Vegetable Oil Soybean Research Articles

GWAS and WGCNA Analysis Uncover Candidate Genes Associated with Oil Content in Soybean.

Soybean vegetable oil is an important source of the human diet. However, the analysis of the genetic mechanism leading to changes in soybean oil content is still incomplete. In this study, a total of 227 soybean materials were applied and analyzed by a genome-wide association study (GWAS). There are 44 quantitative trait nucleotides (QTNs) that were identified as associated with oil content. A total of six, four, and 34 significant QTN loci were identified in Xiangyang, Hulan, and Acheng, respectively. Of those, 26 QTNs overlapped with or were near the known oil content quantitative trait locus (QTL), and 18 new QTNs related to oil content were identified. A total of 594 genes were located near the peak single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) from three tested environments. These candidate genes exhibited significant enrichment in tropane, piperidine, and pyridine alkaloid biosynthesiss (ko00960), ABC transporters (ko02010), photosynthesis-antenna proteins (ko00196), and betalain biosynthesis (ko00965). Combined with the GWAS and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), four candidate genes (Glyma.18G300100, Glyma.11G221100, Glyma.13G343300, and Glyma.02G166100) that may regulate oil content were identified. In addition, Glyma.18G300100 was divided into two main haplotypes in the studied accessions. The oil content of haplotype 1 is significantly lower than that of haplotype 2. Our research findings provide a theoretical basis for improving the regulatory mechanism of soybean oil content.

Nano-Titanium Dioxide Filler Particles in Soybean Methyl Ester for an Improvement of Electrical Breakdown Strength of Soybean Vegetable Oil as a Transformer Oil Substitute

Power transformers use mineral oil as an insulating liquid due to its excellent dielectric properties. However, mineral oil is a non-renewable resource and is toxic to the environment when leaked. The purpose of this research is to examine vegetable oil containing nanotitanium dioxide as a substitute for mineral transformer oil. Vegetable insulating oils are environmentally benign and have good breakdown voltage (BV) and high ignition points that can decompose naturally in the event of a leak. Nevertheless, the high viscosity of vegetable oil slows down the flow rate in the transformer cooling. To overcome this problem, the process of transesterification was used to produce soybean methyl ester (SBME). SBME is used as an insulating liquid including composite filler of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles. Electrical breakdown voltage (BV) tests were performed following ASTM D1816 standards. Results demonstrated that SBME has a greater BV than natural soybean oil. Also, the addition TiO2 nanoparticles increases the BV of the SBME’s mixture. All cases of nanoparticle methyl ester (NPME) conducted in the experiments exhibited a BV higher than 28 kV which is well above the standard value.

Decomposition and gas production characteristics of vegetable insulating oil under thermal stress

Vegetable insulating oil, with advantages such as high safety and environmental friendliness, is a good substitute for traditional mineral oil. However, thermal failure is one of the important factors affecting the safe operation of oil-immersed electrical equipment. This study focuses on soybean vegetable oil as the research subject and establishes a simulation model for soybean insulating oil to investigate the influence of thermal stress at different temperatures ranging from 1000[Formula: see text]K to 2000[Formula: see text]K on system decomposition and gas generation characteristics. The results indicate that, under elevated temperatures, the decomposition of soybean vegetable insulating oil predominantly occurs through decarboxylation reactions, leading to the generation of CO2 and hydrocarbon radicals. The hydrocarbon radicals further decompose and react with other species, resulting in the formation of characteristic gases. It was observed that CO2 and C2H4 serve as stable thermal decomposition by-products. Increasing temperatures significantly enhance the generation rates of various characteristic products and broaden the variety of such products. For instance, H2 and CH4 are characteristic gases produced at different temperature ranges. Studying the decomposition and gas generation characteristics of vegetable insulating oil under thermal stress holds crucial significance for transformer design and operation.

Exploring the potential of naturally-derived ionic liquids for sustainable vegetable oil deacidification

This work investigated two different approaches for vegetable oil deacidification using an ionic liquid (IL), composed of cholinium cation ([Ch]) and oleate anion ([OLE]), as a solvent to form oligomeric ILs (OILs) potentially, and reactive extraction to form multicomponent ILs (MILs) from different acids. The OIL approach (adding an excess acid into the IL through hydrogen bonding) removed oleic acid (∼80%) from a commercial vegetable soybean oil, previously acidified, possibly due to high intermolecular interactions. Through MIL approach, the FFA removal was up to 85%. In this case, the MIL formation occurred concomitant to deacidification as a driving force. Both strategies were evaluated in crude vegetable oil, and the high removal indexes were maintained. Concerning the oil loss, the MIL and OIL approaches result in a significantly lower oil loss (up to 5%) than conventional chemical processes (up to 50%). Finally, envisioning integrated processes, MIL was reused in a new deacidification process, achieving good results (removal of FFA up to 85%). Alternatively, reused MILs and OILs were employed in the β-carotene and astaxanthin recovery from P. rhodozyma wet biomass, indicating that the obtained IL-based systems could be further used as green solvents for other sustainable extraction processes.

Potential Inhibitor of Adenylyl Sulfate Reductase Isolated from Desulfovibrio desulfuricans with PU/PU-Ag to Control Pitting Corrosion of Oil Tanks and Pipelines

Background and Aim: This study aims to alleviate the microbiologically affected corrosion that occurred by sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) through synthesizing a bio-based polyurethane polymer and its nanocomposite coating, silver nanoparticles (PU-Ag). Moreover, it will also evaluate the effect of PU alone and PU-Ag as inhibitors for adenylyl sulfate reductase (APS), the main enzyme for sulfate reduction. Methods: In this study, the PU was prepared from vegetable soybean oil, and the silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) with a concentration of 1% were coated to the PU forming a nanocomposite. The PU and the PU-Ag were characterized and evaluated as inhibitors of the APS reductase enzyme. Results: The results obtained from FTIR, UV, DLS, TEM, and XRD confirmed the preparation structure of the PU and PU-Ag. Furthermore, the PU/PU-Ag competitively inhibited the APS reductase with an inhibition constant equal to 35.7 and 11 mg, respectively. These indicated the exerted inhibitory effect of PU/PU-Ag upon the activity of the APS reductase enzyme. Conclusion: The APS reductase enzyme produced by SRB, which is recorded as a big problem in the oil and gas industry such as pitting corrosion of tanks and pipelines, could be inhibited by PU and PU-Ag.

PSXV-6 The effect of ultrafine iron particles on the adaptation of the digestive system of cattle to fat diets

Abstract The aim of our study was to determine the possibility of using ultrafine Fe particles (2.2 mg/head/day) as modulators of metabolic activity when using vegetable soybean and sunflower oils in ruminant diets. The studies carried out on calves with external duodenal anastomosis (diet – grassland hay (2 kg), a mixture of concentrates (1.5 kg), corn silage (5 kg), wheat straw (1 kg), oil-3% of the dry matter of the diet). The digestibility of the nutritional components of the diet analyzed daily throughout the study period. The collection of pancreatic juice was carried out for 8 hours with an interval of 60 minutes on the 7th day, the determination of the amount and enzymatic activity of the juice carried out “incito.” Introduction of ultrafine Fe particles significantly increased the digestibility of organic matter by 38% (P ≤ 0.05) with the introduction of vegetable soybean oil, crude fat by 28.4% (P ≤ 0.05) with the introduction of sunflower oil. Additional introduction of ultrafine Fe particles significantly increased the level of pancreatic secretion when sunflower oil was introduced by 59.8%, soybean oil by 56% (P ≤ 0.05). Additional inclusion of ultrafine iron particles contributed to the decrease of lipase, protease and amylase activity by 86,8%, 37,4% and 33% (P ≤ 0,05) in the sunflower oil group, by 68,2% of lipase, by 24,6% of amylase in the soybean oil group (P ≤ 0,05). A significant increase in the level of NO-metabolites was recorded in the group receiving soybean oil by 37.5 % (P < 0.05). This study shows the potential use of ultrafine Fe particles as a mineral supplement to regulate the functional activity of digestive and metabolic processes in ruminants, which may play a positive role in increasing the bioavailability of nutritional components of diets. This research performed with financial support from the project 0761-2019-0005.

Phosphonium-based ionic liquids: Economic and efficient catalysts for the solvent-free cycloaddition of CO2 to epoxidized soybean vegetable oil to obtain potential bio-based polymers precursors

A series of phosphonium-based ionic liquids have been prepared in one step in a simple way from inexpensive feedstocks. The prepared ionic liquids have been successfully tested as catalysts in the solvent-free cycloaddition reaction of CO2 to an epoxidized soybean oil to obtain carbonated soybean oil that can be potentially employed as bio-monomer in the synthesis for bio-based polymers. The catalytic performance of these ionic liquids was compared to the widely used and benchmark catalyst in CO2 cycloaddition to epoxides reaction, namely tetrabutylammonium bromide at different reaction conditions. The influence of some reaction parameters such as temperature, CO2 pressure, reaction time and catalyst amount was studied. It has been found that the solubility of the prepared ionic liquids in the reaction media (epoxidized soybean oil) is a key factor that limits the catalytic performance of some of the synthesized ionic liquids. All prepared ionic liquids have shown higher thermal stability that the benchmark catalyst and three of them have shown superior catalytic performance. The best results in terms of conversion and selectivity have been obtained with dodecyltriphenylphosphonium bromide (5) achieving almost full conversion (99.8%) and excellent selectivity (84.0%) after 5 h reaction at 160 ºC and 40 bar of CO2. Outstanding results compared to those reported in the literature with similar catalysts in the solvent-free CO2 cycloaddtion to an epoxidized soybean oil to obtain the corresponding carbonated oil have been achieved. Considering the facile synthesis of catalyst 5, the large availability and non-expensive of the feedstocks and its catalytic performance it can be considered a valuable and green alternative for CO2 fixation to epoxidized vegetable oil.

Evaluation of natural and epoxidized vegetable oil in elastomeric compositions for tread rubber

In the tire industry, the incorporation of natural origin oils in the development of elastomeric formulations has been one of the alternatives to reduce the use of petroleum derivatives, with a high content of toxic compounds. In this work, soybean vegetable oil was investigated as a lubricant and co-activator in sulfur-vulcanized natural rubber compounds. The soybean oil was used in its natural state and chemically modified by the epoxy ring’s introduction in its structure. In an internal mixer a standard formulation of natural rubber, five formulations replacing a conventional aromatic oil and stearic acid by vegetable oil, and a formulation without an activation system were prepared. The natural and epoxidized soybean oil was characterized chemically, and the elastomeric compositions were evaluated by mechanical and rheological analysis. The mechanical properties showed satisfactory results when vegetable soybean oil was used as a lubricant and could be a substitute for conventional aromatic oils, thus guaranteeing reduction of aromatic polycyclic content in the formulations. The crosslink degree and the rheological characteristics of the samples prepared with vegetable soybean oil were similar to the natural rubber standard sample. The formulations without the zinc oxide and stearic acid evidenced the need for activators in the vulcanization reaction, as they presented properties below standard. We verified that the epoxidized soybean oil, even when promoting better dispersion of the fillers, interfered in the crosslink formation, and consequently there was a decrease in the mechanical properties of these formulations. Finally, we indicated vegetable soybean oil as a substitute for aromatic oil and stearic acid, in the elastomeric compositions used to manufacture treads.

Enhancement of viscosity and thermal conductivity of soybean vegetable oil using nanoparticles to form nanofluids for minimum quantity lubrication machining of difficult-to-cut metals

Sustainable use of vegetable oil as a base fluid in minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) strategy for machining advanced materials is promising but limited due to their low thermal conductivity and viscosity. This paper presents the results of experimental investigation for enhancing viscosity and thermal conductivity of high oleic soybean vegetable oil (HOSO) using Al2O3, MoS2, and TiO2 nanoparticles (30 nm particle size and 0.5–4.0% wt. concentration) inclusion to form nanofluids at temperature ranging from 25 to 70 °C for use in vegetable oil-based nanofluids-MQL machining of difficult-to-cut metals. The result shows that viscosity and thermal conductivity of HOSO increase with increase in nanoparticle weight concentration, but there is a decrease in suspension stability of the nanofluid. Also, viscosity of HOSO nanofluids decreases with increase in temperature, but thermal conductivity increases with increase in temperature, while for the base HOSO, it decreases with increase in temperature. This is a very significant positive observation especially for difficult-to-cut materials that generate high heat that need to be conducted away from the cutting zone. Thermal conductivity and viscosity were enhanced up to 55% (using MoS2 at 70 °C and 4% wt. concentration) and 11.5% (using TiO2 at 50 °C and 3.5% wt. concentration), respectively. The Brownian motion of the nanoparticles and liquid-solid interlayer interfaces are responsible for this behavior of the nanofluid thermal conductivity, while nanoparticle thickening and entangle mechanism were responsible for the behavior of the nanofluid viscosity. This implies that lower oil flow rate can be applied during machining of Inconel-718 due to increased viscosity and thermal conductivity to obtain optimal machining performance, lower power consumption, and reduce negative impact on the environment.

ВЛИЯНИЕ СО2-ЭКСТРАКТОВ МЯТЫ (MENTHA PIPERITA L.) И ГВОЗДИКИ (SYZYGIUM AROMATICUM L.) НА ОКСИДАТИВНУЮ СТАБИЛЬНОСТЬ СОЕВОГО МАСЛА

Study on the effect of supercritical extracts of mint (Mentha piperita L.) and clove (Syzygium aromaticum L.) on the oxidative stability of soybean oil is presented. Extracts were obtained using supercritical fluid extraction and then added to soybean oil at two different concentrations. The effect of the extracts on the stability of soybean oil during the storage period was studied by determining the peroxide and acid values. Mint extract (M. piperita) was analyzed by HPLC with MS / MS identification. A total of 21 different biologically active components were identified in M. piperita SC-CO2 extracts. The oxidative stability of the soybean oil samples enriched with supercritical extracts of clove and mint was higher than in the control sample (without addition of supercritical extracts). Supercritical extracts can be recommended as a source of natural antioxidants to extend the shelf life of vegetable soybean oil.

Penetration and lubrication evaluation of vegetable oil with nanographite particles for broaching process

With increasing environmental concerns, the substitution of mineral oil-based cutting fluid has become an urgent issue. Using vegetable soybean oil as base fluid, nanofluid cutting fluids (NFCFs) were prepared by adding different weight concentrations of nanographite particles (NGPs), and their penetration and lubrication performances were studied. A novel simulated tool-chip slit with micrometer-sized geometry was manufactured to evaluate and quantify the penetration rate of the NFCFs by image analysis approach. Moreover, a large number of comparative experiments on the closed-type broaching machine were carried out to compare the performance of the proposed NFCFs and a commercial cutting fluid in terms of cutting force, workpiece surface roughness, and metal chip. It is found that there is an optimal NGP concentration in NFCF for practical cutting applications. When the concentration of NGP is 0.4 wt%, the broaching process lubrication exhibits an ideal mixed lubricate state, resulting in minimal friction resistance, and thus, both the cutting force and chip curling angle reach their corresponding best values. Moreover, the proposed NGP-based vegetable-oil cutting fluid exhibits excellent environment-friendliness and low-cost consumption in the minimal quantity lubrication (MQL) method; this demonstrates its potential for replacing the traditional broaching cutting fluid.

Quantification of vegetable oil in recycled paper

Vegetable soybean oil is commonly used in cooking foods that are packaged in takeaway paper-board containers. Vegetable oil is hydrophobic, and in sufficiently high concentration, could interfere with interfiber bonding and result in paper strength loss. In order to quantify the effect of oil on the resulting paperboard strength, it is necessary to quantify the oil content in paper. A lab method was evaluated to determine the soybean oil content in paper. Handsheets were made with pulps previously treated with different proportions of vegetable oil. Pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (pyGCMS) was used to quantify the amount of oil left in the handsheets. The results revealed a strong correlation between the amount of oil applied to the initial pulp and the amount of oil left in the handsheets. In addition, the effect of vegetable oils on paper strength may be affected by the cooking process. Vegetable oil is known to degrade over time in the presence of oxygen, light, and temperature. The vegetable oil was put in an oven to imitate the oil lifecycle during a typical pizza cooking process. The cooked oil was then left at room temperature and not protected from air (oxygen) or from normal daylight. The heated, then cooled, oil was stored over a period of 13 weeks. During this time, samples of the aged oil were tested as part of a time-based degradation study of the cooked and cooled oil.

Emulsifying properties of quail egg white proteins in different vegetable oil emulsions

Emulsifying properties of oil in water emulsions using quail egg white protein (Coturnix coturnix japonica) as an emulsifying agent were investigated using the conductivity technique. Changes in emulsion conductivity were recorded during and after homogenization. The results were interpreted in terms of properties related to the emulsifying activity and emulsion stability. The effect of salt concentrations (NaCl) of 0.0, 0.29, 0.59, 1.17, 1.76, and 2.34% (w v-1) when mixed with egg white concentrations of 0.50, 1.00 and 1.50% (w v-1) were studied using corn and soybean vegetable oils. Globally, one observed that emulsifying activity and emulsion stability increase with the enhancement of salt concentration. However, the increase of the egg white concentration did not present a significant influence on emulsifying activity, causing an increment only in emulsion stability.

Experimental analysis of a small engine operating on diesel–natural gas and soybean vegetable oil–natural gas

The purpose of this article is to investigate the effects of an unmodified small engine operating on diesel oil–natural gas (DO-NG) and soybean vegetable oil–natural gas at intermediate load. This is significant to reduce our dependency from diesel oil and the emissions of warming gases. Although it is important to highlight that the literature regarding this experimental conditions is scarce, due the use of soybean vegetable oil and natural gas in dual-fuel mode, characterizing a totally diesel oil replacement. The experiments were conducted in a single-cylinder diesel engine coupled to a generator. Natural gas was introduced at the engine intake manifold. The diesel oil and soybean vegetable oil substitution rates were from 16.6 to 91.1% and from 17.6 to 90.7%, respectively. The experimental results were satisfactory being observed a decrease in specific fuel consumption (until 80% of replacement) and a maximum reduction around 80% in NOx emissions. On the other hand, there have been an increase in CO emissions and a decrease in thermal efficiency for all conditions performed. Soybean vegetable oil–natural gas operation demonstrates same trends with a little higher specific fuel consumption and NOx emission than DO-NG.

Surface Film Adsorption and Lubricity of Soybean Oil In-Water Emulsion and Triblock Copolymer Aqueous Solution: A Comparative Study

This paper investigates the surface film adsorption and lubricity of two different types of potential environmentally friendly cold metal forming lubricants: soybean vegetable oil in water VO/W emulsions and triblock copolymer aqueous solutions. The lubricants have different visual appearance, surface film adsorption characteristic, lubricity and surface cleaning behaviour. The effects of concentration, temperature and emulsification ultrasonic energy (for VO/W emulsion) are studied. The result shows that the soybean VO/W emulsions have stronger adsorption, superior lubricity and anti-wear property compared to the copolymer solutions. The effect of temperature is investigated at 30 °C and 65 °C which are below and above cloud point of the aqueous copolymer solutions. Both lubricants show improved friction and anti-wear property at 65 °C. However, tenacious residual film remained on the discs surface after surface cleaning indicates lower cleanability of the soybean VO/W emulsions compared to the copolymer solutions, postulating the need for extra post-processing cleaning operations after cold forming process with VO/W emulsion lubricant.

Performance and pollutant emissions from transient operation of a common rail diesel engine fueled with different biodiesel fuels

Three fatty acid methyl ester fuels (from rapeseed, sunflower and soybean vegetable oils) and their blends (30% v/v) with diesel fuel were tested under New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) on an engine test bench. This allowed comparing engine pollutant emissions trends under transient operation. FAME fuels and their blends produced higher specifics emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx), total hydrocarbons (THC) and carbon monoxide (CO) and lower smoke opacity in comparison with EN 590 reference fuel. The most important reason for obtaining these results was the impact of fuel properties on the electronic control unit (ECU) response, which was tuned for diesel fuel operation by the carmaker. This fact points out the potential of fatty acid methyl ester and its use, at high concentrations on road transport, for reducing greenhouse gases and pollutant emissions, by means of the optimization of electronic control unit settings when biodiesel fuel is used.

Qualidade Pós-Colheita de Maçãs Tratadas com Óleos Vegetais

The coating is a technique that has been used to preserve the quality and extend the shelf life of fruit. The objective of this research was to evaluate the evolution of the mass loss and quality characteristics of apple fruit ( Malus domestica Borkh.) treated with vegetable oils during cold storage. Two experiments were conducted, using apples from cvs. Maxi Gala and Fuji Suprema, and vegetable oils of neem and soybean. The main effect of vegetable oil applied in post-harvest is in reducing perspiration of the fruits with consequent reduction in mass loss. In general, the best effect occurred with the use of the highest dose tested (4%). The vegetable soybean oil is more efficient than the neem fruit in apple coating. Vegetable oils had little or no effect on characteristics such as soluble solids, titratable acidity, firmness and color, with varying responses for each experiment, indicating little change in breathing and retardation of ripening/senescence of fruits.

Mesoporous organic–inorganic hybrid material containing hydrosilylated soybean oil

Vegetable oils are attractive substrates for use as renewable feedstock in polymer industry. Hydrosilylation is a way to insert silicon groups in an olefin, and if the silylated olefin has hydrolysable groups, it can be used as precursor reagent in sol–gel synthesis. In this work, for the first time, the hydrosilylation of the vegetable soybean oil is reported, and it was used as sol–gel molecular precursor, along with tetraethylorthosilicate, varying their proportions. The obtained organic–inorganic silica-based hybrid material was characterized by infrared spectroscopy, N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms, scanning electron microscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. The hybrid contains the oil chain covalently anchored, and it presents interesting textural characteristics, such as high surface area and mesoporosity, which seem not be markedly affected by the organic amount added.

Using near infrared spectroscopy to classify soybean oil according to expiration date

A rapid and non-destructive methodology is proposed for the screening of edible vegetable oils according to conservation state expiration date employing near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy and chemometric tools. A total of fifty samples of soybean vegetable oil, of different brands andlots, were used in this study; these included thirty expired and twenty non-expired samples. The oil oxidation was measured by peroxide index. NIR spectra were employed in raw form and preprocessed by offset baseline correction and Savitzky–Golay derivative procedure, followed by PCA exploratory analysis, which showed that NIR spectra would be suitable for the classification task of soybean oil samples. The classification models were based in SPA–LDA (Linear Discriminant Analysis coupled with Successive Projection Algorithm) and PLS–DA (Discriminant Analysis by Partial Least Squares). The set of samples (50) was partitioned into two groups of training (35 samples: 15 non-expired and 20 expired) and test samples (15 samples 5 non-expired and 10 expired) using sample-selection approaches: (i) Kennard–Stone, (ii) Duplex, and (iii) Random, in order to evaluate the robustness of the models. The obtained results for the independent test set (in terms of correct classification rate) were 96% and 98% for SPA–LDA and PLS–DA, respectively, indicating that the NIR spectra can be used as an alternative to evaluate the degree of oxidation of soybean oil samples.

USO DO ÓLEO DE SOJA PRÉ-AQUECIDO EM UM MOTOR ESTACIONÁRIO DE CICLO DIESEL - DOI: 10.13083/1414-3984/reveng.v23n4p305-314

A produção, avaliação, melhorias e uso de combustíveis renováveis, como o óleo vegetal compõe um dos pilares da sustentabilidade ambiental. Objetivou-se avaliar a emissão de gases e o consumo horário da utilização de óleo vegetal de soja, em diferentes temperaturas e cargas aplicadas, em motor gerador estacionário de ciclo diesel de 2 kVA. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado no esquema fatorial 5x5, sendo utilizadas cinco temperaturas do óleo de soja (25ºC, 60ºC, 90ºC, 120ºC e 150ºC), com cinco cargas aplicadas ao gerador (0, 500, 1000, 1500 e 2000 W), com três repetições. Foram determinadas as emissões de oxigênio (O2), dióxido de carbono (CO2), óxidos de nitrogênio (NOx), óxidos de enxofre (SO2) e monóxido de carbono (CO), e o consumo horário do motor gerador. A viscosidade reduziu com o aquecimento do óleo vegetal de soja e o seu aquecimento próximo aos 90°C promoveu os melhores índices de emissão de gases. A carga de demandada de 1100 W apresentou valor máximo de emissão de NOx e mínimo nas emissões de CO, já as emissões de SO2 aumentaram com o incremento da carga demandada. O consumo de combustível foi incrementado com o aquecimento do óleo de soja e o aumento da carga demandada.