Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks Environment Research Articles

Towards Fast and Reliable Multihop Routing in VANETs

In Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs), fast and reliable dissemination of safety messages is a key step toward improving the overall road safety. In a highly dynamic VANET environment, safety message dissemination in a multi-hop manner is a challenging and complex problem that has gained significant attention recently. Many protocols and schemes have been proposed to efficiently share safety messages among vehicles. However, most existing techniques do not perform well under real-world traffic conditions, or perform adequately only under very limited scenarios and traffic conditions. This research proposes a highly efficient and reliable multi-hop broadcasting protocol, Intelligent Forwarding Protocol (IFP), that exploits handshake-less communication, ACK Decoupling, and an efficient collision resolution mechanism. In this research, IFP has been extensively studied and evaluated to establish its robustness and superiority over existing schemes. A key contribution of this paper is to present an in-depth analysis and optimization of IFP using theoretical modeling, thorough simulations, and extensive real-world experimentation. With IFP, the message propagation delay is significantly reduced and packet delivery ratio is drastically improved.

Performance Analysis of Routing Protocols with Roadside Unit Infrastructure in a Vehicular Ad Hoc Network

Vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) represent a powerful and active field of research and have given rise to many challenges related to routing protocols and communication problems with other vehicles or fixed infrastructure called roadside units (RSU). The dynamic topology and the obstacles encountered in VANET environments mean that the routing of data and the communication between vehicles is confronted with many problems, and particularly in vehicular applications that require reliable communication and satisfactory quality of service (QoS). This paper promotes the intention of infrastructure in an urban scenario and studies the performance of routing protocols considering the constraint of mobility. This leads us to analyze a wide range of routing protocols to ensure optimal coverage and continuous connectivity, taking into consideration two types of data traffic in realistic environments that depend on certain performance metrics. The paper also investigates which protocols provide better performance with RSUs by ranking the results for QoS.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: A stream position performance analysis model based on DDoS attack detection for cluster-based routing in VANET

The strength of Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs) and the rapid deployment capability, can be used in many situations where the network should be arranged in a short time and there is a need to collect sensitive information. We consider cluster-based attack detection in data compilation wherever the neighbor nodes give the important information to the cluster head. Moreover, evidence is obtainable in the cluster head may possibly be accumulated by some vehicular nodes and executes numerous responsibilities such as decision making about delivering information. The existence of malicious nodes threatens determination making through transmitting malevolent information, which is not appropriate to the VANET categorized data and might send a substantial number of packets to the vehicles or Road Side Unit (RSU). To overcome this issue, we have proposed a Stream Position Performance Analysis (SPPA) approach. This approach monitors the position of any field station in sending the information to perform a Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack. The method computes various factors like Conflict field, Conflict data and Attack signature sample rate (CCA). Using all these factors, the method identifies the trustworthiness of the packet and includes it in decision making. The proposed approach increases the performance of a Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack detection in a VANET environment.

A Trust Model Using Edge Nodes and a Cuckoo Filter for Securing VANET under the NLoS Condition

Trust, as a key element of security, has a vital role in securing vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs). Malicious and selfish nodes by generating inaccurate information, have undesirable impacts on the trustworthiness of the VANET environment. Obstacles also have a negative impact on data trustworthiness by restricting direct communication between nodes. In this study, a trust model based on plausibility, experience, and type of vehicle is presented to cope with inaccurate, incomplete and uncertainty data under both line of sight (LoS) and none-line of sight (NLoS) conditions. In addition, a model using the k-nearest neighbor (kNN) classification algorithm based on feature similarity and symmetry is developed to detect the NLoS condition. Radio signal strength indicator (RSSI), packet reception rate (PDR) and the distance between two vehicle nodes are the features used in the proposed kNN algorithm. Moreover, due to the big data generated in VANET, secure communication between vehicle and edge node is designed using the Cuckoo filter. All obtained results are validated through well-known evaluation measures such as precision, recall, overall accuracy, and communication overhead. The results indicate that the proposed trust model has a better performance as compared to the attack-resistant trust management (ART) scheme and weighted voting (WV) approach. Additionally, the proposed trust model outperforms both ART and WV approaches under different patterns of attack such as a simple attack, opinion tampering attack, and cunning attack. Monte-Carlo simulation results also prove validity of the proposed trust model.

Recent Developments on Security and Privacy of V2V & V2I Communications: A Literature Review

In the recent years Intelligent Transportation Systems and associated technologies have progressed significantly, including services based on wireless communications between vehicles (V2V) and infrastructure (V2I). In order to increase the trustworthiness of these communications, and convince drivers to adopt the new technologies, specific security and privacy requirements need to be addressed, using Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs). To maintain VANET′s security and eliminate possible attacks, mechanisms are to be developed. In this paper, previous researches are reviewed aiming to provide information concerning matches between an attack and a solution in a VANET environment.

Trust in VANET: A Survey of Current Solutions and Future Research Opportunities

Security and privacy will play a pivotal role in the commercialization of Vehicular Ad-hoc NETworks (VANETs). Traditionally, both cryptographic and non-cryptographic approaches have been used by researchers to address security and privacy issues and achieve secure Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) applications. However, some security goals such as trust and reputation, are still hard to achieve through conventional cryptographic approaches. Trust is the degree of certainty with which the received information is accepted and acted upon. Historically trust has been computed for both the content generator and the content itself with former known as entity trust and the latter known as data trust. Both entity and content trust are equally important to support trustworthy communication in VANET. We review, analyze, and compare some of the recently proposed trust establishment and management mechanisms (from 2014 to 2019) in vehicular networks. Furthermore, we also discuss the weaknesses and inadequacies of existing trust establishment and management approaches when deployed in a VANET environment. Finally, we discuss some future challenges that will need to be addressed for trustworthy communications in vehicular networks.

VANETomo: A congestion identification and control scheme in connected vehicles using network tomography

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a vision for an internetwork of intelligent, communicating objects, which is on the cusp of transforming human lives. Smart transportation is one of the critical application domains of IoT and has benefitted from using state-of-the-art technology to combat urban issues such as traffic congestion while promoting communication between the vehicles, increasing driver safety, traffic efficiency and ultimately paving the way for autonomous vehicles. Connected Vehicle (CV) technology, enabled by Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC), has attracted significant attention from industry, academia, and government, due to its potential for improving driver comfort and safety. These vehicular communications have stringent transmission requirements. To assure the effectiveness and reliability of DRSC, efficient algorithms are needed to ensure adequate quality of service in the event of network congestion. Previously proposed congestion control methods that require high levels of cooperation among Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network (VANET) nodes. This paper proposes a new approach, VANETomo, which uses statistical Network Tomography (NT) to infer transmission delays on links between vehicles with no cooperation from connected nodes. Our proposed method combines open and closed loops congestion control in a VANET environment. Simulation results show VANETomo outperforming other congestion control strategies.

SCM: secured communication model for urban VANET applications

The primary concern of any vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) application is to offer safety and infotainment related services to commuters in a dynamic and reliable way. The characteristics of both VANET environment and the participating vehicles raise several challenges for the application development. The success of any application depends on the strength of the underlying communication model. Thus scalable, secure and robust communication models that work well with different traffic conditions and varying mobility speeds are required. We have proposed a secured communication model (SCM) for VANETs to facilitate dedicated short range communication (DSRC). The model was designed based on the specifications of IEEE 802.11p standard and the security component was offered through IDbased encryption and signature schemes. Several urban communication scenarios with different vehicle densities were created in EXata emulator. These scenarios were emulated on the proposed SCM using four routing protocols- AODV, Bellman Ford, OLSR and LAR. At higher vehicle densities the proposed model had resulted in good throughput with an acceptable delay. Out of the four routing protocols, location aided routing (LAR) protocol was found efficient on the proposed SCM.

SCM: secured communication model for urban VANET applications

The primary concern of any vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) application is to offer safety and infotainment related services to commuters in a dynamic and reliable way. The characteristics of both VANET environment and the participating vehicles raise several challenges for the application development. The success of any application depends on the strength of the underlying communication model. Thus scalable, secure and robust communication models that work well with different traffic conditions and varying mobility speeds are required. We have proposed a secured communication model (SCM) for VANETs to facilitate dedicated short range communication (DSRC). The model was designed based on the specifications of IEEE 802.11p standard and the security component was offered through IDbased encryption and signature schemes. Several urban communication scenarios with different vehicle densities were created in EXata emulator. These scenarios were emulated on the proposed SCM using four routing protocols- AODV, Bellman Ford, OLSR and LAR. At higher vehicle densities the proposed model had resulted in good throughput with an acceptable delay. Out of the four routing protocols, location aided routing (LAR) protocol was found efficient on the proposed SCM.

Secure Authentication and Key Management With Blockchain in VANETs

Nowadays, with rapid advancements of vehicular telematics and communication techniques, proliferation of vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) have been witnessed, which facilitates the construction of promising intelligent transportation system (ITS). Due to inherent wireless communicating features in open environment, secure transmission among numerous VANET entities remains crucial issues. Currently, lots of research efforts have been made, while most of which tend to allocate the universal group key to the verified devices for both vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-RSU (V2R) communications. However, in heterogeneous VANET environment with large numbers of devices in same vehicular group, complicated and variable topologies lead to continuous key updating in every moment, causing interference to regular V2R data exchange, which is not reliable and efficient for resource-constrained VANET environment. Moreover, group membership recording and detecting mechanisms are necessary for real time vehicle revocation and participation, which has not been further studied so far. In this paper, we address the above issues by proposing a secure authentication and key management scheme. In our design, novel VANET system model with edge computing infrastructure is adopted so as to offer adequate computing and storing capacity compared to traditional VANET structure. Note that our certificateless authentication scheme applies the independent session key for each vehicle for interference avoidance. Furthermore, consortium blockchain is employed for V2V group key construction. Real time group membership arrangement with efficient group key updating is accordingly provided. Formal security proofs are presented, demonstrating that the proposed scheme can achieve desired security properties. Performance analysis is conducted as well, proving that the proposed scheme is efficient compared with the state-of-the-arts.

Defending Against Sybil Attacks by Enhanced Event Based Reputation System in Vanet

In earlier times, vehicles were the realm of mechanical & automobile people, but with proliferation of computer technology & electronic components, vehicles are becoming “Computer on Wheels”. These technology lies in VANET (Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network) environment. VANET has various road safety applications, with the aim of communication interoperability between cars. In VANET, Sybil attack have been reckon as a major threat, by creating illusion or traffic congestion, it may lead mass destruction. Previously Event Based Reputation System (EBRS) named technique has been used to defend this Sybil attacks, but there was one major drawback that they were not considering RSU and TA modules security. For these both modules assumption has been made that it cannot be compromised thus it is trustable. But in this way VANET environment cannot be established thoroughly .In this paper we proposed enhance Event Based Reputation System to defend Sybil attacks in VANET environment, which is going to eliminate that major assumption by considering RSU and TAs security mechanisms.

PMCD: Platoon ‐ Merging approach for cooperative driving

Platoon based communication in vehicular ad‐hoc networks (VANET) requires high co‐operation among platoon members to perform basic platoon maneuvers such as merging, splitting, and lane change. Accomplishing the platoon‐merge maneuver is still challenging due to the presence of strong interference caused by an unintended vehicle entering the middle of the platoon resulting in aborting the platoon‐merge maneuver without desired joining the vehicle. Previous researchers have analyzed the effect of interference in the platoon‐merge maneuver, but they did not provide a solution to accomplish the platoon merge arising from an unintended vehicle interferes in the middle of a platoon. We proposed an algorithm called platoon‐merging for cooperative driving (PMCD), which ensures effective platoon‐merge in all possible scenarios in VANET environment. Simulations were conducted using ns‐3 and simulation of urban mobility (SUMO) simulators. The results showed that PMCD provides the best performance at all vehicle densities and simulation times.

Performance Analysis of Various Routing Protocols for VANET Environments

Vehicular Adhoc Network (VANET) is a fast emerging and new technology that are derived from adhoc networks to provide intelligent vehicle to vehicle communication and to improve the road safety and other on road facilities. VANETs are distinct from other networks in terms of high speed movements of vehicles, unpredictable nature of vehicular density over time and specific mobility patterns associated with different scenarios. Hence designing a suitable routing protocol for VANET applications is a very critical and specific task and it is different from that of MANETs even though VANETs are derivatives of the former. In this work we discuss and compare the effectiveness of routing protocols such as, AODV, DSR and DYMO with respect to three parameters namely, throughput, average end-end delay and average jitter. The simulations were carried out in Qualnet 5.0 network simulator. From the obtained results it is concluded that DYMO edges out the other two protocols in terms of the above mentioned metrics when it comes to VANET scenarios.

AN EFFICIENT INTELLIGENT TRAFFIC LIGHT CONTROL AND DEVIATION SYSTEM FOR TRAFFIC CONGESTION AVOIDANCE USING MULTI-AGENT SYSTEM

An efficient and intelligent road traffic management system is the corner stone for every smart cities. Vehicular Ad-hoc NETworks (VANETs) applies the principles of mobile ad hoc networks in a wireless network for Vehicle-to-vehicle data exchange communication. VANETs supports in providing an efficient Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) for smart cities. Road traffic congestion is a most common problem faced by many of the metropolitan cities all over the world. Traffic on the road networks are widely increasing at a larger rate and the current traffic management systems is unable to tackle this impediment. In this paper, we propose an Efficient Intelligent Traffic Light Control and Deviation (EITLCD) system, which is based on multi-agent system. This proposed system overcomes the difficulties of the existing traffic management systems and avoids the traffic congestion problem compare to the prior scenario. The proposed system is composed of two systems: Traffic Light Controller (TLC) system and Traffic Light Deviation (TLD) system. The TLC system uses three agents to supervise and control the traffic parameters. TLD system deviate the vehicles before entering into congested road. Traffic and travel related information from several sensors are collected through a VANET environment to be processed by the proposed technique. The proposed structure comprises of TLC system and makes use of vehicle measurement, which is feed as input to the TLD system in a wireless network. For route pattern identification, any traditional city map can be converted to planar graph using Euler’s path approach. The proposed system is validated using Nagel–Schreckenberg model and the performance of the proposed system is proved to be better than the existing systems in terms of its time, cost, expense, maintenance and performance.

Named Data Networking in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks: State-of-the-Art and Challenges

Information-centric networking (ICN) has been proposed as one of the future Internet architectures. It is poised to address the challenges faced by today’s Internet that include, but not limited to, scalability, addressing, security, and privacy. Furthermore, it also aims at meeting the requirements for new emerging Internet applications. To realize ICN, named data networking (NDN) is one of the recent implementations of ICN that provides a suitable communication approach due to its clean slate design and simple communication model. There are a plethora of applications realized through ICN in different domains where data is the focal point of communication. One such domain is intelligent transportation system realized through vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) where vehicles exchange information and content with each other and with the infrastructure. Up to date, excellent research results have been yielded in the VANET domain aiming at safe, reliable, and infotainment-rich driving experience. However, due to the dynamic topologies, host-centric model, and ephemeral nature of vehicular communication, various challenges are faced by VANET that hinder the realization of successful vehicular networks and adversely affect the data dissemination, content delivery, and user experiences. To fill these gaps, NDN has been extensively used as underlying communication paradigm for VANET. Inspired by the extensive research results in NDN-based VANET, in this paper, we provide a detailed and systematic review of NDN-driven VANET. More precisely, we investigate the role of NDN in VANET and discuss the feasibility of NDN architecture in VANET environment. Subsequently, we cover in detail, NDN-based naming, routing and forwarding, caching, mobility, and security mechanism for VANET. Furthermore, we discuss the existing standards, solutions, and simulation tools used in NDN-based VANET. Finally, we also identify open challenges and issues faced by NDN-driven VANET and highlight future research directions that should be addressed by the research community.

Secure and Intelligent QoS aware Routing Protocol for VANET Environment

Objectives: To propose a suitable protocol that is secured and efficient for data transmission in Vehicular Adhoc Networks (VANET) environment. Methods/Statistical Analysis: The main challenge in VANET is to protect valuable information from the users. However there are many malicious vehicles that affect the system. To overcome this problem, the Secure and Intelligent routing (SIR) protocol is used that will transmit the data in shortest path through the authenticated vehicles. The proposed method makes use of message transmission, link connectivity and vehicle positioning to forward the data to the destination. Sending the data through the QoS based optimized path will enhance the performance of the system. Hence the proposed Enhanced Secure and intelligent routing (ESIR) protocol is QoS enabled and optimized. The QoS metrics taken into concern are delay, network load and distance with minimum number of hops. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm used for optimization in the proposed work takes one main parameter into concern; it is distance with minimum number of hops. Findings: The proposed technique is compared with the existing SIR protocol in terms of throughput, delay, packet delivery ratio, residual energy levels and packet drop. The results obtained show that the proposed technique serves as an efficient routing protocol for VANET environment providing a reliable and robust service. Keywords: Particle Swarm Optimization, QoS Parameters, Shortest Path, VANET

An Efficient Junction-based Routing Table Maintenance Protocol for Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks

Routing plays an essential role to achieve the success in a vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) environment, which is difficult due to dynamic topology and high mobility of VANET environment. In this paper, we propose an efficient Junction-based Routing Table Maintenance (JRTM) to improve the position-based routing protocol for the vehicle to vehicle (V2V) VANET urban area environment. JRTM protocol is capable to attain healthier communication constancy and lesser communication cost. The method of a routing table updating can assist a vehicle to find its own fixed route information, which assists to discover appropriate transmit vehicle nodes in a additional effective mode, and the maintenance repetition in a routing table will significantly decrease the chance of discover no appropriate transmit vehicle nodes. The simulation outcome shows that our protocol attains greater performance as compared with other junction-based routing protocols.

Integrating Fog Computing with VANETs: A Consumer Perspective

Emerging vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) applications are requiring a lot more communication and computation capabilities. Today's cloud infrastructures are not specifically designed to cope with the requirements presented by promising VANET applications. In this regard, fog computing focuses on moving computational resources toward the edge of the network to cater for these increasing processing and storage requirements. Thus, vehicular fog extends the fog computing paradigm to traditional vehicular networks that consist of several IoT devices. This overcomes the shortcomings of vehicular clouds by enabling ubiquitous vehicles, efficient communication, location-aware service provision, improved response time, and lower latency. This article presents fog-computing-based VANET architecture along with an infotainment application scenario. In the experiments, the cache size of fog nodes has been used as a parameter to evaluate its impact on different performance metrics in the fog-enabled VANET environment. We conclude the article by presenting various benefits of a fog-enabled VANET while investigating future challenges and their potential solutions.

Compressed fuzzy logic based multi-criteria AODV routing in VANET environment

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are the core of intelligent transportation systems (ITS) to obtain safety, better transportation services, and improved traffic management. Providing more reliable and efficient on demand routing protocol is one of the main challenges in these networks research scope. This paper argues a compressed fuzzy logic based method to enhance Ad hoc on demand distance vector (AODV) routing decision by jointly considering number of relays, distance factor, direction angle, and vehicles speed variance. The proposed scheme is simulated in both freeway and urban scenarios with different number of vehicles using real time interaction between both OMNet++ and SUMO simulators. Simulation results show that the proposed approach can get better performance in terms of packet delivery ratio, throughput, mean delay, and number of sent control packets.

A Lightweight Secure and Efficient Authentication and Key Agreement Protocol for VANET

The vehicular ad hoc network (VANET), as an important part of the intelligent transportation system, has a crucial impact on traffic safety and efficiency. And its security issues have attracted many researchers. The secure communication among entities is particularly important due to the openness of the VANET environment. In this paper, we propose a lightweight secure and efficient authentication and key agreement protocol for VANET in order to implement secure communication. The scheme only uses lightweight computation to achieve anonymity, integrity and mutual authentication among entities.