Veliky Novgorod Research Articles

ДРЕВНЯЯ МЕБЕЛЬ ВЕЛИКОГО НОВГОРОДА КАК РЕЗУЛЬТАТ РЕАТРИБУЦИИ ПАМЯТНИКОВ XVI—XVII ВВ.

Currently, in the process of researching ancient domestic furniture, a separate component of objects similar in design and decor has been identified. The distinctive features of this furniture are frames of horizontal and vertical tetrahedral pillars connected at right angles, and the space between them is filled with rectangular panels with inscribed carved circles. In museum collections, these artifacts were identified in the XVI—XVII centuries without substantiating the judgment put forward or on the basis of the accepted practice of dating according to the memorial component, which currently cannot be considered exhaustive. It coincided with the dates of the owner's life or the construction of the architectural structure where these objects were found, omitting the previous periods of existence and the circumstances of creation. The complex use of visual research and art history analysis methods, applied for the first time to study these objects, allowed to identify the characteristic features of the constructive and decorative solutions, the degree of preservation and wear, repair and restoration interventions, to consider monuments in the context of the development of Russian and European style art, to justify the possibility of their creation in an earlier period, to find dated analogues from the region architecture, medieval tombstones, the results of archaeological excavations of Veliky Novgorod, furniture art of Europe. The totality of the results obtained made it possible to change the original attribution of monuments and designate it as the work of Novgorod masters of the late XIII — early XV centuries, which is not only a special case in the practice of research, but changes the accepted scientific concept of museum collections and Russian furniture art. The proposed systematic approach proves the fallacy of the thesis about the complete loss of ancient cultural heritage, about the conservatism of Russian art, which preserved pre—Mongolian traditions in the sphere of furniture creation up to the XVI—XVII centuries.

Poor Orick! A story of a misprint

The author conducts a case study with the aim of discovering what tends to cut short the careers of promising young writers of every epoch. The paper offers a study and partial reconstruction of the life of the now obscure writer Boris P. Markov, whose works were published in the early 20th c. and whose pen-name B. Orik appears in reference books on literature, albeit misspelt due to a misprint — therefore, a ‘pseudo-pseudonym.’ Markov’s later life, already unconnected to literature, is known to the researcher, who happens to be his great-granddaughter. In order to glean information about his earlier life, S. Liutova pored over archives in Moscow, Saratov, Tambov, Veliky Novgorod,as well as Łowicz and Łodź in Poland, piecing together a comprehensive view of life in Russia at the dawn of the 20th c. The author discovers that a writer’s silence can be a form of unconscious protest. The article’s most intriguing suggestion is that the memories of Markov’s literary circle (the paper infers his connection with Acmeists) and the social context of his early journalism were intentionally suppressed by the family.

Programming of marine engineers' simulator training

Continuous improvement of the technical equipment of sea vessels is inevitably accompanied by the development and complication of the training base for marine specialists. Simulator training based on a computer model of operating the units of the liquefied natural gas tanker of the Veliky Novgorod type includes interactive computer programs for learning management, created using the e-Tutor computer module included in the simulator delivery set. In the course of systematizing the experience of using specialized programming tools for educational and research activities of students in organizing and conducting simulator training for electrical engineers on computer simulation models of sea vessels, a system of conventional graphic symbols for the elements of the flowchart of the training exercise program has been formed and their description has been given. Training and control exercises include familiarization with the mnemonic diagrams of the integrated marine vessel automation system and assessment of the state of the ship's electrical power system with their help, starting the propulsion electrical installation, providing energy to the operating propulsion electrical installation under load changes, switching on the backup diesel generator unit for parallel operation with the network in normal and emergency modes, acceleration of the vessel to the given speed in accordance with the tasks of the instructor. The advantages of training programming using the e-Tutor computer module are the ability to use the simulator in self-study mode with automated teaching support.

On Blue and Green Pigments from the St. George Cathedral of Veliky Novgorod

This paper presents the first analytical data obtained from the examination of fragments of stunning Russian–Byzantine frescoes recovered from an archaeological excavation at Veliky Novgorod, one of the oldest cities in Russia and a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The archaeologists of the Institute of Archaeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences have been working on architectural excavations at Novgorod for more than 20 years. In the last seven years, they have unearthed fragments of frescoes in the layers of the twelfth century AD during excavation under the floor of the Cathedral of St. George in the Yuriev Princely Monastery (built in 1119).As a first step of this complex research, we decided to concentrate on blue and green pigments. A selection of 30 samples and around 30 parts of wall paintings still in situ, subdivided by technique and color nuance, were first autoptically examined and, where possible, studied by optical microscopy. In this way typical details, such as the use of additives to the mortars, different ways of treating and mixing the colors, and pigment layers, were recognized. For the first screening, the analytical data were collected using a portable X-ray fluorescence device. They indicated the use of a variety of pigments and mixtures to obtain different nuances of color. The samples were then analyzed by scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectrometry. All phases of the study were recorded and documented by photos and micrographs of the most significant details. The data are discussed in the text and help explain the working habits of the painters of the time.

Comprehensive study of 12th century wall painting fragments from the St. George Cathedral of the Yuryev Monastery in Veliky Novgorod (Russia) using complementary physico-chemical methods

A total of 7 complementary methods have been applied to investigate unique pre-Mongolian 12th century wall paintings from the St. George Cathedral of the Yuriev Monastery in Veliky Novgorod, Russia. Both archaeological samples from the main space of the Cathedral and fragments in situ in the stairs tower of the Cathedral were studied. For the first time in Russia, sensitive neutron methods were used to study the elemental composition of pigments and plasters—neutron activation analysis and prompt gamma activation analysis. This research made it possible to determine elemental and mineral composition of the pigments and plasters used during creation of wall paintings; identify the technique of paintings; make assumptions about the different time of the paintings creation in the main space of the Cathedral and in its stairs tower; as well as reconstruct the presumable original view of the painting of the St. George figure. The discovery of the expensive lazurite pigment attested to the high status of the ktetor of the Cathedral’s murals. The obtained data were compared with Byzantine and Italian paintings of the same period churches.

THE POLITICAL CAPITAL OF A CHILD RULER: KNIAZHICHI ON THE NOVGOROD THRONE. A CASE STUDY OF ALEXANDER NEVSKY

The crisis of power in Veliky Novgorod in the 1220s expressed in frequent changes on the princely throne. In these conditions the practice of "feeding" the princes (the term was introduced by I. Ya. Froyanov) was used by governors. This practice was used by the Novgorod community earlier, in the end of the 11th century. Later, the princes themselves tried to use this tactic of the Novgorodians, seeking to strengthen their own sons in the reign of Novgorod. This is precisely what caused the fact that Yaroslav Vsevolodovich left his children Fedor and Alexander as governors. With the help of such a strategy, Yaroslav eventually succeeded in securing Novgorod for Alexander.

Birchbark letters from Veliky Novgorod and Staraya Russa excavations of 2021

The article contains a preliminary publication of seven birchbark letters of the 12th — first half of the 15th centuries found during the archaeological season of 2021 in Veliky Novgorod (Nos. 1136–1141, 1144) and the letter No. 52 from Staraya Russa. Especially interesting in their contents are No. 1137 (early 15th century) — a fragment of a large letter telling the story of a captured thief and his bail, No. 1139 (early 12th century) — a vivid example of a “proto-document” drawn up as a letter; No. 1141 — a fragment of a collective petition written in a famine year. From the phonetic point of view, the spellings робьжь and ети (No. 1137) are remarkable. Lexically significant are the earliest attestations of the agricultural term перелогъ (No. 1136), the verb перемчати (No. 1137), the use of the verb заповѣдати in the meaning ‘to announce publicly about sth’ previously known only from the Russkaya Pravda, the personal name Пька, which is etymologically a present participle of печи (No. 1139), the name Шелва (Staraya Russa, No. 52) that finds parallels in the Hypatian Chronicle and is apparently of Turkic origin. Of high value for historical syntax are: the first vernacular record of the predicative нѣ in combination with the infinitive with the meaning of impossibility; the use of the particle ни with the meaning ‘and there is not’, which finds a parallel in the 10th-century Old Bulgarian Glagolitic amulet; a rare example of the nominative with the imperative: въспиши ми грамота (No. 1144).

On the Perspectives of Analytical Chronotopography of Early Rus’

The article is a review on a pioneering monograph “Chronotope of the Rurikid Polity (911–987)” (Moscow: Aquilon, 2020) by A. S. Shchavelev, senior researcher of the Institute of world history at the Russian Academy of Sciences. Reviewer analyzes the heuristic potential of the analytical chronotopography and Shchavelev’s model of the social and political genesis of the Rurikid Polity. Based on the comparative anthropology and critical source studies, A. S. Shchavelev proposed a fundamentally new approach to solving the key issues of Old Russian politogenesis: how was the Rus’ formed in time and space? How did its borders change during the 10th century? How was its managed?How was its connectivity ensured in the vast and sparsely populated area between Kiev and Veliky Novgorod? Reviewed monograph makes a fundamental contribution to a new round of world discussion about the processes of political genesis on the medieval Europe’s periphery, especially in Scandinavia, the Baltic region and Rus’.

Сохранение культурной памяти в пространстве Великого Новгорода

This research paper is devoted to the phenomenon of cultural memory, as well as the ways of its transmission and preservation on the example of the territory of modern Veliky Novgorod. The author describes the existing concepts of cultural memory in the humanities, as well as analyzes modern ways of its transmission and preservation on the example of Veliky Novgorod. The basis of the study is the theory of cultural memory, set out by the German Egyptologist J. Assmann. The work also uses concepts and terms developed by such scholars as P. Nora, F. R. Ankersmith, W. Kansteiner, J. Olick and others. Among other things, the author draws attention to the fact that the images of cultural memory contribute to the preservation and strengthening of territorial identity, including urban identity. Thus, the study has extensive prospects in the field of studying the degree of influence of the means of translation and preservation of cultural memory in the urban space on the example of Veliky Novgorod.

Формирование позитивного образа России: опыт СПбГИК

The article is devoted to the problem of creating a positive image of Russia in Japan and a positive educational impact on students that is the result of their active participation in various activities aimed at achieving this goal. The conclusions of the article are underpinned by the results of three-week seminar «Russian language and Russian culture» that has been held at SPbGIK for Japanese students from Meiji Gakuin University and Jochi Daigaku (Sophia University) for 15 years already, as well as meetings of SPbGIK students with students at Nihon University, Japan. The program of the seminar in addition to the lessons of the Russian language and sightseeing tours around St. Petersburg and its suburban municipalities included lectures on Russian culture, history and music. The Japanese and Russian students visited the house of the station superintendent in the village of Vyra, Veliky Novgorod and the museum of ancient wooden architecture in the village of Vitoslavlitsy, participated together with folklore groups in old Russian folk games, round dances, etc. The value of this work is multifaceted. On the one hand, because of the immersion in Russian culture, communication with students and teachers of SPbGIK the Japanese students acknowledged to have created an objective and a more complete positive image of Russia. On the other hand, the Russian young people involved in this work deepened their sense of responsibility for the image of Russia, growing aware of the need to make a personal contribution to its creation, understanding that those impressions about Russia that the Japanese take home depend on everyone. It is necessary to search for new forms of work in this direction, to attract the youth to it, to accumulate, to generalize and exchange experience.

Results of emergency care for patients with acute surgical diseases of the abdominal organs in Veliky Novgorod: the role of the introduction of minimally invasive technologies

<h3>ЦЕЛЬ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</h3> Изучение основных тенденций и результатов оказания экстренной хирургической помощи больным с острыми хирургическими заболеваниями органов брюшной полости (ОХЗОБП) в Великом Новгороде в период 2011—2021 гг. на основании изучения опыта работы Центральной городской клинической больницы. <h3>МАТЕРИАЛ И МЕТОДЫ</h3> За период с 2011 по 2021 г. в Центральной городской клинической больнице проводилось лечение 12 535 больных с острыми хирургическими заболеваниями органов брюшной полости, из них оперированы 8397 (67,0%). Среди оперированных больных у 5237 (62,4%) выполнены малоинвазивные вмешательства посредством видеолапароскопии либо пункционно-дренирующих операций под контролем ультразвука. У 3160 хирургическое вмешательство выполнялось путем чревосечения. <h3>РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ</h3> При лечении острого аппендицита и острого холецистита на долю лапароскопических вмешательств приходится 99 и 98% соответственно. Имеется тенденция к дальнейшему увеличению использования малотравматичных вмешательств при прободной язве желудка и двенадцатиперстной кишки, острой кишечной непроходимости и остром панкреатите, где процент их использования за последнее пятилетие увеличился в 5,9; 9,3 и 2,2 раза соответственно. <h3>ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ</h3> Расширение объема использования малоинвазивных технологий в лечебно-профилактических учреждениях второго уровня, к которым относится ЦГКБ Великого Новгорода, выполняющая роль межрайонного центра, позволяет применять современные методы лечения для жителей отдаленных от областного центра районов и тем самым повышает доступность специализированной хирургической помощи на всей территории региона.

New Finds of Frescoes in St George’s Cathedral of the Yuriev Monastery and Teams of Painters in the Novgorod Land of the First Half of the 12th Century

The archaeological expedition led by Vl. V. Sedov discovered thousands of fragments of the original painting around 1130 in the St George Cathedral of the Yuriev Monastery in Novgorod during the 2013–2020. Recent finds of fragments of remarkable frescoes in the Yuriev Monastery, as well as in the Church of the Annunciation on the Hillfort from the beginning of the 12th century, significantly expand the traditional understanding of early art in Veliky Novgorod. These murals allow us to consider in a new way the problem of the work of painters’ teams, their migration and succession in the Novgorod land of the first half of the 12th century. Just as the architecture of St George’s Cathedral is the pinnacle of Novgorod architecture, so its frescoes demonstrate the unusually luxurious order of Prince Vsevolod and an outstanding artistic quality. A special team was to be called up for the decoration of the St George Cathedral. Its work continued the tradition of princely Novgorod churches of the first quarter of the 12th century. Probably, the team was called to Novgorod from Kiev, it could consist of artists from Constantinople or be mixed with Kiev painters. Five teams could work in the churches in the Novgorod land during the first half of the 12th century. Possibly they were called up from the workshops of the Monastery of the Caves in Kiev. The participation of Byzantine artists in those teams was not excluded. The style of the Novgorod murals is not homogeneous, and they were created by painters of several generations. There’s no information about the existence of a local Novgorod team of painters in the first half of the 12th century.

Information message about the scientific-practical conference "New approaches to screening, diagnosis and treatment of ovarian tumors", Veliky Novgorod, May 17-18, 2001

From 17 to 18 May 2001, a scientific and practical conference "New approaches to screening, diagnosis and treatment of ovarian tumors" was held at the Novgorod Regional Oncological Dispensary.The conference was organized with the joint participation of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Research Institute of Oncology named after V.I. prof. N.N. Petrov, Novgorod Regional Oncological Dispensary, Moscow Oncological Institute. P.A. Herzen, Research Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences. BEFORE. Ott.For the first time in our country, a representative forum of specialists in the field of oncology, obstetrics and gynecology, endovideosurgery was held. More than 200 leading experts from St. Petersburg, Moscow, Veliky Novgorod, Rostov-on-Don, Minsk, Kiev took part in the conference. Following the results of the conference, the following resolution was adopted

IMPACT OF PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS ON INTEGRAL CHARACTERISTIC OF HEALTH. PROSPECTIVE POPULATION STUDY OF WORKERS IN DANGEROUS PROFESSIONS

Aim. To assess the social status and methods of psychological protection of the individual in a number of organized populations in several typical regions (5 cities of Russia), as well as to compare the identified psychological characteristics with traditional risk factors (FR) and chronic non-communicable diseases in a prospective population study.&#x0D; Material and methods. In 2010 - 2011, in five cities of Russia (Nizhny Novgorod, Veliky Novgorod,&#x0D; Vologda, Nalchik, Omsk), screening was conducted on full (representative) samples from organized populations (at least 500 people in each, with a response to the survey from 80 to 90%). A total of 2,227 people were examined: 1,336 women and 891 men aged 25-75 years. In 2012-2014, a prospective (through 3 years) population study in the cities of Nizhny Novgorod, Nalchik, Veliky Novgorod and Omsk. Screening of the same organized population was conducted in 1202 people (response-64.7%). The questionnaires for assessment of social-economic status, somatic and psychological health, life style index or psychological defense mechanisms, pathogen reflection, psychotism scale, hospital scale of anxiety and depression, international stress scale, as well as the moral potential of person were methods of screening.&#x0D; Results. It was exposed that among the mechanisms of psychological defenses primitive ones dominated, especially projection, replacement, denial and suppression; the pathogen reflection style was formed in the most of the respondents. In process of mathematic analysis we used the method of «simple cross-tabulation» for join all negative mechanisms of psychological defense. It gives us the possibility to show their significant connection with the most somatic diseases in the personal history (р&lt;0,001). &#x0D; Conclusion. Psychological parameters significant dominate over physiological signs in their impact on the health. Thus it demands necessity to take into account the psychological status in the health improving process.

«…Отложить поход до зимы»: влияние природных факторов на военные действия XIV—XV вв. на псковских границах

The Pskov state, limited to its natural borders, seems to be a good object for the research of the influence of natural and geographical factors on military and political history. Thus, the military actions of 1323—1480 are explored to consider the influence that these factors had on the causes, course and results of the wars waged by Pskov. The inequality in natural resources in the border areas and the struggle for their redistribution determined the main directions of military expansion, forms of invasions and their seasonal dating. The rugged landscape characteristic for the western part of Pskov land and the dependence of the state of the Pskov-Peipus reservoir complicated the choice of the season for military operations. The incursions of small detachments, timed to the periods of economic activity (May-June, August) which were more diversionary than predatory in character, customarily prevailed. The February-March incursions into the fishing zones were usually carried out by larger forces and were aimed at capturing the product of fishery. The military clashes between Pskov and Veliky Novgorod and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, as well as the full-scale wars with Livonia, were mainly political, which was reflected in the active actions of the parties against the fortified settlements. In these cases, the necessity of large military contingents and siege equipment moving determined the choice of a season with the most predictable weather conditions.

A Promissory Note on a Wooden Tablet from Mangazeya

The reason that prompted the authors to write this article was an archaeological artifact (found in 2009 during excavations of the Mangazeya settlement) in the form of a pine tablet with Cyrillic letters carved on it. The analysis of the inscription demonstrates that it was neither an educational text nor a meaningless set of letters. This was a completely coherent document, called “a debt bondage” (Rus. кабала) in the seventeenth century and earlier and “a promissory note” later. The document refers to private legal acts, but due to the absence of surnames and the names of witnesses confirming its contents, it is difficult to consider this promissory note a completed legal act. The appearance and content of the tablet refer to similar private legal acts from the northwest of Russia (Veliky Novgorod and Pskov) and demonstrate certain archaic features. This proves the survivability of northern Russian culture in colonised northern Siberia (where for obvious reasons there was a deficit of paper, an already common material in the seventeenth century). The promissory note from Mangazeya is a sample of everyday writing, a rather archaic form of private legal act that existed in the Novgorodian north long before the start of the Russian colonisation of Siberia.

The Life of a Foreign Traveler in Russia According to Johann Arnold Brand’s Dictionary-Phrasebook, 1673

The article provides for an overview of foreigners’ encounter with the Russian language in the 16th — early 18th centuries; it analyzes, for this purpose, the German-Russian dictionary-phrasebook from the diary “Journey through Brandenburg, Prussia, Courland, Livonia, Pskov, Veliky Novgorod, Tver and Moscow” by Johann Arnold Brand. The phrasebook “Some Muscovite words and expressions that may be useful to travelers”, compiled by Brand on the way from Pskov to Moscow, contains the names of body parts, clothing, household accessories, dishes and drinks, food products, interior items, transport, utensils, writing tools in Russian transliteration with the translation into German. It also includes ready-made speech structures for communicating with fellow travelers, coachmen, owners and staff of the inns, for disposing of servants and property. The analysis of the phrasebook made it possible to recreate the everyday realities of the life of the Brandenburg Embassy on the road, and situations of lexical exchange. The authors provide a commented version of the literal reading of words and expressions in Russian. The independent study of the local language in Russia by foreign travelers was the most effective way to overcome the communication barrier and improve living conditions when traveling to the borderlands. The source under study may be of interest to both historians of the frontier and specialists in material culture and linguistics.

Raman microspectroscopy of fresco fragments from the Annunciation Church at Gorodishche at Veliky Novgorod

Raman microspectroscopy of fresco fragments from the Annunciation Church at Gorodishche at Veliky Novgorod

Imiona chrześcijańskie w Synodyku nowogrodzkim z końca XIV–XV wieku

The article contains an analysis of Christian names selected from the oldest synodicon written in the Lisitsky monastery near Veliky Novgorod. The analysis comprises 3190 names of laypeople, amongst which are 208 male names and 58 female names. The author discusses the group of given names (basic forms, their phonetic, morphological variants and frequency, as well as rarely used names that occurred in the synodicon).

The scribe book of the Tver half of the Bezhetskaya Pyatina in 1545: publication of the source in the web gis environment

The article discusses the experience of online publication of the scribe book of the Tver half of the Bezhetskaya Pyatina of the Novgorod land in 1545 on the NextGIS Web platform. The scribe's Book of 1545 is the most complete source describing the territory of the Tver half of the Bezhetskaya Pyatina of the XVI century. The book reflects the composition of landowners not only of the XVI century, but also of the period of independence of Veliky Novgorod. The paper describes methods of working with the geographical information of the book, creating geodata based on it and ways of presenting them in a web format. Attention is paid to various technical solutions, their strengths and weaknesses are considered. В The novelty of the research lies in a new look at the auxiliary element of the NextGIS Web web map, which is the Description displayed on the functional panel of its interface. The proposed approach turns the interactive geographical pointer accompanying the map into a platform for full-text publication of the source, in which the map performs the function of a container, always ready to display exactly the spatial context in which the geographical object selected by the user exists from the text of the historical source of the source. The main conclusion of the work is the conclusion that the proposed method allows you to combine the transmission of the main elements of the paper publication of the source with the advantages of a modern digital format, expanded due to the cartographic component.