of the new suffix *-ini̯o-.

On the Usage of Japanese Langage in the Nichigoruikai - Centered on the Verb, Adjective, and Adjective Verb -

On the Usage of Japanese Langage in the Nichigoruikai - Centered on the Verb, Adjective, and Adjective Verb -

The nt- participles and the verbal adjectives in *-to-

The nt- participles and the verbal adjectives in *-to-

One suffix, two stories. The Latin development of IE verbal adjectives in *-to-

One suffix, two stories. The Latin development of IE verbal adjectives in *-to-

Mapping between domains. The aspect–modality interaction in Russian

This paper deals with the assignment of aspect in Russian modal constructions with adverbial or adjectival predicatives and impersonal verbs that combine with an infinitive. Unlike previous accounts, this paper takes a strictly corpus-based, quantitative approach within which corpus data on the relationship between aspect and modality are modeled using mixed effects logistic regression. Moreover, the results are cognitively motivated.

Typological Implications of ‘adjectival verbs’ and ‘adjectives’ in Japanese: with special reference to ‘adjectival roots’ in Korean

Typological Implications of ‘adjectival verbs’ and ‘adjectives’ in Japanese: with special reference to ‘adjectival roots’ in Korean

Denominal Verbs in Apachean Languages

Denominal verb derivation in three closely related Apachean languages (Navajo, Chiricahua Apache, and Western Apache) is not elaborate. The nouns involved are limited to body parts in Navajo, to kinship terms in Chiricahua Apache, and to skin ailments or substances typically clinging to the body in Western Apache. These differences suggest that diachronically the patterns arose independently from one another. The most interesting pattern is that of Western Apache (it also might exist in embryonic fashion in Navajo and Chiricahua Apache) and is due to the grammaticalization of a proclitic and enclitic complex around a noun. This complex was then reinterpreted as adjectival verb morphology, and the resulting word can be inflected as an adjectival verb.

A note on the history of adjectival verbs in Newar

AbstractMost of the adjectival verbs in the Kathmandu and Dolakha dialects of Newar exhibit idiosyncratic phonotactic shapes, including rare disyllabic stems and heavy and nasalized rhymes. The same set of adjectival verbs exhibits irregular inflectional patterns in the derivation of lexical adjectives in Kathmandu Newar. Comparison of the modern forms of both varieties and Classical Newar suggests that we reconstruct a class of monosyllabic adjectives for Proto-Newar. In Classical and Kathmandu Newar, these adjectives received an /u/ augment; verbs were created with the infinitive -ye and the attendant Class III verb paradigm. By contrast, in Dolakha Newar the forms underwent a derivational process, probably originally compounding, with the verb yer- “come”. This process resulted in disyllabic stems which now follow regular inflectional patterns, except under negation. The incorporation of the old adjectives into the modern verbal systems thus represents a separate wave in the development of modern verbs in Newar.

AVA: Adjective-Verb-Adverb Combinations for Sentiment Analysis

Most research on determining the strength of subjective expressions in a sentence or document uses single, specific parts of speech such as adjectives, adverbs, or verbs. To date, almost no research covers the development of a single comprehensive framework in which we can analyze sentiment that takes all three into account. The authors propose the AVA (adjective verb adverb) framework for identifying opinions on any given topic. In AVA, a user can select any topic t of interest and any document d. AVA will return a score that d expresses topic t. The score is expressed on a –1 (maximally negative) to +1 (maximally positive) scale.

Non-Active Participles in the Aramaic of Daniel

AbstractAt first sight, Aramaic appears to have two forms to express the passive of the active participle. That is, not only do the active stems possess both an active and a passive participle, but the t-stems, which can express the passive voice, also possess a participle. This article proposes that, at the diachronic stage of the language attested in the Aramaic of Daniel, the so-called passive participle is primarily a verbal adjective that is developing into a resultative participle, whereas t-stem participles are the true passive (and reflexive) counterparts to the active participle.

Schreibung und Vocalisierung der Partizipien im Biblischen Hebräisch

The paper studies the formation of the participle in Biblical Hebrew according to the Masoretic (Tiberian) tradition, arranged according to the different conjugations and the different classes of weak verbs, including verbal adjectives. It includes examination of the details of vocalization and plene or defective writing. For the distribution of doublets, it tries to formulate syntactic, semantic, or diachronic rules. Two groups of forms exhibit special features: feminine singular participles and participles of roots III.j without ending. The feminine singular forms can end in -a or in -t. The ending -a is paradigmatic in all participles of roots III.j, after long vowel (passive participle and the roots II.w) or doubled vowel (roots II.gem.) Other active participles end normally in -t, endings in -a are common only in poetic texts. Passive participles prefer -a in nominal use, - t in verbal. Verbal adjectives end in -a. Masculine singular participles of roots III.j can be vocalized with sere and with segol. Commonly, the forms in sere are classified as construct state, but syntactically some of them are not in construct state. So the condition for forms in sere is better labelled as close joined situation.

A multi-dimensional approach to the category ‘verb’ in Cantonese

Cantonese exhibits a pattern of variation among verbs that has often been interpreted as distinguishing a category of adjectives or a subcategory of adjectival verbs. However, neither of these approaches takes into account the complex patterns of overlap among the purported categories or subcategories. To account for these patterns, we propose a multi-dimensional, feature-based analysis, whereby morphological, phonological, syntactic, and semantic features interact to determine the distribution of each verb. While all verbs bear the same syntactic category feature, there are other features that affect the distribution of verbs independently of syntactic category. For example, constructions that resemble adjectival constructions in other languages license the semantic classes of verbs that are permanent, gradable, and/or non-dynamic, while constructions that resemble verbal constructions in other languages license the semantic classes of verbs that are dynamic, non-gradable, and/or non-permanent. Typological implications of this analysis are also considered.

A Study of the Russian Translation of &lt;I&gt;The Tale of Genji&lt;/I&gt;

The aim of this paper is to analyze the Russian translation of Murasaki Shikibu's The Tale of Genji, focusing on mono no aware. Mono no aware has been regarded as the key concept of this literary classic, ever since it was first proposed by Motoori Norinaga.N.I. Konrad's Russian translation of the third chapter (Utsusemi) was done in 1924, prior to the English translation by Arthur Waley. However, thereafter Konrad translated only the first, second, and fourth chapters. The complete Russian translation was carried out by T.L. Sokolova-Deliusina, and was published in 1991-1993. It is this complete translation that forms the principal basis for our study.According to Norinaga, aware is originally an exclamation, and as a noun and an adjective verb, it expresses deep, heartfelt emotion, including not only sorrow but also joy and amusement. Moreover, mono no aware is the emotion of aware that is aroused when one intuits “the heart of mono - things”: Ohnishi Yoshinori defined aware as the aesthetic category that was formed under the influence of thoughts about the evanescence of life. Ivan Morris noted, “Aware is one of the many untranslatable words that are used to define Japanese aesthetics”: Mono no aware is known in English as “the pathos of things” (translated by Ivan Morris), or as “pity of things” (translated by Royall Tyler) .With regard to Russian translations of the story, Konrad, in his paper titled Murasaki Shikibu's novel, translated mono no aware as “chary veshchei” (lure of things) . He further explained that it was the Japanese aesthetic principle of the need to comprehend the “ocharovanie” (charm) that is inherent in various things. In the preface of the complete Russian translation of Genji, Sokolova-Deliusina translated the concept as “pechal'noe ocharovanie veshchei” (sorrowful charm of things), and wrote that it connected the attractive beauty of the material world with thoughts about its transience and fragility.It is commonly understood by both the Russian and English translators that mono no aware comprises elements of sadness, sorrow, and thoughts on evanescence. However, it could be said that Russian translators regard this concept as involving the element of “charm”.This was supplemented by Sokolova-Deliusina in her explanation that by sensing aware, the essence of things can be comprehended. Therefore, mono no aware is aspiration of the soul to attain the eternal sources of things, and its desire to capture their elusive meaning.For certain sections of the story, Sokolova-Deliusina translated aware or mono no aware as “sorrowful charm”, and “to comprehend the heart of things, their secret meanings”, all based on her above explanation of this concept. It is also worth taking into account that for the very same sections, none of the English translators of The Tale of Genji interpreted aware or mono no aware in the same manner as that of Sokolova-Deliusina.A book review of Sokolova-Deliusina's Russian translation of The Tale of Genji describes it as “unique in aesthetic value”. As we have examined, due to her profound understanding of mono no aware, such an evaluation is well deserved.

On the category adjective in Southern Guaykuruan languages

The morphology of “adjectives” in Southern Guaykuruan (SG) languages (Pilagá, Toba and Mocoví) includes forms that look more like nouns (they manifest both gender and number categories) and forms that look like verbs (they inflect for number, but not for gender). Gender affixes on adjectives coincide with gender markers used for nouns. However, adjectives do not share the feature of possession with nouns. Furthermore, most adjectives, or PROPERTY CONCEPT WORDS that inflect for number and gender are in the semantic categories of color and dimension. Words denoting properties, states and qualities which have only number are more verb-like. These translate as adjectives, do not occur with a copula, and can take verbal inflection (aspect, directionality, negation). Some adjectival concepts are expressed by full-fledged verbs, with the subject pronominal prefix functioning as the sole argument of the predicate. There are also a few adjectives with unknown etymologies that cannot be synchronically derived from nouns or verbs. We conclude that in SG languages there is a class of prototypical nouns at one end of a continuum and another class of prototypical verbs at the other end of this continuum. In addition, there are two classes of property concept words within the continuum that are realized as nominal adjectives and verbal adjectives. Situated in the middle of this continuum is a small group of words that show neither derivational nor inflectional categories.

The History of Proto-Oceanic *ma-

Malcolm Ross (1) We examine the history of the Proto-Oceanic (POc) stative verb derivative [ma-.sup.*], whose distribution in POc reconstructions raises certain problems, as POc lexical reconstructions with [ma-.sup.*] can be placed in four groups: (a) valency-decreasing [ma-.sup.*]; (b) fossilized reflexes of [ma-.sup.*] on stative verbs; (c) stative (adjectival) verbs that can be reconstructed in POc both with and without [ma-.sup.*], with no obvious difference in meaning between the forms with and without the prefix; and (d) fossilized reflexes of [ma-.sup.*] on experiential verbs. Examination of the uses of non-Oceanic cognates of POc [ma-.sup.*] suggests that [ma-.sup.*] already had three distinct functions in Proto-Malayo-Polynesian, one ancestral to (a) above, the second ancestral to (b) and (c), and a third (minor) use ancestral to (d). In function (a), [ma-.sup.*] remained somewhat productive in POc. In the other two functions, it had ceased to be productive. We pay attention especially to (b) and (c) in order to better understand the origin of the untidy distribution of [ma-.sup.*] on sta tive (adjectival) verbs. 1. INTRODUCTION. Two prefixes, [ma-.sup.*] and [ta-.sup.*], have been reconstructed as stative verb derivatives in Proto-Oceanic (POc), with [ta-.sup.*] also indicating the notion of spontaneity (Pawley 1972:38-39, 45). Both prefixes derived intransitive verbs with an undergoer subject from transitives that had an actor subject and an undergoer object. The prefix [ma-.sup.*], however, evidently had other functions, too, as we can reconstruct POc stative intransitives with [ma-.sup.*] that had no transitive counterpart. These fall into two classes: (i) intransitives that appear to have had two forms, one with and one without [ma-.sup.*], with no reconstructable difference in meaning; and (ii) intransitives that seem always to have occurred with [ma-.sup.*]. Our objective in this paper is to give an account of the distribution of POc [ma-.sup.*] and to explain the origins of this distribution. We will attempt the reconstruction of the POc system from two perspectives. In section 2 we examine the uses of [ma-.sup.*] in those languages for which we have good descriptions and in which it remains at least somewhat productive, and then in section 3 we look at POc reconstructions of etyma containing [ma-.sup.*]. After summarizing the distribution of POc [ma-.sup.*] and looking at some non-Oceanic cognates in section 4, we seek in section 5 to account for its origins. We assume, following Pawley (1973:126-140) and Ross (1998a:21-23), that POc had two major classes of intransitive verbs: those with an actor subject and those with an undergoer subject. Intransitives with an actor subject were probably always dynamic. All intransitives with an undergoer subject could be used statively, but, depending on their aspect marking, at least some (and perhaps potentially all) could also be used dynamically. Such a system is described for Fijian by Arms (1974, 1990), Foley (1976), and Dixon (1988). We will be concerned here mostly with intransitives with an undergoer subject, as it was these that were formed with *ma-. We will argue that at least some of these verbs could be used both dynamically and statively. (2) A number of the POc reconstructions referred to in this paper are reconstructions of POc adjectival verbs (Ross 1998b). These were undergoer-subject verbs that could also be used without additional morphology as modifiers (attributes) in noun phrases. It is not clear whether all POc undergoer-subject intransitives could be used as adjectival verbs or only a subset of them, but this does not affect the theme of this paper. 2. REFLEXES OF *MA- IN OCEANIC LANGUAGES. The Proto-Oceanic prefix *ma- is reflected in modern Oceanic languages in two ways: (a) as a (semi-) productive valency-decreasing prefix; and (b) as a fossilized prefix occurring as the initial segment of undergoer-subject verbs. …

The History of Proto-Oceanic *ma-

The History of Proto-Oceanic *ma- Bethwyn Evans and Malcolm Ross1 Abstract We examine the history of the Proto-Oceanic (POC) stative verb derivative *ma-, whose distribution in POC reconstructions raises certain problems, as POC lexical reconstructions with *ma- can be placed in four groups: (a) valency-decreasing *ma-; (b) fossilized reflexes of *ma- on stative verbs; (c) stative (adjectival) verbs that can be reconstructed in POC both with and without *ma-, with no obvious difference in meaning between the forms with and without the prefix; and (d) fossilized reflexes of *ma- on experiential verbs. Examination of the uses of non-Oceanic cognates of POC *ma- suggests that *ma- already had three distinct functions in Proto-Malayo-Polynesian, one ancestral to (a) above, the second ancestral to (b) and (c), and a third (minor) use ancestral to (d). In function (a), *ma- remained somewhat productive in POC. In the other two functions, it had ceased to be productive. We pay attention especially to (b) and (c) in order to better understand the origin of the untidy distribution of *ma- on stative (adjectival) verbs. 1. Introduction. Two prefixes, *ma- and *ta-, have been reconstructed as stative verb derivatives in Proto-Oceanic (POC), with *ta- also indicating the notion of spontaneity (Pawley 1972:38-39, 45). Both prefixes derived intransitive verbs with an undergoer subject from transitives that had an actor subject and an undergoer object. The prefix *ma-, however, evidently had other functions, too, as we can reconstruct POC stative intransitives with *ma- that had no transitive counterpart. These fall into two classes: (i) intransitives that appear to have had two forms, one with and one without *ma-, with no reconstructable difference in meaning; and (ii) intransitives that seem always to have occurred with *ma-. Our objective in this paper is to give an account of the distribution of POC *ma- and to explain the origins of this distribution. We will attempt the reconstruction of the POC system from two perspectives. In section 2 we examine the uses of *ma- in those languages for which we have good descriptions and in which it remains at least somewhat productive, and then in section 3 we look at POC reconstructions of etyma containing *ma-. After summarizing the distribution of POC *ma- and looking at some non-Oceanic cognates in section 4, we seek in section 5 to account for its origins. [End Page 269] We assume, following Pawley (1973:126-140) and Ross (1998a:21-23), that POC had two major classes of intransitive verbs: those with an actor subject and those with an undergoer subject. Intransitives with an actor subject were probably always dynamic. All intransitives with an undergoer subject could be used statively, but, depending on their aspect marking, at least some (and perhaps potentially all) could also be used dynamically. Such a system is described for Fijian by Arms (1974, 1990), Foley (1976), and Dixon (1988). We will be concerned here mostly with intransitives with an undergoer subject, as it was these that were formed with *ma-. We will argue that at least some of these verbs could be used both dynamically and statively.2 A number of the POC reconstructions referred to in this paper are reconstructions of POC adjectival verbs (Ross 1998b). These were undergoer-subject verbs that could also be used without additional morphology as modifiers (attributes) in noun phrases. It is not clear whether all POC undergoer-subject intransitives could be used as adjectival verbs or only a subset of them, but this does not affect the theme of this paper. 2. Reflexes of *ma- in Oceanic Languages. The Proto-Oceanic prefix *ma- is reflected in modern Oceanic languages in two ways: (a) as a (semi-) productive valency-decreasing prefix; and (b) as a fossilized prefix occurring as the initial segment of undergoer-subject verbs. Function (a) is illustrated by sentences (1) and (2) from Tamambo (Vanuatu). In sentence (1), the verb bila 'shatter' is used transitively with a patient participant, glas 'glass', expressed as its object. This participant is expressed as the subject of the intransitive form of...

De Verwerving Van Morfologische Regels in Schrift (III)

In order to provide textbook authors with empirical data on the acquisition in Dutch of written morphology in nouns, verbs and adjectives, several empirical studies have been undertaken. In this article, the third study reports on the performance of the morpheme -e in a special case of adjectives in Dutch: the adjectives derived from participles. The study tries to determine the possible interference between the morphological rules for verb inflection (past tense) and adjective declension in reading and writing. Five classes of adjectives were distinguished according to order of relative difficulty established a priori. Subjects (n=157, grade 6, 7 and 8 from two schools) individually completed a compre-hension and a production task in which factors were systematically varied. Also a recognition test on the spelling of the past tense of verbs was administered. The results showed an effect of categories of verbal adjectives in the production task, but only for groups 7 and 8; group 6 was not sensitive to the differences between the categories. In the recognition task, no effect of type of adjective (verbal or normal) was found for groups 7 and 8; but for group 6, performance on verbal adjectives was lower for the three most difficult categories of adjectives. In the production task, all three groups performed lower on verbal adjectives than normal adjectives in the two most difficult categories of adjectives. It turned out that groups which acquired spelling rules for the past tense of verbs to a higher level, made more errors in the spelling of verbal adjectives, especially in the two categories of adjectives which related the strongest to the spelling of verbs. It was concluded that indications were found that negative transfer or interference is present. Authors recommend changing the order of phases in which spelling rules are trained: from 'adjective declension-verb inflection (past tense)-verbal adjective declension' to 'adjective declension (including verbal adjective declension)-verb declension (past tense).