Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks Applications Research Articles

Performance Evaluation of Routing Protocols in Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks (VANETs): A Comparative Study

VANET is a novel way for fast-moving autos to connect. VANET provided traffic engineering, management, emergency information to avoid accidents, and other user applications. VANETs are similar to Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs), but they have fast speeds, mobility, adequate storage and processing power, unexpected node density, difficult communication environments with limited connection lifespans, etc. Hence, VANET protocol testing needs realism. Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANET) is a new communication paradigm that allows road network V2V and V2I communication (V2I). It supports traffic engineering, emergency information transfer, and other user applications. Vehicular networks distribute data about road traffic conditions to keep vehicles safe and efficient. VANET Applications' characteristics—different network density, fast vehicle movement—make data dissemination difficult. Performance requirements determine these protocols' vehicle area network applicability. Vehicles talking with each other and roadside units constitute Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks (VANETs), a specific type of MANET (RSUs). VANETs allow safety, traffic management, and infotainment. Due to vehicle mobility and frequent network topology changes, VANETs have routing difficulties. This paper compares VANET routing protocols. . Simulations reveal that mobility pattern, network density, and traffic load affect protocol performance.

WiFi-Assisted Control Traffic Offloading in Vehicular Environments

Targeting mobile vehicle communications, Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC) wireless technology has been widely used in Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs). Though DSRC can provide reliable and low-latency communications for various VANET applications, the multi-channel operations standardized by IEEE 802.11p suffer from high contention on control channel, especially in dense traffic scenarios. Meanwhile, as a conventional wireless technology for VANET communications, WiFi is often underutilized when a vehicle is on road. In this paper, we propose an innovative approach that can effectively offload control frames from DSRC to WiFi when the control traffic is dense, resulting in significantly improved throughput of control traffic (about 28.7% under moderate traffic density in simulation).

SNR-Based Early Warning Message Scheme for VANETs

A Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANET) is a special type of Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET). One of the main applications of VANETs is safety. This is accomplished by disseminating an Early Warning Message (EWM) to all vehicles in an emergency zone. However, broadcasting an EWM in a multihop environment, such as a VANET, introduces many challenges. The main challenge is the broadcast storm problem. In this paper, we propose a novel broadcasting communication scheme for VANETs. During an emergency situation a congested scenario is possible when vehicle density on the road is high. This causes contention at the MAC layer, which leads to collisions and increases the number of rebroadcasts, hence reducing packet dissemination, increasing delay and network resource use. Our proposed communication scheme is an SNR-based dynamic suppression scheme that aims to significantly reduce the effects of the broadcast storm problem by minimizing the number of rebroadcasting vehicles. The proposed scheme achieves this by considering the physical layer characteristics and the number of times a vehicle receives an EWM. Moreover, we correlate vehicle density and suppression range through a formula to determine the effective suppression range. The proposed scheme maintains network connectivity and achieves almost 100% reachability to all vehicles throughout the zone. Furthermore, the proposed scheme minimizes delay by 0.4 sec in high density scenarios.

Reliability refinement in VANET with hybrid jamming attacks using novel index based voting algorithm

Vehicular Adhoc Network (VANET) constitutes a basis for the Intelligent Transportation Systems. VANET can be extensively used in safety and non-safety applications. DSRC Safety purposes are essential usages in VANET, have the basic objective of improving and enhancing safety through notifying drivers in hazards or impending accidents. The dynamic changes in topology are frequent in VANET, resulting in several jamming attacks. Hybrid jamming attacks involve the combination of the features of constant, deceptive and random jamming attacks. In this research work a novel Index Based Voting Approach (IBVA) has been proposed to avoid hybrid jamming as an integral component of devoted short range communication safety applications in VANET. The aim of this work focuses on hybrid jamming detection strategy in terms of node centric misbehaviour detection. The authenticities of vehicular nodes were determined by a new Recursive Candidate Elimination Algorithm (RCEA). Experimental results show that the time required to make decisions 0.3 s, which is reduced decision time compared to previous algorithm reported in the literature. The proposed IBVA algorithm in VANET improves the reliability in terms of malicious nodes detection and reducing the decision which in turn improves the network performance.

Establishing Parameters for Comparative Analysis of V2V Communication in VANET

In vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs), information dissemination plays vital role in establishing the cooperation among the vehicles. This cooperation and information exchange is needed for proper performance of safety and other VANET applications. Broadcasting is the most suitable method for information dissemination over the network. The simplicity of the broadcast mechanism in such a highly dense and mobile network leads to network contention, broadcast storm and network partition problem. To keep all nodes updated and gather neighbourhood information broadcasting protocol use beacon messages. A non-trivial scientific contribution is required in broadcasting techniques to cater to the need of a network. In this paper, we establish a system model and parameters responsible for efficient information dissemination for VANETs. We implemented three major techniques for information dissemination which are, simple flooding, counter-based and probability-based techniques. These three techniques are simulated with established parameters. The work also analysed the impact of beaconing in the network. The simulation is carried out on Veins framework and the results are then analysed on the basis of established parameters. The analysis of result shows that an integrated approach will suit the needs whereas the use of independent techniques might not yield the result which we expect. The paper concludes by outlining the future research directions in information dissemination in VANET.

SCM: secured communication model for urban VANET applications

The primary concern of any vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) application is to offer safety and infotainment related services to commuters in a dynamic and reliable way. The characteristics of both VANET environment and the participating vehicles raise several challenges for the application development. The success of any application depends on the strength of the underlying communication model. Thus scalable, secure and robust communication models that work well with different traffic conditions and varying mobility speeds are required. We have proposed a secured communication model (SCM) for VANETs to facilitate dedicated short range communication (DSRC). The model was designed based on the specifications of IEEE 802.11p standard and the security component was offered through IDbased encryption and signature schemes. Several urban communication scenarios with different vehicle densities were created in EXata emulator. These scenarios were emulated on the proposed SCM using four routing protocols- AODV, Bellman Ford, OLSR and LAR. At higher vehicle densities the proposed model had resulted in good throughput with an acceptable delay. Out of the four routing protocols, location aided routing (LAR) protocol was found efficient on the proposed SCM.

SCM: secured communication model for urban VANET applications

The primary concern of any vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) application is to offer safety and infotainment related services to commuters in a dynamic and reliable way. The characteristics of both VANET environment and the participating vehicles raise several challenges for the application development. The success of any application depends on the strength of the underlying communication model. Thus scalable, secure and robust communication models that work well with different traffic conditions and varying mobility speeds are required. We have proposed a secured communication model (SCM) for VANETs to facilitate dedicated short range communication (DSRC). The model was designed based on the specifications of IEEE 802.11p standard and the security component was offered through IDbased encryption and signature schemes. Several urban communication scenarios with different vehicle densities were created in EXata emulator. These scenarios were emulated on the proposed SCM using four routing protocols- AODV, Bellman Ford, OLSR and LAR. At higher vehicle densities the proposed model had resulted in good throughput with an acceptable delay. Out of the four routing protocols, location aided routing (LAR) protocol was found efficient on the proposed SCM.

A Review on Various Issues, Challenges and Different Methodologies in Vehicular Environment

Vehicular Adhoc NETwork (VANET) can be used for the safety as a security and comfort applications. When the channel or say the communication path becomes overloaded, congestion occurs which is directly proportional to the number of the vehicles for the specific area. Because of continuously movement of vehicles and network topology, the vehicular density varies. In this paper, we describe various issues related to vehicular network system and their respective methodologies. Deliberation of various techniques and corresponding performance metrics for improving the system performance are described here. Vehicular network are inseparable component due to its several applications. Applications vary from safety purpose to entertainment. IEEE 802.11P and IEEE 1609 standards help to achieve secure and reliable communication between vehicle nodes and roadside units. VANETs are considered recently that complement the Intelligent Transport System (ITS). Vehicular clouds have also been introduced to facilitate VANET application in more efficient way. Vehicular network have comparatively low bandwidth than fixed network such as LAN and have many more benefits and various applications.

Mutated k-means algorithm for dynamic clustering to perform effective and intelligent broadcasting in medical surveillance using selective reliable broadcast protocol in VANET

Vehicular ad-hoc Network (VANET) is an emerging type of Mobile ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) with excellent applications in the intelligent traffic system. Applications in VANETs are life critical since human lives are at stake and therefore, interaction among nodes (vehicles) must be established in the most secure manner. To give effective information transmission between vehicles, Cluster based topology bunches vehicle hubs in geographic region together can be connected to help coordinate correspondence inside and outside group should be possible through group heads. Different variations of K-implies calculation are ordinarily utilized for bunching yet these calculations cannot be specifically connected to VANET due to dynamic evolving topology. In this paper, we propose of dynamic grouping through K-implies which suits well for dynamic topology qualities of VANET. The proposed technique functions admirably with referred to number of bunches ahead of time and also the obscure number of groups. In our approach, the client has the adaptability to settle the quantity of bunches or the base number of groups required. This calculation figures the new bunch focus by expanding the group counter by one in every emphasis until the point that target work is fulfilled. The same can be defined and the ideal group heads and the relationship amongst CMs and CHs can be resolved.

CVCG: Cooperative V2V-Aided Transmission Scheme Based on Coalitional Game for Popular Content Distribution in Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks

As one of the key services for non-safety applications in Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs), the Popular Content Distribution (PCD) has become a hot issue in recent years. In popular content distribution, the On-Board Units (OBUs) passing the Area of Interest (AoI) receive popular content broadcast by the RoadSide Units (RSUs). However, due to the high speed of OBUs, limited bandwidth, and unstable wireless connections, only a portion of the popular content can be received by OBUs. To address this issue, in this paper, a cooperative V2V-aided transmission scheme based on a coalitional game (CVCG) is proposed. The scheme allows the OBUs to cooperate with their neighbors to provide the missing popular content. In addition, a coalition graph game algorithm is designed for optimizing the cooperative behaviors among OBUs. The performance of our CVCG scheme is evaluated by different metrics compared to other three content distribution schemes. The numerical results show that the proposed CVCG scheme could outperform the three schemes in terms of the number of iterations for 99 percent finished PCD, the average content completion percentage, and the number of completed OBUs.

Empirical Performance Models of MAC Protocols for Cooperative Platooning Applications

Vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANET) enable vehicles to exchange information on traffic conditions, dynamic status and localization, to enhance road safety and transportation efficiency. A typical VANET application is platooning, which can take advantage of exchanging information on speed, heading and position to allow shorter inter-vehicle distances without compromising safety. However, the platooning performance depends drastically on the quality of the communication channel, which in turn is highly influenced by the medium access control protocol (MAC). Currently, VANETs use the IEEE 802.11p MAC, which follows a carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) policy that is prone to collisions and degrades significantly with network load. This has led to recent proposals for a time-division multiple access (TDMA)-based MAC that synchronize vehicles’ beacons to prevent or reduce collisions. In this paper, we take CSMA/CA and two TDMA-based overlay protocols, i.e., deployed over CSMA/CA, namely PLEXE-slotted and RA-TDMAp, and carry out extensive simulations with varying platoon sizes, number of occupied lanes and transmit power to deduce empirical models that provide estimates of average number of collisions per second and average busy time ratio. In particular, we show that these estimates can be obtained from observing the number of radio-frequency (RF) neighbours, i.e., number of distinct sources of the packets received by each vehicle per time unit. These estimates can enhance the online adaptation of distributed applications, particularly platooning control, to varying conditions of the communication channel.

Reliable congestion control mechanism for safety applications in urban VANETs

In vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs), cooperation between vehicles is needed for proper performance of safety applications. Beacons are periodically broadcasted by vehicles to inform their neighbors of their information, such that periodic beacons are one of the building blocks that enable the operation of safety applications. Safety applications have their own strict quality of service (QoS) requirements, and they require reliable and timely data communication within networks. When many vehicles are trying to broadcast within a confined area at the same time, frequent channel contention and congestion may occur. Therefore, channel congestion control mechanisms are key for reliable and efficient operation of safety applications.In this paper, an adaptive beacon generation rate (ABGR) congestion control mechanism is proposed to reduce channel congestion and contention. ABGR can dynamically adjust the beacon generation rate according to varying levels of vehicles’ density to ensure reliable and timely delivery of beacons. Inspired by the correlation between traffic density and vehicle speed, a dynamic application-level reliability assessment scheme (T-Pro) is proposed to evaluate the reliability of various safety applications at varying density. Finally, the application-level reliability of three safety applications is evaluated using the ABGR mechanism. Numerical results show that the performance of ABGR is far higher than that of the current DSRC. The application-level reliability of three safety applications exceeds 99%, even if density reaches 450 vehicles/(km*3 lanes).

Performance Analysis of Various Routing Protocols for VANET Environments

Vehicular Adhoc Network (VANET) is a fast emerging and new technology that are derived from adhoc networks to provide intelligent vehicle to vehicle communication and to improve the road safety and other on road facilities. VANETs are distinct from other networks in terms of high speed movements of vehicles, unpredictable nature of vehicular density over time and specific mobility patterns associated with different scenarios. Hence designing a suitable routing protocol for VANET applications is a very critical and specific task and it is different from that of MANETs even though VANETs are derivatives of the former. In this work we discuss and compare the effectiveness of routing protocols such as, AODV, DSR and DYMO with respect to three parameters namely, throughput, average end-end delay and average jitter. The simulations were carried out in Qualnet 5.0 network simulator. From the obtained results it is concluded that DYMO edges out the other two protocols in terms of the above mentioned metrics when it comes to VANET scenarios.

A New Fuzzy-Based Resource Management System for SDN-VANETs

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) face several technical challenges in deployment and management due to variable capacity of wireless links, bandwidth constrains, high latency and dynamic topology. Cloud, fog, and edge computing are considered a way to deal with these communication challenges. On the other hand, software defined networking (SDN) can be used to provide flexibility, programmability, scalability, and global knowledge as well as new services and features. In this article, the authors propose an intelligent approach for resource management in SDN-VANETs using fuzzy logic. A layered Cloud-Fog-Edge architecture in SDN-VANETs is introduced, which is coordinated by the SDN Controller (SDNC). A fuzzy-based system implemented in SDNC is used to make decisions on the processing layer of the VANETs application data. The decision is made by prioritizing the application requirements and by considering the available connections. The authors demonstrate in simulation the feasibility of the proposed system to improve the management of the network resources.

Context-aware data-centric misbehaviour detection scheme for vehicular ad hoc networks using sequential analysis of the temporal and spatial correlation of the consistency between the cooperative awareness messages

Vehicular ad hoc Networks (VANETs) have emerged mainly to improve road safety, traffic efficiency, and passenger comfort. The performance of most VANET applications and services relies on the availability of accurate and up-to-date mobility-information, through so-called Cooperative Awareness Messages (CAMs), shared by neighbouring vehicles. However, sharing false mobility information can disrupt any potential VANET application. As cryptographic techniques used to protect CAMs in VANETs are expensive, complicated, and vulnerable to internal misbehaviour, security lapses are inevitable. Although several misbehaviour detection solutions have been proposed, those solutions assume that the VANET's context is stationary, which does not hold for VANETs in a real scenario, as the vehicle's context changes continuously. The use of static and predefined security thresholds in highly dynamic and harsh environments is the major drawback of those solutions. To address this issue, a context-aware data-centric misbehaviour detection scheme (CA-DC-MDS) is proposed, using sequential analysis of temporal and spatial correlation of the consistency between neighbouring vehicles' mobility information. The static thresholds have been replaced by a dynamic context reference model that is constructed online and updated in a timely fashion using statistical techniques. Firstly, the Kalman filter algorithm is used to track the mobility information received from neighbouring vehicles. Then, the innovation errors of the Kalman filter are utilized to construct a temporal consistency assessment model for each neighbouring vehicle, using a box-and-whisker plot. After that, the Hampel filter is used to construct a spatial consistency assessment model that represents the current context reference. Similarly, plausibility assessment reference models are built online and updated in a timely fashion using the Hampel filter and by utilizing the consistency assessment reference model of neighbouring information. Finally, a message is classified as suspicious if its consistency and plausibility scores deviate significantly from the context reference model. The proposed context-aware scheme achieved a 73% reduction in the false alarm rate while achieving a 37% improvement in the detection rate. This demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed context-aware scheme compared with the existing static solutions.

A Comprehensive Survey on VANET Security Services in Traffic Management System

Recently, vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) embark a great deal of attention in the area of wireless and communication technology and are becoming one of the prominent research areas in the intelligent transportation system (ITS) because they provide safety and precautionary measures to the drivers and passengers, respectively. VANETs are quite different from the mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) in terms of characteristics, challenges, system architecture, and their application. In this paper, we summarize the recent state-of-the-art methods of VANETs by discussing their architecture, security, and challenges. Secondly, we discuss the detailed analysis of security schemes and the possible measures to provide secure communication in VANETs. Then, we comprehensively cover the authentication schemes, which is able to protect the vehicular network from malicious nodes and fake messages. Thus, it provides security in VANETs. Thirdly, we cover the mobility and network simulators, as well as other simulation tools, followed by the performance of authentication schemes. Finally, we discuss the comfort and safety applications of VANETs. In sum, this paper comprehensively covers the entire VANET system and its applications by filling the gaps of existing surveys and incorporating the latest trends in VANETs.

A Survey of Security Services, Attacks, and Applications for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs).

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are an emerging type of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) with robust applications in intelligent traffic management systems. VANET has drawn significant attention from the wireless communication research community and has become one of the most prominent research fields in intelligent transportation system (ITS) because of the potential to provide road safety and precautionary measures for the drivers and passengers. In this survey, we discussed the basic overview of the VANET from the architecture, communication methods, standards, characteristics, and VANET security services. Second, we presented the threats and attacks and the recent state-of-the-art methods of the VANET security services. Then, we comprehensively reviewed the authentication schemes that can protect vehicular networks from malicious nodes and fake messages. Third, we discussed the latest simulation tools and the performance of the authentication schemes in terms of simulation tools, which was followed by the VANET applications. Lastly, we identified the open research challenges and gave future research directions. In sum, this survey fills the gap of existing surveys and summarizes the latest research development. All the security attacks in VANETs and their related countermeasures are discussed with respect to ensuring secure communication. The authentication schemes and comprehensive applications were introduced and analyzed in detail. In addition, open research challenges and future research directions were issued.

A comparative study on routing protocols for VANETs

Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) is an emerging area of research and have been gaining significant attention over recent years due to its role in designing intelligent transportation system. It includes vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) message flows, supported by wireless access technology such as, IEEE 1609 WAVE and IEEE 802.11p. One of the major scientific challenge in VANET implementation, is the design of routing protocol that could provide efficient and reliable node-to-node packet transmission. Routing in VANETs is a complex task in urban environment. This paper reports the overall performance evaluation of two existing routing protocols namely, Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) and Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) for VANETs. This study aims at optimizing the selection of best possible routing protocol for providing reliability to data packet dissemination in an efficient way. The impact and effectiveness of existing topology based routing protocol for VANETs application has been evaluated through the use of NetSim software tool. The simulated results shows that a combination of proper channel model together with an efficient routing protocol enhance the link throughput of the VANET for a fixed network size. Further, performance evaluation also demonstrate the impact of network sizes and routing protocols on packet loss, packet delivery ratio, average end-to-end delay and overhead transmission.

Integration of VANET and 5G Security: A review of design and implementation issues

The commercial adaptation of Vehicular Ad hoc NETwork (VANET) to achieve secure Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) heavily depends on the security guarantees for the end-users and consumers. Current VANET security standards address most of the security challenges faced by the vehicular networks. However, with the emergence of 5th Generation (5G) networks, and the demand for a range of new applications and services through vehicular networks, it is imperative to integrate 5G and vehicular networks. To achieve a seamless integration, various design and implementation issues related to 5G and VANETs must be addressed. We focus on the security issues that need to be considered in order to enable the secure integration of 5G and VANETs. More precisely, we conduct in-depth study of the current security issues, solutions, and standards used in vehicular networks and then we identify the security gaps in the existing VANET security solutions. We investigate the security features of 5G networks and discuss how they can be leveraged in vehicular networks to enable a seamless and efficient integration. We also propose a security architecture for vehicular networks wherein the current VANET security standards and 5G security features coexist to support secure VANET applications. Finally, we discuss some future challenges and research directions for 5G-enabled secure vehicular networks.

Edge Computing Based Applications in Vehicular Environments: Comparative Study and Main Issues

Despite the expanded efforts, the vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) are still facing many challenges such as network performances, network scalability and context-awareness. Many solutions have been proposed to overcome these obstacles, and the edge computing, an extension of the cloud computing, is one of them. With edge computing, communication, storage and computational capabilities are brought closer to end users. This could offer many benefits to the global vehicular network including, for example, lower latency, network off-loading and context-awareness (location, environment factors, etc.). Different approaches of edge computing have been developed: mobile edge computing (MEC), fog computing (FC) and cloudlet are the main ones. After introducing the vehicular environment background, this paper aims to study and compare these different technologies. For that purpose their main features are compared and the state-of-the-art applications in VANETs are analyzed. In addition, MEC, FC, and cloudlet are classified and their suitability level is debated for different types of vehicular applications. Finally, some challenges and future research directions in the fields of edge computing and VANETs are discussed.