Flow Velocity Fluctuations Research Articles

Exploring the effects of turbulent field on propagation behaviors in confined hydrogen-air explosion using OpenFOAM

Explosion always happens in turbulent field, which is hard to measure in reality. This paper explores the influence of turbulent kinetic energy on the propagation behaviors of flame and pressure of stoichiometric hydrogen-air explosion in confined vessel, using large eddy simulation. The momentum equation and progressive variable equation are adapted to consider interaction of turbulence and flame. The results reveal that with initial turbulent kinetic energy increasing, its promoting effects on flame and pressure propagation weaken. For flame at low initial turbulent kinetic energy and low initial pressure, it undergoes three propagating stages: acceleration, steady propagation and deceleration. In addition, flame deceleration is caused by rapid decrease of flow velocity which falls faster with initial turbulent kinetic energy increasing. Furthermore, explosion pressure propagates faster with initial turbulent kinetic energy increasing. Sharp fluctuation of flow velocity appears in the flame zone where big pressure gradient exists.

Spatial-temporal impacts of landscape metrics and uses of land reclamation on coastal water conditions: The case of Macao

Land reclamation is a common strategy for coastal cities to expand their land territories. Although the marine environment degradation caused by land reclamation has been investigated in numerous studies, further exploration in terms of the spatial–temporal impacts of patterns and uses of reclaimed lands on the coastal environment is required to generate detailed policies for urban planning. Two-thirds of Macao’s territorial space has come from the ocean since the middle of the 19th century. Taking the land reclamation history in Macao from 1975 to 2018 as the empirical case, this study quantifies landscape metrics and uses of reclaimed lands through time, and further explores their impact on coastal water conditions by Granger causality tests, stepwise regression and land use regression across different spatial scales. Results show that landscape metrics have instant effects on the coastal water flow velocity and storm tide fluctuation, while various land uses are related to the coastal water turbidity and quality with a time lag length of two to three years after the land reclamation projects are completed. The strength of the relationship between land uses and coastal water conditions also depends upon spatial scales. The reclaimed land patterns with natural-like shorelines and ecological solutions in proximity to intensive coastal development are recommended to mitigate negative effects on coastal water conditions. Reasonable suggestions for efficient planning and management are provided in the findings that contribute to the environmentally friendly coastal development.

Sucrose transport inside the phloem: Bridging hydrodynamics and geometric characteristics

In plants, the delivery of the products of photosynthesis is achieved through a hydraulic system labeled as phloem. This semi-permeable plant tissue consists of living cells that contract and expand in response to fluid pressure and flow velocity fluctuations. The Münch pressure flow theory, which is based on osmosis providing the necessary pressure gradient to drive the mass flow of carbohydrates, is currently the most accepted model for such sucrose transport. When this hypothesis is combined with the conservation of fluid mass and momentum as well as sucrose mass, many simplifications must be invoked to mathematically close the problem and to resolve the flow. This study revisits such osmotically driven flows by developing a new two-dimensional numerical model in cylindrical coordinates for an elastic membrane and a concentration-dependent viscosity. It is demonstrated that the interaction between the hydrodynamic and externally supplied geometrical characteristic of the phloem has a significant effect on the front speed of sucrose transport. These results offer a novel perspective about the evolutionary adaptation of plant hydraulic traits to optimize phloem soluble compounds transport efficiency.

Mountain Glacier Flow Velocity Retrieval from Ascending and Descending Sentinel-1 Data Using the Offset Tracking and MSBAS Technique: A Case Study of the Siachen Glacier in Karakoram from 2017 to 2021

Synthetic Aperture Radar images have recently been utilized in glacier surface flow velocity research due to their continuously improving imaging technology, which increases the resolution and scope of research. In this study, we employed the offset tracking and multidimensional small baseline subset (MSBAS) technique to extract the surface flow velocity of the Siachen Glacier from 253 Sentinel-1 images. From 2017 to 2021, the Siachen Glacier had an average flow velocity of 38.25 m a−1, with the highest flow velocity of 353.35 m a−1 located in the upper part of a tributary due to the steep slope and narrow valley. The inter-annual flow velocity fluctuations show visible seasonal patterns, with the highest flow velocity observed between May and July and the lowest between December and January. Mass balance calculated by the geodetic method based on AST14DEM indicates that the Siachen Glacier experienced a positive mass change (0.07 ± 0.23 m w.e. a−1) between 2008 and 2021. However, there was significant spatial heterogeneity revealed in the distribution, with surface elevation changes showing a decrease in the glacier tongue while thickness increased in two other western tributaries of the Siachen Glacier. The non-surface parallel flow component is correlated with the strain rate and mass balance process, and correlation analysis indicates a positive agreement between these two variables. Therefore, using glacier flow velocities obtained from the SAR approach, we can evaluate the health of the glacier and obtain crucial factors for the glacier’s dynamic model. Two western tributaries of the Siachen Glacier experienced mass gain in the past two decades, necessitating close monitoring of flow velocity changes in the future to detect potential glacier surges.

Flow kinematics of granular materials considering realistic morphology

The study focuses on understanding the influence of particle morphology, interparticle friction and hopper exit width on spatial and temporal variations in velocity during dry granular flow. Using non-convex morphologies (sand, chickpea and rice), the flow characteristics and velocity fluctuations are explored. Funnel flow pattern was evident in angular shapes even in hoppers designed for mass flow discharge. K-means clustering, an unsupervised algorithm, is used to group the spatial variation of velocity inside the hopper. Three flow clusters were identified which indicate the flow transition from funnel to mass flow. The Free Flow Cluster (FFC) height was observed to be least for bulky-shaped particles because of their high sphericity and roundness values. Angular particles were observed to exhibit rapid temporal velocity fluctuations when compared to elongated and bulky shapes. Finally, the pseudo-shape approximations typically used in DEM fail to capture the true interlocking nature in the flow behaviour observed within realistic particle morphologies.

Acoustic Emissions of Nearly Steady and Uniform Granular Flows: A Proxy for Flow Dynamics and Velocity Fluctuations

AbstractThe seismic waves emitted during granular flows are generated by different sources: high frequencies by interparticle collisions and low frequencies by global motion and large scale deformation. To unravel these different mechanisms, an experimental study has been performed on the seismic waves emitted by dry, dense, quasi‐steady granular flows. The emitted seismic waves were recorded using shock accelerometers and the flow dynamics were captured with a fast camera. The mechanical characteristics of the particle collisions were analyzed, along with the intervals between collisions and the correlations in particles' motion. The high‐frequency seismic waves (1–50 kHz) were found to originate from particle collisions and waves trapped in the flowing layer. The low‐frequency waves (20–60 Hz) were generated by particles' oscillations along their trajectories, that is, from cycles of dilation/compression during coherent shear. The profiles of granular temperature (i.e., the mean squared value of particle velocity fluctuations) and average velocity were measured and related to each other, then used in a simple steady granular flow model, in which the seismic signal consists of the variously attenuated contributions of shear‐induced Hertzian collisions throughout the flow, to predict the rate at which seismic energy was emitted. Agreement with the measured seismic power was reasonable, and scaling laws relating the seismic power, the shear strain rate and the inertial number were derived. In particular, the emitted seismic power was observed to be approximately proportional to the root mean square velocity fluctuation to the power 3.1 ± 0.9, with the latter related to the mean flow velocity.

Detecting ultrafast turbulent oscillations in near-nozzle discharged liquid jet using x-ray phase-contrast imaging with MHz frequency

Characteristics of a discharged liquid jet in near-nozzle are determined by the in-flow turbulences generated by the evolution of inflow vortices and cavitation. High-fidelity simulations have indicated that such physical processes can generate ultrafast turbulent fluctuations (in the range of MHz) originating from the nature of turbulence by the interaction between the large and small-scale turbulence in the flow. Detecting ultrafast turbulent oscillations while resolving small-scale turbulences in the optically dense near-nozzle liquid jet has not been observed through experimental methods so far. In this study, therefore, ultrafast x-ray phase-contrast imaging, which can provide a clear image in the near-field using a high-energy x-ray source, was applied to observe the fluctuation of flow velocity in the near-field to obtain the ultrafast turbulent oscillations at the discharged jet. To capture the ultrafast variance of flow velocity originating from the nature of turbulence, the high imaging frequency was applied up to 1.2 MHz. With the implemented methodology, turbulence intensity distributions of discharged liquid jets were measured for various injection pressures and nozzle geometries. Such turbulence intensity results were also correlated with the initial dispersion angle of the spray. In addition, the turbulence length scales, which can be detected through the current methodology, were estimated and discussed considering standard-length scales. The results showed that the current experimental method introduced in this study can provide important insights into the turbulence characteristics of spray by resolving Taylor scale turbulences and can provide valuable validation data and boundary conditions for reliable spray simulations.

Micro-flow investigation on laying process in Al2O3 stereolithography forming

When printing Al2O3 parts by stereolithography technology, the laying process is an extremely important part. In the current work, the referred flow analysis was numerically investigated. The rheological behavior was measured to determine the rheological type of the slurry. According to the fitting analysis, a Sisko model was available to describe the non-Newtonian behavior. Then, the modified multiple relaxation time lattice Boltzmann method was proposed and validated to effectively improve the stability of the simulation. Based on the proposed method, the situations without and with printed solids in the previous layer were investigated by a series of simulations. The laying velocity and layer thickness were considered as two important factors on the laying process. When the situation without printed solids in the previous layer is analyzed, the streamlines and flow velocities curves were almost horizontal. With different laying velocities, the flow velocities show obvious differences at the same thickness. With different layer thicknesses, the difference is mainly embodied in the vertical velocity component. When the printed solid is considered, the solid seriously affected the smooth flow. The vortices appeared near the printed solid, which also caused the disturbance in both horizontal and vertical velocity components. The mentioned interfering factors indicated different actions on the flow. The research will contribute to understanding the flow of the laying process. It can help to select suitable laying velocity and layer thickness to avoid severe flow velocity fluctuation and redundant vertical velocity components.

Experimental Study on Wake Characteristics of Secondary Grooved Cylinders with Different Depths

In this study, the flow field of a new secondary-grooved cylinder is determined by using particle image velocimetry (PIV) to understand the wake characteristics at different depths of the secondary grooved cylinders. In order to analyze the wake characteristic behind the secondary grooved cylinder with different depths, time-averaged streamlines, time-averaged velocity, RMS velocity, Reynolds stress, turbulent kinetic energy, and instantaneous flow structures are employed. The recirculation zone for secondary grooved cylinders with different depths decreases when compared to the smooth cylinder; the peak magnitudes of flow velocity fluctuation intensity and transverse velocity fluctuation intensity for secondary grooved cylinders with different depths are reduced and the locations appear delayed. Furthermore, in contrast to the smooth cylinder, the secondary grooved cylinders with different depths' Reynolds stress and turbulent kinetic energy are increased by the wake flow, and the transient large-scale vortex is split into several smaller-scale vortices behind the secondary grooved cylinders. The results obtained for the above flow structure are more significant when h/D = 0.05 for the secondary grooved cylinder.

Amplitude modulation of velocity fluctuations in the atmospheric flows over real urban morphology

Amplitude modulation (AM) quantifies the top-down interactions between the large-scale motions (LSMs) in the outer layer and the near-ground turbulence structures. They are important to the momentum transport and pollutant dispersion in urban atmospheric surface layers (ASLs). The dataset of large-eddy simulation over a densely built region in Kowloon Peninsula, Hong Kong, therefore, is adopted to investigate the AM of small-scale eddies by LSMs in the ASL over real urban morphology. Alike its smooth-wall counterpart, the small-scale eddies are (positively) amplitude modulated by the LSMs in most regions of the roughness sublayer (RSL). However, negative AM is unexpectedly found in the RSL on the building windward side in this study, illustrating the heterogeneity of the urban surface and the flow dynamics being affected aloft. In addition, strong sweep (u′ > 0 and w′ < 0) and ejection (u′ < 0 and w′ > 0) dominate the flows, respectively, in the positive and negative AM zones. In the positive AM zones, the large-scale sweep (uL′ > 0) leads to the surplus in the small-scale turbulence kinetic energy (TKE), while the large-scale ejection (uL′ < 0) brings a TKE deficit to the small-scale eddies. By contrast, the large-scale sweeps result in a TKE deficit to the small-scale eddies and the large-scale ejections result in a TKE surplus in the negative AM zones. These findings could help elucidate the AM over different building designs and urban morphology in cities, promoting the momentum transport and pollutant dispersion via proper city planning.

Heterogenous Canopy in a Lagrangian-Stochastic Dispersion Model for Particulate Matter from Multiple Sources over the Haifa Bay Area

The Haifa Bay area (HBA) is a major metropolitan area in Israel, which consists of high volume transportation routes, major industrial complexes, and the largest international seaport in Israel. These, which lie relatively near densely populated residential areas, result in a multitude of air pollution sources, many of whose emissions are in the form of particulate matter (PM). Previous studies have associated exposure to such PM with adverse health effects. This potential consequence serves as the motivation for this study whose aim is to provide a realistic and detailed three-dimensional concentration field of PM, originating simultaneously from multiple sources. The IIBR in-house Lagrangian stochastic pollutant dispersion model (LSM) is suitable for this endeavor, as it describes the dispersion of a scalar by solving the velocity fluctuations in high Reynolds number flows. Moreover, the LSM was validated in urban field experiments, including in the HBA. However, due to the fact that the multiple urban sources reside within the canopy layer, it was necessary to integrate into the LSM a realistic canopy layer model that depicts the actual effect of the roughness elements’ drag on the flow and turbulent exchange of the urban morphology. This was achieved by an approach which treats the canopy as patches of porous media. The LSM was used to calculate the three-dimensional fields of PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations during the typical conditions of the two workday rush-hour periods. These were compared to three air quality monitoring stations located downstream of the PM sources in the HBA. The LSM predictions for PM2.5 satisfy all acceptance criteria. Regarding the PM10 predictions, the LSM results comply with three out of four acceptance criteria. The analysis of the calculated concentration fields has shown that the PM concentrations up to 105 m AGL exhibit a spatial pattern similar to the ground level. However, it decreases by a factor of two at 45 m AGL, while, at 105 m, the concentration values are close to the background concentrations.

Experimental Analysis of the Annular Velocity of a Capsule When Starting at Different Positions of a Horizontal Bend Pipe

The study of the annular slit flow field is important for energy consumption, transport efficiency, and the force on the capsule for hydraulic capsule transportation. A combination of physical experiments and theoretical analysis was used to study the annular flow field around a capsule that was set in motion at different positions of a horizontal bend pipe. We study the flow velocity distribution of the gap flow field at different bend positions of the capsule by changing the position of the capsule at the bend. We found that the distribution of the flow field remained similar for different starting positions of the capsule, but the flow velocity increased suddenly and dramatically at the inflow section of the ring gap. We recorded different velocity distributions of the annular gap on the concave and convex sides of the pipe; on the convex side, the streamline of the gap was smooth, and the change in velocity was relatively small. The flow velocity of the slit flow varied more notably on the concave side of the pipe, and there was a greater fluctuation in the flow velocity distribution. Because the effects of the capsule and the pipe on water flow were not the same, we found large fluctuations in gap flow velocity at different measuring points on the concave side. Gap flow velocity was most influenced by axial flow velocity. We found that the axial flow velocity was about one order of magnitude greater than the radial flow velocity or circumferential flow velocity. In this paper, we analyze the changes in the ring gap flow field of the capsule at different bending positions and analyze the reasons for the flow field changes and the flow velocity distribution law. This is of great significance to the study of the transport efficiency and energy consumption of the capsule. The results of this paper complement the study of capsule initiation at different positions in the bend and provide a reference point in terms of transport efficiency, energy consumption, and capsule stress. The results of this study promote the development of hydraulic capsule transportation.

Characterization of shock-induced panel flutter with simultaneous use of DIC and PIV

In this experimental study, panel flutter induced by an impinging oblique shockwave is investigated at a freestream Mach number of 2, using the combination of planar particle image velocimetry (PIV) and stereographic digital image correlation (DIC) to obtain simultaneous full-field structural displacement and flow velocity measurements. High-speed cameras are employed to obtain a time-resolved description of the panel motion and the shockwave-boundary layer interaction (SWBLI). In order to prevent interference between the PIV and DIC systems, an optical isolation is implemented using fluorescent paint, dedicated light sources, and camera lens filters. The effect of the panel motion on the SWBLI behavior is assessed, by comparing it with the SWBLI on a rigid wall. The results show that panel oscillations occur with a maximum amplitude of ten times the panel thickness. The dominant frequencies observed in the panel oscillation (424 Hz and 1354 Hz) match the main spectral content of the reflected shockwave position. A further POD analysis of the panel displacement spatial distribution shows that these two frequency contributions are well captured by the first two POD modes, which correspond, respectively, to a first and a third bending mode shape and account for 92% of the total oscillation energy. The fluid-structure coupling is studied by identifying, in the flow, the regions of maximum correlation between the panel displacement and the flow velocity fluctuations. The results obtained prove that the inviscid flow region upstream of the SWBLI is perfectly in phase with the panel oscillation, while the downstream region has a delay of one quarter of the flutter cycle.

Effects of Submerged Vegetation Arrangement Patterns and Density on Flow Structure

Aquatic vegetation appears very often in rivers and floodplains, which significantly affects the flow structure. In this study, experiments have been conducted to investigate the effects of submerged vegetation arrangement patterns and density on flow structure. Deflected and non-bending vegetation is arranged in square and staggered configurations in the channel bed of a large-scale flume. Results showed that the staggered configuration leads to intensified streamwise velocity, turbulence kinetic energy (TKE), and Reynolds shear stress (RSS) compared to the square configuration. When vegetation density is low (λ = 0.04 and λ = 0.07), the produced wake in the rear of the vegetation is more expansive than that with high vegetation density (λ = 0.09 and λ = 0.17) because the velocity in the center of four vegetation elements is lower than that in the middle of two vegetation elements with low vegetation density. Results of TKE in the wake zone of the deflected vegetation indicate that the maximum root-mean-square velocity fluctuations of flow occur at the sheath section (z/H = 0.1) and the top of the vegetation (z/H = 0.4). In the wake zone behind the vegetation elements, the maximum value of the RSS occurred slightly above the interface between deflected vegetation and the non-vegetation layer, showing the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability that is associated with inflectional points of the longitudinal velocity. Within the range of vegetation density in this study (0.04 < λ ≈< 0.23), as the vegetation density increases, the negative and positive values of RSS throughout the flow depth increase.

Deterministic versus stochastic modelling of unsaturated flow in a sandy field soil based on dual tracer breakthrough data

The 216 km2 Neuenhagen Millcreeck catchment can be characterized as a drought-sensitive landscape in NE Germany. It is therefore of fundamental human interest to understand how water that fell as precipitation moves through the unsaturated soils and recharges groundwater. Additionally, a better knowledge of nutrient transport from soil to groundwater is important, especially in landscapes with light sandy soils. For a better understanding of these processes a dual tracer field experiment with bromide (Br–) and deuterium (D2O) was carried out some years ago. The aim of the present study is to use the results of this experiment to model tracer transport in the unsaturated zone via two different concepts, the classical deterministic advection-dispersion equation and a new stochastic approach. The advantage of the stochastic modelling method proposed here for field-scale tracer application is to produce reliable information about expected total solute fluxes from the unsaturated zone to groundwater and about mean transit times. Moreover, this allows one to evaluate the mass of solute in the soil profile and to determine the range of water velocity fluctuations. Field experiments should be concentrated on estimation of fluctuation of water flow velocity to make stochastic models more accurate. To summarize, this work contributes to new modelling methods for the simulation of water and solute transport in unsaturated sandy soils which are heavily affected by droughts and irregular hydrological processes in the subsurface

Heat and Mass Transfer Analysis of MHD Jeffrey Fluid over a Vertical Plate with CPC Fractional Derivative

Free convection flow of non-Newtonian fluids over flat, heated surfaces is an important natural phenomenon that also occurs in human-made engineering processes under various physical and mechanical situations. In the current study, the free convection magnetohydrodynamic flow of Jeffrey fluid with heat and mass transfer over an infinite vertical plate is examined. Mathematical modeling is performed using Fourier’s and Fick’s laws, and heat and momentum equations have been obtained. The non-dimensional partial differential equations for energy, mass, and velocity fields are determined using the Laplace transform method in a symmetric manner. Later on, the Laplace transform method is employed to evaluate the results for the temperature, concentration, and velocity fields with the support of Mathcad software. The governing equations, as well as the initial and boundary conditions, satisfy these results. The impacts of fractional and physical characteristics have been shown by graphical illustrations. The obtained fractionalized results are generalized by a more decaying nature. By taking the fractional parameter β,γ→1, the classical results with the ordinary derivatives are also recovered, making this a good direction for symmetry analysis. The present work also has applications with engineering relevance, such as heating and cooling processes in nuclear reactors, the petrochemical sector, and hydraulic apparatus where the heat transfers through a flat surface. Moreover, the magnetized fluid is also applicable for controlling flow velocity fluctuations.

Control of the noise production in a supersonic jet impinging an inclined plate using grooved surface

This paper presents an experimental investigation on free jet and jets impinging on smooth and grooved surfaces. Acoustic studies are performed using free-field microphones, while two dimensional (2D)-particle imaging velocimetry (PIV) is utilized to investigate the velocity fields. The effects of nozzle-plate spacing distance, nozzle pressure ratio (NPR) and plate inclination are also investigated. The results demonstrate that a high-speed jet impinging on a grooved plate generates lesser acoustic radiation on an inclined plate surface when compared to a smooth plate with 2.16 < NPR < 3.1 in the range of L/d = 3 ∼ 5. Reduction of the amplitude of discrete tones is an important factor in its noise reduction. To present a detailed explanation of this phenomenon, this paper further coupled the acoustic discrete tones and mean fluctuating flow velocities. Results showed that screech tone is mainly caused by the interaction between the rear edge of the fourth shock cells and the large vortical structures in the mixing layer, and the shear layer of the wall-jet has a certain shielding effect on the near-wall acoustic power, and the acoustic power decreases at high-speed impinging jets.

An experimental study of flow–structure interaction regimes of a freely falling flexible cylinder

The fluid–structure interaction problem composed of an elongated, finite-length, flexible cylinder falling in a fluid at rest is investigated experimentally. Tomographic reconstruction of the cylinder and three-dimensional particle tracking velocimetry of the surrounding fluid, based on the Shake-The-Box algorithm, are used jointly to capture both solid and fluid motions. Starting from the rectilinear vertical fall characterized by a steady wake, focus is placed on subsequent regimes involving, mainly in the horizontal direction, periodic rigid-body motions (RBM) of weak amplitude or periodic large-amplitude bending oscillations (BO). Two RBM regimes are explored: the TRA regime where the cylinder exhibits translational oscillations in a plane perpendicular to its axis, and the AZI regime in which the body displays an azimuthal oscillation around its centre. The associated unsteady wakes are composed of counter-rotating vortices bending near the body ends to connect with the adjacent vortex rows. Specific organizations of the vortical structures are uncovered, depending on the regime. In particular, in the AZI regime, they present an antisymmetrical distribution relative to the midspan point. For a sufficiently long cylinder, BO regimes emerge, resembling the structural modes of an unsupported beam. The associated wakes exhibit a cellular organization. Within each cell delimited by two deformation nodes, two counter-rotating vortex rows are shed per oscillation cycle. Flow velocity fluctuations are in phase opposition on each side of a deformation node. For both RBM and BO regimes, frequency and phase analyses of cylinder and wake behaviours, along the span, highlight the spatio-temporal synchronization of the unsteady flow and moving body.

Gravitational effect on the nonlinear dynamics of a buoyant turbulent flame.

This study numerically examines the gravitational effect on the nonlinear dynamics of a buoyant turbulent flame utilizing analytical methods based on complex networks and dynamical systems. A dense (sparse) network structure is formed in the near (far) field in low gravity, as shown by the degree and cluster coefficient in the spatial network. The global dynamics of the vertical flow velocity fluctuations in the intermittent luminous zone is synchronous with that of the temperature fluctuations in low gravity. The synchronized state disappears as the gravity level is increased, leading to a desynchronized state. These behaviors are clearly identified by the symbolic recurrence plots.

Simulation of turbulence flow in OpenFOAM using the large eddy simulation model

Turbulent flow in fluid dynamics is used to describe fluid motion characterized by unpredictable fluctuations in pressure and flow velocity. Turbulence is generated when an area of fluid flow has an excessive amount of kinetic energy, which exceeds the damping impact of the viscosity of a fluid. The primary goal of turbulence modeling is to establish a mathematical model to predict time-averaged velocity, turbulence kinetic energy, and pressure rather than compute the fully turbulent flow pattern as a function of time, as is done in large eddy simulation (LES) and Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes simulations. Computationally solving the Navier–Stokes equation of motion to simulate turbulent flows necessitates resolving a wide range of length scales and times, all of which impact the flow field. The current study is concerned with the investigation of turbulence kinetic energy through the use of an LES model. The kinetic energy caused by turbulence is analyzed at the outlet and inlet. Along with the pressure, the fluctuations, as well as the mean velocity at the outlet and inlet, are examined. The C++-based programming is done to compute the turbulent flow in OpenFOAM. The computations made in OpenFOAM and Python show great agreement. For a better understanding of readers, graphs and animation are given.