Vehicle-bridge Coupling Research Articles

Research Status of Influencing Factors of Bridge Impact Coefficient

With the continuous development of bridge transportation and long-span bridges in China, the coupling dynamic interaction between vehicles and bridges has become more and more complex, and has received more and more attention. This paper briefly summarizes the research on the influencing factors of bridge impact coefficient by domestic and foreign scholars, focusing on systematically sorting out and summarizing the three aspects of bridge structural parameters, vehicle parameters, and vehicle-bridge coupling, summarizing its main achievements, at the same time, it points out the differences and unsolved problems in the current research, and makes new discussions and prospects.

Vehicle ride comfort analysis on sea-crossing bridges under drift ice load

To investigate the ride comfort when vehicles travelling over sea-crossing bridges subjected to ice load in cold sea regions, this study presented a dynamic analysis framework for a vehicle–bridge interaction system under ice-induced vibration. Based on the a real ice load spectrum in Bohai Sea, the ice force process during the interaction between ice and bridge is obtained, and is input into the vehicle-bridge coupling system as an external excitation. This framework was assessed with an interactive system consisting of 6 12-DOF trucks travelling over the pile-supported sea-crossing bridges. Ride comfort of vehicles is investigated under different conditions of vehicle velocity and ice strength and it is evaluated by utilizing newly recommended in the ISO 2631-1(1997). The results show that the vibration of the vehicle will not influence driving comfort of the driver when vehicles traveled over bridges without considering the actions of ice load. However, the evaluation indicator of driving comfort reached a little uncomfortable when vehicles traveled over bridges under ice strength exceeds 1.5 MPa. In addition, the ride comfort analysis based on ISO 2631/1(1985) was also investigated. But the criterion only evaluates the comfort in one direction, and it is disadvantageous for the quantitative evaluation of driving comfort and it may underestimate the overall vibration of vehicles and total evaluation results of vehicle ride comfort.

Real-world engineering problems: Two surrogate methods for robust vibration control of moving mass-beam coupling systems with epistemic uncertainty

The dynamic responses and the vibration control of the moving mass-beam coupling systems are one of the real-world problems in engineering fields including vehicle-bridge coupling systems and missile-gun systems. There are many uncertainty factors in the real-world engineering applications. Analyzing the effects of uncertainty on the state trajectory of the system is significant to realize the safe operation of the system. This paper develops two surrogate methods to research the evidence-theory-based robust adaptive fuzzy sliding mode control (ET-RAFSMC) of the moving mass-beam coupling systems. For the first approach, the active learning Kriging (ALK) is combined with the ET-RAFSMC to perform the evidence response analysis through an interval Monte Carlo simulation, and then a Karush-Kuhn-Tucker condition is utilized to alleviate the burden of searching the extreme responses. The other surrogate method is the Lobatto polynomial function, which integrates with a spare sampling method for improving the computational efficiency and accuracy when running the extreme value analysis of the ET-RAFSMC. The accuracy and the efficiency of the proposed methods are studied by comparing with Monte Carlo simulations as well as Legendre expansion model. Finally, the performance of the ET-RAFSMC is studied through comparing with the traditional sliding mode control.

Load Test Analysis of a Long-Span Prestressed Nano-Concrete Highway Bridge.

In order to solve the problem of vehicle-bridge coupling vibration of a continuous semisteel bridge, the main bridge type of long-span prestressed concrete girder bridge, the author proposes a bridge safety test system based on the dynamic and static load test. The system combines the change of stress and deflection with the vibration amplitude of the bridge body, and using the modeling assistant in large-scale finite element software MIDAS/CIVIL, a three-dimensional finite element real bridge model is established, including input of section data, the input of boundary conditions, and the input of loads. The result obtained is as follows: the structural verification coefficient of the control strain of the main girder under each working condition is not greater than 1.0, indicating that the flexural rigidity of the structure meets the design requirements. In addition, under each working condition, the ratio of the residual strain after unloading to the measured total strain is less than 20%. Under each working condition, the deflection calibration coefficient of each control section is less than 1.0, and the ratio of residual deflection to total deflection of each measuring point is at most 3.9%; each residual deflection is small. The damping ratios are all less than 5% of the empirical damping ratio of concrete members, indicating that the bridge structure is in good condition. The result obtained by the author is compared with the standard allowable value and the theoretical calculation value, so as to provide a basis for the study of the bearing capacity of similar bridges and to verify the standardization and rationality of the existing bridge structural design.

Numerical Analysis of the Influence of Prestressed Steel Wires on Vehicle-Bridge Coupling Vibration of Simply Supported Beams on High-Speed Railway

By the theory of vehicle-bridge coupled vibration analysis in railways, the dynamic analysis model for space of the train-track-bridge-steel wires coupled system was established. Moreover, a corresponding program was compiled based on the train-track-bridge-steel wires coupling vibration analysis method. Taking a 32 m simple beam which is in high-speed railways as the subject of study, the influence of effective prestress, steel wires eccentricity and vehicle speed on the dynamic response of the vehicle-bridge coupled vibration was analysed. The results show that the bridge dynamic response is remarkably influenced by prestressed steel wires. With the prestress increasing, the crest of the vertical dynamic response at the midspan decreased first, then increased. Moreover, the minimum peak value appeared when the prestress was 1300 MPa. When the steel wires were deflected downward relative to the design position, the vertical displacement of the bridge decreased by more than when the downshift occurred. The extreme values of the bridge lateral dynamic response and the train body acceleration response appeared when the train ran at 300 km/h. Prestressed steel wires had little effect on the dynamic response in the transverse direction of the bridge and train body.

Research on the Mechanism and Control Characteristics of Vehicle-Track Beam Coupling Vibration for Medium-Speed Maglev Vehicle

In the maglev transportation system, the track beam may vibrate under the dynamic levitation force of the maglev vehicle due to its own elastic characteristics, which may cause the vehicle to vibrate. At present, the general method of suppressing vibration is to improve the stiffness, density, damping of the bridge, and the accuracy of track installation, which will result in higher construction costs. In this article, the simulation analysis of the vehicle-rail coupling vibration is carried out from the perspective of suspension control characteristics. Through theoretical derivation, a mathematical model is established, and the mechanism of the vehicle-bridge coupling system vibration is analyzed through simulation. The internal influence of the main parameters of the controller on the system vibration is discussed. Theoretical analysis and simulation research show that the mismatch between the structural parameters of the track beam and the controller parameters will cause coupled vibration, while adjusting the parameters to match the track beam structure can suppress vibration to a certain extent. Taking the 25-m simply supported beam of Changsha Maglev Express as the research object, the vehicle-bridge coupled vibration characteristics test under 75–140-km/h operating speed is carried out, and the dynamic response of the vehicle and the bridge frame is obtained. Dynamic experiments show that proper controller parameters can maintain a stable suspension of the vehicle. This research provides theoretical and experimental references for vehicle-track coupled vibration suppression and maglev transportation system optimization.

Research on the Dynamic Response of a Continuous Steel Box Girder Bridge Based on the ANSYS Platform

Under the action of various dynamic loads, bridges will experience large deflections and stress. When the situation is difficult, it will affect the regular use of the bridge and even cause it to collapse suddenly. This article generated a sample of road surface irregularities based on the Chinese national standard. An ANSYS model was used to create the vehicle–bridge coupling model. In order to meet the actual engineering calculations, an essential but valuable analytical approach is presented here. The node coupling method established the time-varying vehicle axle coupling system. The moving tire force was applied to the axle coupling system. The ANSYS parametric design language was adopted to realize the process of the vehicle approach and exit of the bridge. Combined with the actual data of dynamic and static load experiments, the model’s accuracy was verified. The influence of different vehicle driving speeds, road irregularities, vehicle driving position, and vehicle driving state are analyzed in this paper. The vehicle speed had no significant influence on the displacement time-history and the force of the middle wheel of the vehicle at a specific driving position. The pavement grade significantly influenced the bridge’s displacement time-history and acceleration spectrum.

An analysis method of vehicle–bridge coupling vibration considering effects of expansion joint parameters and its application

An analysis method of vehicle–bridge coupling vibration considering effects of expansion joint parameters and its application

Effect of steel fiber distribution on the mechanical properties of UHPC caused by vehicle-bridge coupling vibration

With the acceleration of infrastructure construction, the risk of being exposed to vehicle-bridge coupling vibration is getting more common for the unhardened cementitious materials, which also intensifies the stress on the concrete and leads to the presence of micro-cracks at early age. In order to simulate vehicle-bridge coupling vibration in the actual construction sites, the properties and microstructure evolution of ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) were evaluated systematically by fixing the specimens on an electric vibration table immediately after casting. The vibration parameters considered in this work involve the frequency and the amplitude according to the in-site monitor data. The heterogeneous distribution of air voids and steel fiber was determined by X-CT on cylindrical specimens with diameter of 70 mm and height of 100 mm quantitatively. In the early hydration, the position and distribution of steel fibers in the UHPC matrix could be able to move freely, which has significant impact on the mechanical properties. The compressive strength and drying shrinkage of UHPC specimens gradually increase with increasing the amplitude and frequency. However, a large amplitude and frequency would be detriment to the flexural and tensile strength due to changes in the angle and spatial distribution of steel fiber although the total porosity only varies slightly. Increasing amplitude and frequency promotes the presence of coarser air bubble and reduction of steel fibers inclination angle. This study is helpful for the design and application of UHPC in the actual construction sites, which could avoid the material failure during construction.

A new type of aerodynamic measurement technology for vehicle model running on bridge under crosswind in wind tunnel test

The existing moving vehicle models generally require a long test-track to realize the acceleration and deceleration processes and the negative effect of data cables is inevitably for the wind pressure measurement using the traditional pressure scanning system. To address the technical obstacle for moving vehicle models in wind tunnel tests, a new type of aerodynamic measurement technology is presented in this study. Firstly, a piece of new kinetic equipment, a U-Shaped launching ramp, is proposed. The U-Shaped launching ramp can realize the acceleration and deceleration of the vehicle model by gravity and makes full use of the test section of the wind tunnel. Then, a wireless pressure acquisition system is developed to virtually eliminate the negative effects of the inertia and friction forces. By comparing with the conventional wind pressure test data, the proposed wireless pressure acquisition system presents a higher accuracy and fully satisfies the test requirement for the moving vehicle-bridge system. From the scaled test, it is confirmed that the aerodynamic forces of the moving vehicle model are larger than that of the static one, implying that the moving test is necessary for studying the aerodynamic characteristics of the vehicle-bridge coupling system.

Vibration analysis of the continuous beam bridge considering the action of jump impacting

In the existing vehicle-bridge coupling vibration analysis, the vehicle model was mostly coupled with the bridge node by interpolation methodology, therefore, it was difficult to accurately consider the bridge vibration response under the condition of vehicle-bridge separation. In order to further study the effect of vehicle jumping impact on the vehicle-bridge coupling vibration system, a model which can describe the vehicle jumping impact process is established based on a designed integrated simulation platform with the interface contact algorithm. The effects of jumping impact on wheel contact force and bridge vibration displacement response were studied under two parameters including jumping height and vehicle speed. The simulation results show that the vehicle-bridge coupling vibration considering the action of the vehicle jump impacting can be effectively analyzed and the wheel contact forces/displacements are significantly affected by the jumping height.

The coupled vibration of train and bridge as high-speed trains meet in crosswind

PurposeThis paper aims to study the influence of aerodynamics force of trains passing each other on the dynamic response of vehicle bridge coupling system based on numerical simulation and multi-body dynamics and put forward the speed threshold for safe running of train under different crosswind speeds.Design/methodology/approachThe computational fluid dynamics method is adopted to simulate the aerodynamic force in the whole process of train passing each other by using dynamic grid technology. The dynamic model of vehicle-bridge coupling system is established considering the effects of aerodynamic force of train passing each other under crosswind, the dynamic response of train intersection on the bridge under crosswind is computed and the running safety of the train is evaluated.FindingsThe aerodynamic force of trains' intersection has little effects on the derailment factor, lateral wheel-rail force and vertical acceleration of train, but it increases the offload factor of train and significantly increases the lateral acceleration of train. The crosswind has a significant effect on increasing the derailment factor, lateral wheel-rail force and offload factor of train. The offload factor of train is the key factor to control the threshold of train speed. The impact of the aerodynamic force of trains' intersection on running safety cannot be ignored. When the extreme values of crosswind wind speed are 15 m·s−1, 20 m·s−1 and 25 m·s−1, respectively, the corresponding speed thresholds for safe running of train are 350 km·h−1, 275 km·h−1 and 200 km·h−1, respectively.Originality/valueThe research can provide a more precise numerical method to study the running safety of high-speed trains under the aerodynamic effect of trains passing each other on bridge in crosswind.

Fatigue Behavior of Heavy-Haul Railway Prestressed Concrete Beams Based on Vehicle-Bridge Coupling Vibration.

Due to the demand for increasing trainload and enhancing some existing heavy-haul railways, the low reserve value of bearing capacity is a problem for the 32 m-span simply supported beam. The fatigue behavior of prestressed concrete beams in a heavy-haul railway loaded by 33 t and larger axle weight of trains was experimentally investigated. The experimental results of the fatigue behaviors, including fatigue deformation, crack propagation behavior, and strains of classical materials were obtained and analyzed. A fatigue behavior assessment model was established to investigate the residual stiffness and yield point degradation of the beams loaded by the trainload. The effects of train fatigue cycles and prestress loss on the residual stiffness and yield point degradation models of the beams were analyzed. The results indicated that the crack development process had three stages during the fatigue process: the derivative stage, gradual development stage, and fatigue failure stage. Trainload was the main external factor influencing the fatigue behavior of prestressed concrete beams. The increase in trainload accelerated the degradation rate of the residual stiffness of the beams and yield point, reducing the fatigue life. The prestressing strand was primarily used to delay the concrete cracking in the tension zone. When the beam was not cracked, the prestressed concrete beam showed good fatigue performance, and the degree of prestressing did not affect the fatigue life of the beams. When the maximum fatigue load exceeded the cracking load of the beam, prestress loss in beams became a critical issue that accelerated the degradation rate of fatigue strength and reduced fatigue life. The higher the fatigue damage degree, the more pronounced the effect of prestress loss on the fatigue strength of the beams. The fatigue failure of prestressed concrete beams occurred in the bottom tensile steel bar. Therefore, when the trainload of a heavy-haul railway is greater than the cracking load of the beam, it is recommended to strengthen the beam by prestressing and strictly control the trainload to avoid yield failure.

Damage Detection of Continuous Beam Bridge Based on Maximum Successful Approximation Approach of Wavelet Coefficients of Vehicle Response

In view of problems such as closed traffic, the large number of sensors required, and the labor-intensive and time-consuming nature of previous bridge detection, this paper analyzes the dynamic response of the vehicle body of the continuous girder bridge under the action of vehicle load. Based on theoretical analysis and formula derivation, a new method of bridge damage detection based on coupled vehicle–bridge vibration is conceived. This method can accurately identify the location of bridge damage and approximately estimate the degree of bridge damage. The method is as follows: Taking the continuous beam bridge as an example, first, use the tractor inspection vehicle model to drive over the continuous beam bridge before and after the damage, and collect the acceleration response of the vehicle body. Then, the acceleration response difference is transformed by wavelet transform. Furthermore, perform the innovative use of the maximum successive approximation approach to process wavelet transform coefficients, which can identify the location of the bridge damage. Additionally, study the impact of vehicle speed, vehicle weight, road surface roughness, and noise on this damage detection method. In addition, a method for judging bridge damage degree based on wavelet transform coefficients is proposed, and the judgment error basically meets the requirements.

Development of the Dynamic Response of Curved Bridge Deck Pavement Under Vehicle–Bridge Interactions

Curved bridge is commonly used in highway viaducts and overpass, on which deck pavement plays a crucial role in dispersing wheel load and providing level driving surface. Due to the influence of geometric nonlinearity of curved bridge and vehicle–bridge coupling vibration, curved bridge deck pavement (BDP) is subjected to a complex mechanical state. To study the dynamic response of the curved BDP under complex vehicle–bridge interaction (VBI) condition, this paper proposes an original dynamic analysis scheme. The BDP and bridge structure are simulated by the finite element method and the vehicle is simulated as a multi-body system (MBS); together they are integrated into a coupled system model. The numerical results are consistent with the experimental data. The dynamic responses of the proposed scheme are about 10–20% larger than those of moving constant forces, which indicates that the vehicle–bridge coupling vibration should be considered in the dynamic analysis of BDP. The parametric study shows that the vehicle weight can aggravate the response of the BDP; however, the effect of the vehicle speed on the deck pavement response and impact factor is not obvious. As road roughness classification and tire stiffness increase, the dynamic curve fluctuation of BDP is more obvious and the amplitude is larger. Through parameter sensitivity analysis, it can be concluded that vehicle weight has the greatest effect on the dynamic behavior of BDP, followed by vehicle speed and roughness, and tire stiffness has the least impact.

Recursive Predictive Optimal Control Algorithm for Real-Time Hybrid Simulation of Vehicle–Bridge Coupling System

Real-time hybrid simulation (RTHS) is recently applied to study the vibration of the vehicle–bridge coupling system, where bridges and the vehicle are the numerical and experimental substructures respectively. Inevitable time delay of the boundary loading imposed to the experimental substructure will greatly affect the accuracy and stability of RTHS. To minimize the time delay effects, this paper proposes a recursive prediction optimal (RPO) compensator based on optimal control and recursive least squares. The numerical simulation of the RTHS of the vehicle–bridge coupling system is conducted using MATLAB/Simulink. The performance of the RPO method is compared with three traditional time delay compensation methods (i.e. the polynomial extrapolation (NI), the inverse compensation (IC) and the derivative feedforward (DF)) through both open-loop and RTHS simulations. The RPO method shows the best compensation performance in the frequency range up to 20[Formula: see text]Hz.

Dynamic responses of the rail vehicle-bridge coupling system considering the spanwise correlation functions in vehicle aerodynamic forces

For rail vehicles, the spanwise correlation of aerodynamic forces acting on a single car is usually overlooked. To investigate the effects of spanwise correlation functions on the dynamic responses of the rail vehicle-bridge coupling system, firstly, the forms of spanwise correlation functions in the aerodynamic forces of a running vehicle, which are associated with the longitudinal and vertical fluctuating wind speeds, were proposed. Secondly, the spectra of buffeting forces acting on the running vehicle considering those spanwise correlation functions were obtained. Thirdly, a rail vehicle-bridge coupling system was established by using the commercial software SIMPACK, and a single car running on a typical high-speed railway bridge was taken as an example. Again, the effects of artificial discrete wind fields on the dynamic responses of the vehicle and bridge were investigated. Finally, the effects of the above spanwise correlation functions on the dynamic responses of the rail vehicle-bridge coupling system were compared under the cases of different vehicle speeds and wind speeds. The results show that different discrete time intervals can exert significant effects on the vehicle responses, and the discrete time interval of 0.05 s can be used for analysis in the wind-rail vehicle-bridge coupling system. With the increase of vehicle speed, the values of vehicle and bridge responses considering the spanwise correlation functions tend to be close to those without considering the spanwise correlation functions. However, as the wind speed increases, the values of vehicle and bridge responses generally tend to show greater differences in the presence and absence of spanwise correlation functions. At different vehicle speeds or wind speeds, the spanwise correlation functions have significant effects on the RMSs of vehicle accelerations and bridge lateral acceleration, but they have little effects on the bridge vertical acceleration.

Numerical analysis of vehicle-bridge coupling vibration concerning nonlinear stress-dependent damping

Numerical analysis of vehicle-bridge coupling vibration concerning nonlinear stress-dependent damping

Damage Identification Method for Medium- and Small-Span Bridges Based on Macro-Strain Data under Vehicle-Bridge Coupling.

The damage identification method based on macro-strain modality has shown good results for large-span flexible bridges. However, medium- and small-span bridges have a high stiffness, and the axle system is embodied. The strong time-varying vibration characteristics, coupled with the non-stationary characteristics of vehicle loads, make it difficult to accurately determine the stable strain modes of such bridges. To solve this problem, a damage localization index in the form of an amplitude vector matrix of the mutual energy density spectrum based on macro-strain was constructed using wavelet transform de-noising and reconstruction technology and cross-correlation function. The macro-static strain and macro-dynamic strain data obtained from a vehicle–bridge coupling experiment were reconstructed through wavelet transform, and the factors influencing the damage indices were analyzed. The results showed that the proposed indicators could help realize an accurate damage localization for medium- and small-span bridge systems with different damage degrees under the action of vehicle–bridge coupling.

Random analysis of coupled vehicle–bridge systems with local nonlinearities based on explicit time-domain method

Based on the explicit time-domain method, an efficient analysis algorithm is developed for the random vibration analysis of the coupled vehicle–bridge system with local nonlinear components. In this work, the coupled vehicle–bridge system is divided into two subsystems, including the linear bridge subsystem and the nonlinear vehicle subsystem. Firstly, using the equivalent linearization technique, the equivalent linearized subsystem is constructed for the vehicle subsystem with the hysteretic suspension spring at a given time instant. Then, the explicit expressions of the responses of the linearized vehicle subsystem and the linear bridge subsystem are constructed corresponding to contact forces, respectively. Further, the explicit expression of the contact forces is derived in consideration of the compatibility condition. Lastly, the dimension-reduction vibration analysis for the equivalent linearized coupled vehicle–bridge system can be carried out based on the explicit time-domain method. The numerical example about a coupled vehicle–bridge system under the random irregular excitation is investigated, and the results indicate that the proposed approach is of feasibility.