Vegetative Growth Characteristics Research Articles

Effect of Planting Date and Spraying with Nutrients Containing Amino Acids in the Growth and Production of Dry Onions and the Production of its Seeds

The field experiment was conducted during the agricultural season 2021-2022 at the research station of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering / University of Diyala in order to study the effect of planting date and spraying with nutrients containing amino acids on the growth and production of dry onions and the production of its seeds. The experiment included two factors, the first planting date: 1/12, 21/12, 7/1 and 1/2, and the second factor was spraying with nutrients containing amino acids, namely: without spraying, spraying with Tecamin Max and spraying with Ascophila. And spray with Amino Quelant-K. The experiment included sixteen treatments with three replications, so the total experimental units became forty-eight experimental units. The split plot design (R.C.B.D) was used, and the results were analyzed statistically using the SAS statistical program, and the results were compared using Duncan’s multiple test at the probability level of 0.05. The results showed the superiority of the plants grown in the first date (1/12) in the characteristics of vegetative growth represented by plant height (76.69 cm) and the number of tubular leaves (14.30 leaf−1), compared to date 1/2, which reached 42.17 cm, and 8.27 leaf−1, respectively. The same treatment also excelled in yield characteristics, represented by the average bulb weight (90.57 gm) and the total yield of bulbs (35.29 tons ha−1), compared to date 1/2, which amounted to 51.58 g and 19.92 tons ha−1, respectively. The same treatment also excelled in the characteristics of the seed yield represented by the seed yield of one plant (5.05 g) and the total seed yield (2055.7 kg ha−1), compared to date 1/2, which amounted to 2.83 g and 1106.8 kg ha−1, respectively. As for spraying with amino nutrients, the results showed that there was a significant superiority when spraying with the amino nutrient Tecamin Max in the vegetative growth characteristics represented by plant height (73.32 cm) and the number of tubular leaves (13.75 leaf−1), compared to 54.42 cm and 9.72 leaf−1, respectively. It also excelled in yield characteristics represented by the average bulb weight (84.17 gm) and the total yield of bulbs (32.85 ton ha−1), compared to a comparison whose values were low to 60.07 gm and 23.40 ton ha−1, respectively. It also excelled in the characteristics of the seed yield, represented by the seed yield of one plant (5.07 g) and the total seed yield (2060.7 kg ha−1), compared to 3.10 g and 1212.3 kg ha−1, respectively. The effect of the interaction between planting date 1/12 and the amino nutrient Tecamin Max on the characteristics of vegetative growth, as the interaction gave a significant increase in plant height (87.26 cm) and the number of tubular leaves (16.70 leaf plant−1) compared to the date 1/2 with the comparison treatment, which amounted to 37.87 cm and 7.30 leaf in order, as well as the effect of the interaction between the sowing date 1/12 and the amino nutrient Tecamin Max on yield characteristics, as the interaction gave a significant increase in the average bulb weight (105.0 g) and the total yield of bulbs (40.67 tons ha−1) compared to the date 1/2 with the comparison treatment, which amounted to 50 g and 18.96 tons ha−1, respectively. The same treatment also outperformed the seed yield of one plant (6.12 g) and the total seed yield (2692.8 kg ha−1), compared to the date 1/2 with the comparison treatment, which amounted to 2.56 g and 1001.2 kg ha−1, respectively.

Response of Vegetative Growth Traits of Several Soybean Cultivars to Spraying with the Growth Regulator Triacontanol (TRIA)

A field experiment was carried out in the fields of a farmer in the (Al-Boouda) area of Al-Karmah district - Al-Anbar Governorate during the summer season of 2022, to study the effect of spraying with several concentrations of the growth regulator (triacontanol) on the vegetative growth characters of soybean cultivars. The experiment was carried out in split plots arrangement, according to the RCBD design, with three replications. Four concentrations of growth regulator TRIA (0, 40, 50, 60) mg L−1 were allocated to the main plots, while three cultivars of soybean (Lee, Shama, Se-220) were allocated to the sub-plots. The result indicates that the Lee cultivar outperformed in most of the vegetative growth characters over the rest of the other cultivars such as the number of branches (6.91 branches Plant−1), plant height (98.08 cm), leaf area (38.62 cm2 Plant−1) and leaf area index (2.05). While the cultivar Shama was earlier to reached the stage of beginning flowering, and it took the least number of 57.00 days, compared to other cultivars. Whereas the cultivar Se-220 outperformed with highest mean of chlorophyll index in the leaves, reaching 37.43 spad. The results showed that the treatments sprayed with a growth regulator at a high concentration (60 mg L−1) were superior in most of the studied growth characteristics, and their average number of branches was (7.40 branches Plant−1), plant height (110.0 cm), and leaf area and leaf area index (44.87 cm2 Plant−1 and 2.38) respectively, and it needed the least number of days to reach the stage of the beginning of flowering at 58.33 days compared to the other concentrations. The results also indicated that the interaction between the study factors had a significant effect on most of the vegetative growth characters, where the Lee cultivar plant sprayed with a concentration of (60 mg L−1) of the growth regulator achieved the highest averages for several characters, including number of branches, plant height, and leaf area, while the two-way interaction did not affect significantly the number of days from planting to the beginning of flowering and the leaf area index.

The Effect of Planting Distances and Foliar Fertilization with Zinc on the Vegetative Growth Characteristics of Soybean Crop

To investigate the impact of planting distance and zinc foliar fertilization on soybean growth, a field experiment was conducted in the summer of 2022 at the Hamidiyah research station of the College of Agriculture at the University of Anbar. The experiment was set up in a Split Plot R.C.B.D with three replicates. Four concentrations of zinc (0, 25, 50 and 75 mg Zn l−1), allocated to the main plots, whereas the planting distances (7, 14, 21, and 28 cm) between plants were allocated to the sub-plots which gave plant densities of 190,000, 95555, 63333 and 47777 plants ha−1, respectively. The planting distances between plants significantly affected the vegetative growth characteristics, as the distance of 7 cm (high density) was outperformed in plant height (116.11 cm) and the height of the first pod from the soil surface (29.25 cm). While the distance of 28 cm (low density) recorded the highest average for number of branches (8.67 branch plant−1), leaf area (53.66 dm2 plant−1), chlorophyll content of leaves (5.29 mg g−1 fresh weight), and the dry weight of the plant (410 g plant−1). With regards to plant development, a 75 mg L−1 zinc solution was the most effective. Plant height (106.78 cm), number of branches (8.67 branch plant−1), leaf area (5836 dm2 plant−1), chlorophyll content (5.06 mg gm−1 fresh weight), first height Pod from the surface of the earth (30.46 cm), and dry weight were the best averages (455.8 g plant−1). The plant’s height and the height of the first pod above the surface of the soil interacted significantly with a concentration of 75 mg L−1 at a distance of 7 cm, while the highest mean for the plant’s number of branches, leaf area, chlorophyll content, and dry weight was found at a distance of 28 cm under the same conditions.

Effect of Treatment with Growth Regulators Gibberellic Acid and CPPU on some Vegetative Traits and Yield of Three Potato Cultivars Solanum tuberesom L.

The experiment was conducted in the fields of the College of Agriculture / University of Tikrit for the spring season 2019 within an area with longitude (43.35 degrees east of Greenwich) and latitude (34.27 degrees north of the equator), to study the effect of treating potato tubers by soaking with gibberellin before planting and spraying with growth regulator CPPU with three levels for each of which (0, 5, 10) mg L−1 in some vegetative growth characteristics and yield characteristics, quantity and quality of three potato cultivars of class A (Barcelona, Laperla, Montreal). The experiment was implemented using split-split plot design within a design Random complete plots (R.C.B.D) and with three replications, the cultivars were placed in the main plot, dipping with gibberellin in the sub-plot, and spraying with CPPU in the sub-sub plot. The results shows that dipping with gibberellin makes significant differences in the leaves number and percentage of seeding that gave (158.98 plant leaf−1 and 7.21%) respectively. As for spraying with CPPU, it was superior in terms of the leaves number, the number of unmarketable tubers, the percentage of seedig and the percentage of protein, and the values were given (157.39 Plant leaf−1, 2.88 Tuber plant−1, 7.24%, and 6.59%) respectively. As for cultivars, the cultivar Laperla excelled in the following characteristics (the leaves number, the ratio of root weight to the weight of vegetative growth, and the percentage of seeding at harvest). The values were (203.05 plant leaf−1, 31.70%, and 5.59%), respectively. As for the double and triple interactions between the treatments, the increase was significant for all the traits taken for the study.

Determination of Enzyme Activity and Vitamin Content of Moringa Oleifera Lam. in Response to Glutathione and Biofertilizer under Water Stress

The study was carried out in the canopy belongs to the Horticulture and Landscape Department - College of Agriculture - University of Kerbala in pots with a capacity of 28 kg during the spring growing season 2021 to know the effect of spraying with glutathione, biofertilizer (Algacell) under different water stress levels on the effectiveness of some enzymes and the content of some vitamins of Moringa Oleifera plant. The study was designed as a factorial experiment according to the randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D), as the study included three factors: glutathione with three concentrations (0, 100, 200) mg.L−1 and biofertilizer (Algacell) at two levels (0 and 10) ml. L−1 and water stress with three levels of field capacity (60%, 50%, 40%), and the averages were compared using Dunkin’s multinomial test at a probability level of 0.05. Most of the vegetative growth characteristics were the spraying treatment at a concentration of 200 ml. L−1 achieved the highest rates in terms of (the activity of the enzyme catalase, the activity of the dismutase enzyme, the activity of the peroxidase enzyme, the concentration of ascorbic acid), which reached (2.75%, 28.622%, 6.005 mg.gm−1, 7.561%, 0.377 units.gm−1, 11.777 gm−1, 0.990 gm−1, 275.444 mg.gm−1), respectively, followed by the spray treatment with a concentration of 100 ml. L−1, while the comparison treatment recorded fewer concentrations, while the bio-fertilizer (Algacell) did not achieve a significant difference in all the studied traits, while the water stress treatment excelled at the level of 40% of the field capacity in the traits (the activity of the catalase enzyme, the activity of the dismutase enzyme, the activity of the peroxidase enzyme, the concentration of ascorbic acid, the concentration of α-Tocopherol) which gave respectively (0.446 gm−1, 13.222 gm−1, 1.133 gm−1, 294.167 mg.gm−1, 257.83 μg.gm−1), and the effect of the double and triple interaction between the treatments was similar to their single effects in improving most of the studied traits.

The role of silicon and salt stress in some vegetative traits and mineral content of mint plant Mentha piperita L.

The experiment was carried out during agricultural season 2021, to study the effect of adding two types of silicon on the vegetative growth characteristics and mineral content of mint plant grown under the salt stress. The experiment was designed using Randomized Complete Block Design RCBD as a factorial experiment with two factors and three replicates, each replicate contains 9 experimental units, each unit consists 3 pots. The first factor included adding two types of silicon oxide as well as the comparison (S0 control, S1 nano-silicon, and S2 normal silicon); the second factor is salt stress included adding pure NaCl in three concentrations, (N0 0 g L-1, N1 0.45 g L-1and N2 1.45 g L-1). The results of study showed that there are significant differences caused by the experiment factors in number of lateral branches, number of leaves, and total leaf area, as the treatment S2N2 outperformed significantly with highest value of branches number, leaves number, and total leaves area which were 8.60 branches plant-1, 286.80 leaves plant-1, 1211.5 cm2 plant-1 respectively compared with control S0N0 which gave the lowest values; 7.10 branches plant-1, 182.90 leaves plant-1, 643.3 cm2 plant-1 for the same traits. S2N0 treatment was significantly superior in mineral content of NPK in leaves and gave the highest percentages of N 3.30%, P 0.5550%, K 1.96% compared with S0N2 treatment with the lowest percentages of N 2.90%, P 0.4283%, K 1.81%.

Response of Maize to Spraying Phosphorus and Seaweed under the Conservation Agriculture System

A field experiment was conducted during the fall season 2022 to study the Conservation agriculure system and the role of Treatment foliar sprays (phosphorus and seaweed) in improve growth and productivity of maize. The Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) within the order of split plots including three replicates was used. The experiment included two levels of Conservation agriculture (Zero Tillage or Tillage) symbolized by T0, T1, that represented the main plots, while the subplots included the foliar spray six mixtures of liquid phosphorus and seaweed: without spray (control), Full recommendation of di ammonium phosphate (DAP) symbolized (P1), Half-recommended di ammonium phosphate (DAP), with spraying liquid phosphorous at concentration of 100 ml/L symbolized (P2), Half-recommended di ammonium phosphate (DAP) with spraying liquid phosphorous at concentration of 200 ml/L symbolized (P3), Half recommended di ammonium phosphate (DAP) with spraying liquid phosphorus at concentration of 100 ml/L with seaweed at concentration of 50 ml/L symbolized (P4), and Half-recommended di ammonium phosphate (DAP) with liquid full-recommendation with 200 ml/L of with seaweed at concentration of 100 ml/L symbolized (P5). Results showed, Conservation agriculture negatively affected the vegetative growth characteristics, reduced Plant height and Leafy area, Crop growth rate Also, the characteristics of productivity were negatively affected, and the 500-Grains weight, decreased gave 77.81(g), and the Grain yield 3.18 (Mega ha). Foliar spraying improved and increased the growth characteristics and productivity of Maize, gave higher treatment (P5) for plant height and leaf area as well as the highest productivity. Conclude Conservation agriculture of Maize did not succeed in central Iraq and affected negatively in reducing the growth and productivity characteristics, and that foliar spraying led to improving and increasing the growth and productivity of Maize.

Effect of adding Nano-NPK fertilizer and humic acid on some vegetative growth characteristics and active components of Myrtle Myrtus communis L.

The current study was conducted during the 2019–2020 growing season in Dhi-Qar University's Alsaran Canopy. Nano fertilizer was used to test the effects of adding Nano- 1 macro elements NPK at three concentrations (0, 30,60) mg l-1 on some growth characteristics of Myrtle plant, Myrtus communis, Three replicates of the experiment were used in the RCBD design. Important Difference Test at 0.05 probability. Results appear that The Nano fertilizer is 60mg l-1 significantly increased the average plant height, stem diameter, leaf area, chlorophyll and carbohydrates leaf content, and percentage of oil, fresh weight. The concentration of humic acid Significantly increasing plant height, branch count, stem diameter, chlorophyll content, carbohydrates, and the highest percentage of oil. It recorded an average of (87.44 cm, 12.13 mm, 10.56 branches). 2, 105.44 mg.100 g fresh weight, 82.00 g. dry matter and 0.51%, respectively, while H1 treatment excelled with the largest leaf surface area of8.79 cm2.The interaction treatment H2N1 was superior to the control treatment H0N0 and the rest of the treatments in the study regarding plant height, stem diameter and leaf area, while H2N2 was superior in fruit content of chlorophyll and carbohydrates.

Reducing Deep Percolation Losses Using a Geotextile Layer at Different Soil Depths and Irrigation Levels for Lettuce Crop (Lactuca sativa L. var. capitata) (Limor)

Due to rising food demand and the limitation of water resources, achieving water security is essential. The lettuce crop is affected when grown under limited water supplies as it produces small heads, especially during the late growing stage. For this reason, it is important to maximize water use efficiency and crop productivity. Two successive experiments were conducted during 2021 and 2022 to reduce losses via deep percolation using a geotextile layer at different soil depths under different irrigation levels of the lettuce crop (Lactuca sativa L. var. capitata). This study aims to reduce water losses due to deep percolation and improve crop growth and yield parameters for iceberg lettuce under subsurface drip irrigation in sandy loam soil conditions. In order to achieve these aims, different amounts of irrigation (100, 80, and 60% of crop evapotranspiration “ETc”) and a geotextile layer at different soil depths (20, 30, and 40 cm from the soil surface) were used. The results revealed that the use of a geotextile layer with 20 and 30 cm depths significantly improved irrigation application efficiency and noticeably increased soil water content in the root zone. The observed results during both seasons showed that geotextile layers at 20, 30, and 40 cm depths under irrigation of 100% ETc significantly increased vegetative growth characteristics (plant height, head diameter, head circumference, head volume, plant fresh weight, and leaf area) and crop productivity compared to the control (without geotextile). In particular, the geotextile layer at a 30 cm depth under irrigation of 100% of ETc was the most statistically effective treatment in this study, with yield values of 69.3 and 67.5 t ha−1 in the two seasons, respectively. However, the treatments of geotextile layers at 20 and 30 cm depths under irrigation of 80% of ETc also recorded statistically effective results for crop growth parameters and yield in this study. In general, geotextiles can be used at different depths as an irrigation management practice to reduce deep percolation in the field.

Effect of the ergostim and amino acids on vegetative growth characteristics and mineral content of hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)

The experiment was carried out in one of the unheated greenhouses at the research station of the College of Agriculture and Marshes / University of Thi Qar, Al-Mustafawiya during the season 2021-2022. To study the effect of spraying with Ergostim and amino acids on the vegetative growth characteristics and the mineral content of the hot pepper under protected cultivation, and the cultivation of the hybrid cultivar Barbarian, the experiment was carried out using a randomized complete block design and the experiment included two factor and three replications consisting of four concentrations of Ergostim (0 and 1, 2, and 3) ml L-1 and three concentrations of amino acids (0, 2, and 4) ml L-1 by using complete randomized block design with three replicates. The averages of the treatments were compared according to the Least Significant Differences (LSD) test at the probability level of 0.05. The results showed that spraying of the Ergostim nutrient solution on the leaves had a significant effect on increasing each of (plant height, leaf area, number of branches, and the percentage of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the leaves) at a concentration of (3 ml L-1), as rates were recorded 100.90 cm plant-1 ,133.01 dm2 plant-1, 11.24 branch plant-1, 12.99%, 2.32%, 1.08%, respectively. As for the amino acids, the concentration (4 ml L-1) achieved the highest levels in the above-mentioned traits. It reached 100.74 cm Plant-1 ,108.63 cm 2 Plant-1 ,10.26 cm branch plant -1, 12.93%, 2.28%, 1.03%, respectively.

Study on the vegetative growth characters of several Iraqi date palm cultivars

Study on the vegetative growth characters of several Iraqi date palm cultivars

Influence of plant covering with nonwoven agrotextile on the vegetative growth characteristics and yield of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.): A Slovenian case study

The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of cultivar and covering with nonwoven agrotextile on vegetative growth parameters and the productivity value of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.). A field experiment was conducted during the 2018 growing season, at the experimental field of the Biotechnical Faculty in Ljubljana (46° 04′ N latitude; 14° 31′ E longitude, 305 m above sea level). The soil was gravel clay with a pH of 6.7, and a soil depth of 40–60 cm. The research involved the following Slovenian cultivars of sweet potatoes: Lučka, Janja, and Martina. Distance between rows was 1.2 m, while in-row distance was 1.4 m. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with plots arranged factorially and replicated four times. The seedlings were planted on 20 May. A half of the plots were covered with polypropylene nonwoven textile (17 g/m2). The uncovered half of the plots served as control plots. The recommended cultural practices were performed as needed during the experiment. The temperature under the covers was on average 5.5 °C higher than in the unprotected area. The crops were harvested 132 days after planting. Covering significantly and positively affected vegetative growth – that is the height of the vines, leaf number, leaf area index, and haulm dry weight. In contrast, the nonwoven polypropylene cover had no significant effect on the number of branches per crop. The use of agrotextile significantly increased tuber length and diameter, tuber number, tuber weight, and total yield in comparison with traditional cultivation with no plant cover. Statistical analysis showed that cv. Janja had the significantly higher yield (7.49 t/ha) compared to cv. Lučka (6.68 t/ha) and cv. Martina (6.16 t/ha).

Effect of Organic Mulch and Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Yield of Tomato Plants

Net greenhouse experiment was conducted through the 2019/2020 and 2020/2021 seasons at Dokki protected cultivation experimental site, Central Laboratory for Agricultural Climate (CLAC), Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation to investigate applied two factors organic mulch i.e., (bagasse, compost, palm fibers, mushroom spent, sawdust and control), mycorrhizal inoculation (with and without) and their interaction on growth and productivity of tomato plants. The seedlings of tomato cv. Super strain B was transplanted on the 15th October 2019 and 2020. The experimental design was split plot with three replicates. Results indicated that applied compost mulch treatment, without mycorrhizal inoculation and their interaction enhanced all vegetative growth characteristics i.e., (plant height, number of leaves, number of shoots, stem diameter, fresh and dry weights of plant). Whereas, applied compost mulch treatment, with mycorrhizal inoculation and their interaction improved chemical content of (N, P and K) in leaves and increased average fruit weight and total yield/m2.

Effect of plastic roof and high tunnel on microclimate, physiology, vegetative growth and fruit characteristics of 'Santina' sweet cherry

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of plastic covers (roof and high tunnel) on microclimate, physiological response, vegetative growth, and physicochemical fruit characteristics of 'Santina' sweet cherry trees during two seasons. The study was conducted in a commercial orchard established in a Mediterranean climate in Chile. The covers reduced the incident solar radiation, generating a darker environment under the roof than under the high tunnel. At the upper tree level, the microclimate under both covers tended to be warmer and drier than in the open air; conversely, at the lower level, conditions under the roof were cooler and fresher than in the open air and high tunnel. These variations generated similar trends in thermal accumulation and environmental stress indicators in the two heights analyzed. Sweet cherry trees under both covers showed lower water stress in the first season, expressed as increased stomatal conductance and water potential compared to those grown in the open air; however, after harvest, stress was higher under both covers. Vegetative growth under the covers was affected only in one season. Fruit under the covers had slightly less intense color, and reduced firmness and titratable acidity: the differences were maintained after 30 days of storage in a modified atmosphere. Similarly, anthocyanin concentration in the fruit skin, total phenolic content, and antioxidant capacity in the edible fraction tended to be reduced. Fruit harvest was up to 29 days earlier in the high tunnels than in the open air. Considering that covers alter the physiological performance of the trees and fruit quality, adequate ventilation should be considered to avoid deteriorating the quality of the fruit and thus improve the crop's competitiveness in Chile's central zone.

Effect of Nitrogenous, Organic and Biological Fertilizers on some Vegetative and Qualitative Characteristics of Spinach Plant Spinacea oleracea L.

The experiment was conducted in the fields of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape / College of Agriculture / University of Karbala in Al-Hussainiya district of Karbala governorate during the autumn season 2021-2022 to study the response of some chemical and qualitative characteristics of spinach variety Viroflay, with 2 factors, the levels of nitrogen fertilizer (urea) represent the main plots and the sub plots the fertilization treatments of the secondary panels (Sub plot) and the experiment included 54 experimental units, and the differences were compared using the least significant difference test (L.S.D) at a probability level of 0.05. The results of the fertilizer addition (biological fertilizer + poultry manure) to the T6 treatment showed a significant superiority in the characteristics of vegetative growth, as it gave the highest rates and reached in plant height (23.71 cm. plant -1) And the average number of leaves (11.77 leaves. Plant-1) and the dry weight of the shoot (8.97 g. plant-1). The addition of nitrogen fertilizer (urea) when treated with N100% resulted in a significant superiority in the characteristics of vegetative growth, and the highest rates were in plant height (22.71 cm. Plant- 1) And the average number of leaves (10.89 leaves. Plant-1), and the dry weight of the shoot (10.23 g. plant-1), The same treatment had a significant effect on the chemical indicators, as it recorded a clear decrease in the content of nitrates and oxalates, which amounted to (110.0 mg g-1 and 81.20 mg g.100 ml) Plant respectively.

Effect of Organic Fertilizer Spraying from Various Sources and Agricultural Sulfur in the Growth and Harvest of Garlic

The field experiment was conducted during the season 2021-2022 in Baquba nursery affiliated to Diyala Agriculture Directorate. In order to study the effect of organic fertilizer and agricultural sulfur on the growth and yield of garlic, the study included two factors; The first is sulfur: without addition (control), agricultural sulfur, ground addition 75 kg ha-1, and spraying with liquid sulfur 2 ml L-1. The second factor was spraying with five types of organic fertilizers, namely: spraying with aqueous extract of sheep manure at a concentration of 100%, spraying with polyamine at a concentration of 2 g L-1, spraying with humic acid 1 ml L-1, and spraying with compost tea at a concentration of 100% in addition to a treatment without spraying (control treatment). The experiment included fifteen treatments and three replications, so the total of the experimental units became forty-five experimental units. A factorial experiment was applied in the split-cut system within the Randomized Complete Block Design (R.C.B.D). Results showed that spraying with liquid sulfur 2ml-1 (exceeds in all characteristics of vegetative growth and the yield The number of leaves (9.06 leaf.plant-1), the leaf area (7.56 dm2 plant-1) and the relative content of total chlorophyll (1.58 mg 100 g-1 fresh weight) and the number of lobes per head (39.63 clove. head-1) Head weight (75.27 gm head-1) and total yield (22.58 tons h-1) Measured by the low comparison treatment and gave the lowest values at 8.08 leaf plant-1 and 6.30 dcm2 plant-1, 1.32 mg 100 g-1 fresh weight and 35.86 clove head-1 and 59.25 g head-1 and 17.77 tons h-1 respectively. As regards spraying with organic fertilizer, the results show that the humic acid treatment (1 ml-1) was significantly higher than the control treatment in terms of the number of leaves (9.55 leaf plant-1) and leaf area (8.27 dcm2 plant-1) and relative content Number of cloves per head (42.05, head-weight (81.33gm) and total yield (24.39 ton.h-1). The results of control treatment were 7.42 leaf plant-1 and 4.72 dcm2 plant-1 and 1.00 mg 100 g-1 tender weight 31.85 clove head-1, 50.03 grams head-1 and 15.01 tons h-1, in order. The interaction between sul[hur liqid 2 ml L-1 and humic acid 1 ml L-1 had a significant effect on the leaf number per plant (10.33) leaf area (9.14 dcm2 plant-1) and relative content of total chlorophyll in leaves (1.95mg 100gm-1 fresh weight), cloves (45.66 clove head-1) and head weight (92.55gm head-1) and the total output of the heads (27.76 tons h1) compared to the comparative treatment of 7.20 leaf head-1, 4.39 dcm2 plant-1, 0.97 mg 100g-1 fresh weight, 31.58 clove head-1, 48.33 gm head-1 and 14.50 tons h.1 respectively.

Effect of Planting Date and Inorganic and Organic of Nitrogen on Growth and Yield of Kohlrabi (Brassica oleracea var. Gongylodes)

A field experiment was conducted on Kohlrabi (Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes) ‘White Vienna cv.’ at the Experimental Station of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape, College of Agriculture, Tikrit University, Salah al-Din, Iraq, during the winter season of 2021-2022 under drip irrigation system. This study aimed to investigate the effect of planting time and different combinations of nitrogen on the growth and yield of kohlrabi plants. Results showed that the first time of planting, 2/8 recorded the highest values in most characteristics of vegetative growth and all characteristics of yield. On the other hand, using a combination of nitrogen at 25% mineral + 75% organic improved plant growth and yield compared to different fertilizer combinations of nitrogen. Interaction treatment between the first time of planting 2/8 and a combination fertilizer of nitrogen at 25% mineral + 75% organic gave the best growth and increased total yield compared with other interaction treatments.

Effect of Irrigation Systems, Bio-Fertilizers and Polymers on some Growth Characteristics and Potato Production in Desert Soils, Karbala Governorate

Two field experiments were conducted during the spring season 2020 in Karbala governorate to study the effect of irrigation systems, irrigation intervals, biofertilizers and polymers on some characteristics of vegetative growth and potato production. The results showed that there were significant differences in the values of the average plant height due to the effect of the double interference between the irrigation system and the improvers, The height of potato plant under any irrigation system was superior when adding conditioners compared to the control treatment, as it reached 48.56, 58.00 and 64.33cm when adding polymer, biofertilizer, and polymers+ biofertilizers, respectively compared with the control treatment of 44.64cm in the surface drip irrigation system. While it was 51.74, 58.19 and 64.67cm in the treatments of adding polymer, biofertilizers and polymers+ biofertilizers, respectively, compared with the control treatment 41.51cm under the sprinkler irrigation system, Also, there were significant differences in the values of average root lengths as a result of the effect of the double interference between the irrigation system and the improvers, as the potato root lengths under any irrigation system excelled when adding the improvers compared to the control treatment, It reached 36.29, 41.94 and 49.37cm when adding polymer, biofertilizers and polymers+ biofertilizers, respectively, compared with the control treatment 31.28cm at surface drip irrigation system. While it was 35.94, 40.69 and 48.14cm when adding polymer, biofertilizer, and polymers + biofertilizer, respectively, compared with the control treatment of 30.33cm at the sprinkler irrigation system, There were significant differences in the values of the total yield as a result of the effect of the double interference between the irrigation system and the conditioners, as the total yield of potato tubers under the two irrigation systems exceeded when adding the improvers compared to the control treatment, It reached 25.31, 28.86 and 36.90 μg ha-1 when adding polymer, biofertilizers and polymers + biofertilizers, respectively, compared with the control treatment 17.21 μg ha-1 at the surface drip irrigation system.

Effect of Brassinolide and Chitosan on Vegetative Growth and some Qualitative Parameters of Local and Blood Orange Fruits. Citrus sinensis L.

The experiment was conducted on orange trees variety(Local orange and blood orange) Citrus sinensis L. for the season 2021, to study the effect of the variety and spraying with Brassinolide regulator at a concentration of 0.015, 0.025 mg L-1 and Chitosan 0.5%, 1% on some vegetative growth characteristics and qualitative characteristics of orange fruits. It was designed using a randomized complete block design, and the difference between the means was tested using the least significant difference test at the 5% probability level. The results showed the superiority of the variety factor, as the local variety (V1) achieved a significant increase in the area of one leaf and the content of leaves from chlorophyll and carbohydrates, while the blood variety (V2) was significantly superior in reducing the acidity of the fruit juice and increasing the content of the fruits of total sugars. Concerning spraying treatments, the spraying with Brassinolide BL2 at a concentration of 0.025 mg L−1 was superior in the area of one leaf, the content of leaves from chlorophyll and carbohydrates and the increase in the content of fruits from total sugars, and the treatment of spraying with Chitosan Ch2 at a concentration of 1% had a significant role in increasing the area of one leaf and Leaves of chlorophyll and carbohydrates.

Effect of Ground Addition of Seaweed Extract and NPK Fertilizer on the Vegetative Growth Characteristics of Aloe vera L.

To investigate the impact of ground application of seaweed extract and NPK fertilizer on some vegetative growth characteristics of Aloe vera, an experiment was conducted during the agricultural season (2021-2022) in the wooden canopy of the Department of Horticulture and Garden Engineering at the College of Agriculture / University of Karbala. The experiment had two factors: the addition of fertilizer to the neutralized NPK at three concentrations (4, 2, 0) g.L-1, and the employment of an environmentally friendly nutritional program by adding seaweed powder to the chemical program of adding NPK fertilizer neutralized 20:20:20 L-1. The following emerged from the experiment’s findings: (1) The ground addition of seaweed extract of the aloe vera plant led to a significant increase in all vegetative characteristics when treated T3 concentration (3 g. L-1) (plant height 32.11 cm, leaf thickness 10.93 mm, number of leaves 12.56 leaves plant-1, fresh weight 167.78 g, leaf dry weight 55.89 g). (2) The results showed that the addition of the neutral NPK fertilizer to the aloe vera plant at a concentration of (4 g / l-1) when treated, showed significant differences in all vegetative growth characteristics (plant height (30.60) cm ،the thickness of the leaf is 9.86 mm, the number of leaves is 12.11 leaves. Plant, the fresh weight is 158.00 g, the dry weight of the leaf is 52.53 g). (3)The binary interaction between the addition of seaweed extract and NPK fertilizer when the interaction T3N4 (4g/l-1 + 3 4g/l-1) showed significant differences in all vegetative characteristics of aloe vera plant، (Plant height 34.83 cm, leaf thickness 12.73 mm, number of leaves 15.00 leaf. Plant, fresh weight 174.33 gm, dry weight 58.07 gm.