Changes In Vegetable Consumption Research Articles

Changes over time of fruit, vegetable and sweets consumption among European adolescents and associations with sociodemographic characteristics: an HBSC study.

European adolescents do not eat enough fruits and vegetables and have a high sweets consumption. This study aims to analyse the changes in time of dietary behaviours related to sociodemographic characteristics, among European adolescents. Health Behaviour in School Age Children data (2013/14 to 2017/18), of European adolescents, aged 11- to15-year-old, were used. Family Affluence Scale identified socioeconomic status (SES). Changes in time of dietary behaviours and associations with sociodemographic characteristics were estimated by binary and multilevel logistic regression. 182719 adolescents were included, and 10/36 European countries showed a significant increase in daily fruit and vegetable consumption and 12/36 countries a significant decrease in sweets consumption over 4years. The multilevel analysis showed that 13- and 15-year-old adolescents consumed fewer daily fruits and vegetables (P<0.001) and more daily sweets (P<0.001) than 11-year-old adolescents. Also, 15-year-old adolescents' sweets consumption change over time was less favourable (P=0.006). Girls consumed more daily fruits, vegetables and sweets than boys (P<0.001).Low SES adolescents consumed fewer daily fruits and vegetables than medium/high SES adolescents. Additionally, the low SES adolescents' vegetable consumption change over time was less favourable (P<0.001). Dietary behaviour policy recommendations should be adapted for the sex, age and SES of the population.

Changes in Vegetable Consumption in Times of COVID-19-First Findings From an International Civil Science Project.

The crisis related to the COVID-19 pandemic influenced food security and nutrition through both direct and indirect pathways. This ranged from short-term to long-term impacts, not only on health but also on food systems and thus on nutrition. This study aimed to identify how the observed constraints affected the food intake of populations across the globe. Here, special attention was paid to the consumption of vegetables and legumes and the diversity within these food groups. An online survey on Food and COVID-19 was conducted using a semi-structured questionnaire translated into several languages. Binary logistic regression models and Poisson regression models were calculated to evaluate changes in consumption patterns and to test potential determinants for the changes. For more detailed information on reasons for changes open ended questions were analysed qualitatively. Time spend at home, working from home, and mental stress were important drivers for changes in dietary intake according to the 1,042 respondents included in this analysis. The participants observed a change in food quantity (38%) and vegetable intake (27%). No changes were observed for the number of vegetable groups consumed, while significant reductions in diversity were detected within all vegetable groups. Moreover, associations between the number of consumed vegetable types during the COVID-19 pandemic and income regions as well as gender were found. The regression analysis showed that the level of decrease in vegetable diversity in the different vegetable groups were often depending on educational and occupational status, gender and household environment. Changes in food prices were related to changes in vegetable intake per se, overall vegetable diversity, and diversity within the provitamin A rich vegetable group. Food systems are not static and are transitioning quickly as could be observed during the Covid-19 pandemic. There is a need for a nutrition strategy to strengthen the resilience of vulnerable households to consume a diverse diet in adequate amount even in times of a pandemic.

Projections of disability-adjusted life years for major diseases due to a change in vegetable intake in 2017\u20132040 in Japan

BackgroundLow vegetable intake is one of the key dietary risk factors known to be associated with a range of health problems, including cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), cancer, and diabetes and kidney diseases (DKDs). Using data from Japan’s National Health and Nutrition Surveys and the Global Burden of Diseases study in 2017, this study aimed to forecast the impact of change in vegetable intake on disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) between 2017 and 2040 for three diseases.MethodsWe generated a three-component model of cause-specific DALYs, including changes in major behavioural and metabolic risk predictors, the socio-demographic index and an autoregressive integrated moving average model to project future DALY rates for 2017–2040 using the data between 1990 and 2016. Data on Vegetable consumption and risk predictors, and DALY rate were obtained from Japan’s National Health and Nutrition Surveys and the Global Burden of Diseases Study in 2017. We also modelled three scenarios of better, moderate and worse cases to evaluate the impact of change in vegetable consumption on the DALY rates for three diseases (CVDs, cancer, and DKDs).ResultsProjected mean vegetable intake in the total population showed a decreasing trend through 2040 to 237.7 g/day. A significant difference between the reference scenario and the better case scenario was observed with un-overlapped 95% prediction intervals of DALY rates in females aged 20–49 years (− 8.0%) for CVDs, the total population for cancer (− 5.6%), and in males (− 8.2%) and females (− 13.7%) for DKDs.ConclusionsOur analysis indicates that increased vegetable consumption would have a significant reduction in the burdens of CVDs, cancer and DKDs in Japan. By estimating the disease burden attributable to low vegetable intake under different scenarios of future vegetable consumption, our study can inform the design of targeted interventions for public health challenges.

The effect of a fresh produce incentive paired with cooking and nutrition education on healthy eating in low-income households: a pilot study.

This study pilot-tested combining financial incentives to purchase fruits and vegetables with nutrition education focused on cooking to increase the consumption of fruits and vegetables and improve attitudes around healthy eating on a budget among low-income adults. The goal of the pilot study was to examine implementation feasibility and fidelity, acceptability of the intervention components by participants and effectiveness. The study design was a pre-post individual-level comparison without a control group. The pilot intervention included two components, a scan card providing free produce up to a weekly maximum dollar amount for use over a 2-month period, and two sessions of tailored nutrition and cooking education. Outcomes included self-reported attitudes about healthy eating and daily fruit and vegetable consumption from one 24-h dietary recall collected before and after the intervention. Greater Minneapolis/St. Paul area in Minnesota. Adults (n 120) were recruited from five community food pantries. Findings indicated that the financial incentive component of the intervention was highly feasible and acceptable to participants, but attendance at the nutrition education sessions was moderate. Participants had a statistically significant increase in the consumption of fruit, from an average of 1·00 cup/d to 1·78 cups/d (P < 0·001), but no significant change in vegetable consumption or attitudes with respect to their ability to put together a healthy meal. While combining financial incentives with nutrition education appears to be acceptable to low-income adult participants, barriers to attend nutrition education sessions need to be addressed in future research.

Associations between changes in fruit and vegetable consumption and weight change in Japanese adults.

Fruits and vegetables may induce greater satiety, reduce hunger, decrease energy intake, and modulate energy metabolism, thereby playing a role in weight loss. To determine the associations between changes in fruit and vegetable consumption and weight change over a 5-year interval in Japanese adults. This cohort study included 54,015 subjects (54.6% female, mean age 56.5 years) of the Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Cohort Study who had no known history of major chronic diseases at baseline. Data on fruit and vegetable consumption were collected using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Body weight was self-reported. We used multivariable linear mixed-effects regression models to examine the associations between changes in fruit and vegetable consumption and change in body weight. On average, body weight decreased by 25g [95% confidence interval (CI), 3, 47] for every 100g/d increase in total vegetable consumption. Change in fruit consumption was nonlinearly associated with weight change. Fruit consumption was directly associated with weight change among subjects who increased consumption (70g; 95% CI, 39, 101) but was not associated with weight change among subjects who reduced or did not change fruit consumption. These associations did not vary by sex, age, and body mass index (BMI) at baseline. The association with vegetables was restricted to yellow/red vegetables (- 74g; 95% CI, - 129, - 18) and allium vegetables (- 129g; 95% CI, - 231, - 28). Lower-fiber vegetables were inversely associated with weight change, whereas lower-fiber fruits or higher-energy fruits were directly associated with weight change beyond 0g/d change in consumption. Change in vegetable consumption was inversely associated with weight change while fruit consumption was positively associated with weight change among subjects who increased consumption. The influence of fruits and vegetables on weight change may depend on the characteristics of the fruits and vegetables.

Using repeated visual exposure, rewards and modelling in a mobile application to increase vegetable acceptance in children

Children are not consuming the recommended amounts of fruit and vegetables. Repeated visual exposure, modelling, and rewards have been shown to be effective at increasing vegetable acceptance in young children. The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of an evidence-based mobile application (Vegetable Maths Masters) which builds on these principles to increase children's liking and acceptance of vegetables. Seventy-four children (37 male, 37 female) aged 3–6 years old were randomised to play with either the vegetable app or a similar control app that did not include any foods. Children played their allocated game for 10 min. Liking and acceptance of the vegetables used in Vegetable Maths Masters (carrot and sweetcorn) and other vegetables which were not used in the game (yellow pepper and tomato) were measured pre- and post-play in both groups. Parents provided data about their child's food fussiness and previous exposure to the foods being used. Children who played with the Vegetable Maths Masters app consumed significantly more vegetables after playing with the app and reported significant increases in their liking of vegetables, relative to the control group. The effect of the Vegetable Maths Masters app on the change in consumption of vegetables was mediated by the change in liking of vegetables. These findings suggest that evidence-based mobile apps can provide an effective tool for increasing children's liking and consumption of vegetables in the short-term. Further work is now required to establish whether these effects are maintained over time.

A low-cost Behavioural Nudge and choice architecture intervention targeting school lunches increases children\u2019s consumption of fruit: a cluster randomised trial

BackgroundResearch has consistently indicated that most children do not consume sufficient fruit and vegetables to provide them with a healthy, balanced diet. This study set out to trial a simple, low-cost behavioural nudge intervention to encourage children to select and consume more fruit and vegetables with their lunchtime meal in a primary school cafeteria.MethodsFour primary schools were randomly allocated to either the control or the intervention condition and baseline data were collected over two days in each school. Following this, changes were made to the choice architecture of the school cafeterias in the intervention schools and maintained over a three-week period. The intervention included improved positioning and serving of fruit, accompanied by attractive labelling of both fruit and vegetables on offer. Next, data were collected over two days in each school, with menus matched in each instance between baseline and follow-up. We employed a validated and sensitive photographic method to estimate individual children’s (N = 176) consumption of vegetables, fruit, vitamin C, fibre, total sugars, and their overall calorie intake.ResultsSignificant increases were recorded in the intervention schools for children’s consumption of fruit, vitamin C, and fibre. No significant changes were observed in the control condition. The increases in fruit consumption were recorded in a large proportion of individual children, irrespective of their baseline consumption levels. No changes in vegetable consumption were observed in either condition.ConclusionsThese results are the first to show that modest improvements to the choice architecture of school catering, and inclusion of behavioural nudges, can significantly increase fruit consumption, rather than just selection, in primary-age children. This has implications for the development of national and international strategies to promote healthy eating in schools.Trial registrationAsPredicted: 3943 05/02/2017. URL: https://aspredicted.org/see_one.php?a_id=3943

No choice vs free choice: How serving situations influence pre-school children’s vegetable intake

BackgroundChildren’s vegetable intake is below the recommendations in many European countries. Parents and caregivers often struggle to find ways to encourage children’s vegetable and fruit intake. AimThe aim of the study was to investigate whether offering a choice (in contrast to no choice) increases the intake of snack vegetables in pre-school children. MethodChildren aged 2–6 years were offered three snack vegetables in different serving situations (two no choice situations and two free choice situations). ResultsChoice offering did not have a positive influence on children’s vegetable intake. When making stimuli-specific comparisons (per vegetable), none or even negative effects on vegetable intake were found with choice. DiscussionChoice offering does not appear very effective. Pre-school children might be too young for potential effects of choice offering to produce changes in vegetable consumption, but it may be more effective in older children or adolescents. The outcome of choice manipulations may also be affected by the number, type, and selection of target stimuli.

Does additional support provided through e-mail or SMS in a Web-based Social Marketing program improve children\u2019s food consumption? A Randomized Controlled Trial

BackgroundThe FAN Social Marketing program was developed to improve dietary and physical activity habits of families with children in Ticino, Switzerland. The aim of this study was to examine if the effects of the program on children’s food intake differed by intervention group.MethodsEffects of the FAN program were tested through a Randomized Controlled Trial. The program lasted 8 weeks, during which participants received tailored communication about nutrition and physical activity. Families were randomly allocated to one of three groups, where the parent received the intervention by the Web (G1), Web + e-mail (G2) or Web + SMS (G3). Children in all groups received tailored print letters by post. Children’s food consumption was assessed at baseline and immediate post intervention using a 7-day food diary. Generalized linear mixed models with child as a random effect and with time, treatment group, and the time by treatment interaction as fixed effects were used to test the impact of the intervention.ResultsAnalyses were conducted with a sample of 608 children. After participating in FAN the marginal means of daily consumption of fruit changed from 0.95 to 1.12 in G1, from 0.82 to 0.94 in G2, and from 0.93 to 1.18 in G3. The margins of the daily consumption of sweets decreased in each group (1.67 to 1.56 in G1, 1.71 to 1.49 in G2, and 1.72 to 1.62 in G3). The change in vegetable consumption observed from pre to post intervention in G3 (from 1.13 to 1.21) was significantly different from that observed in G1 (from 1.21 to 1.17).ConclusionsA well-designed Web-based Social Marketing intervention complemented with print letters can help improve children’s consumption of water, fruit, soft drinks, and sweets. The use of SMS to support greater behavior change, in addition to Web-based communication, resulted only in a small significant positive change for vegetables, while the use of e-mail in addition to Web did not result in any significant difference.Trial registrationThe trial was retrospectively registered in the ISRCTN registry (ID ISRCTN48730279).

Effects of repeated food exposure on increasing vegetable consumption in preschool children with autism spectrum disorder

Food selectivity is common among children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and repeated exposure to food is considered a key component of treating this problem. This study investigated the effects of a preventive program using repeated exposure of vegetables on vegetable consumption, both in an experimental setting and during mealtime among preschoolers with ASD showing no severe food selectivity. A total of 27 preschoolers with ASD were assigned to either a 6-month-long exposure program (n = 13, mean age = 4.42 years) or a control group (n = 14, mean age = 4.04 years). The training program was developed to facilitate visual and tactile contact with various vegetables and consisted of 24 activities, which were repeated four times using different vegetables. The training was conducted four times a week at the children’s early intervention agency by their therapists. Changes in vegetable consumption in the experimental setting as well as nutritional intake during regular mealtime were compared between the exposure and control groups, before and after the exposure program. Significant group differences were found in vegetable consumption, but not in nutritional intake during regular mealtime. The limitations and direction for future research are further discussed.

Seeds of HOPE: Incorporating Community-Based Strategies to Implement a Weight-Loss and Empowerment Intervention in Eastern North Carolina.

Seeds of HOPE (Health, Opportunities, Partnerships, and Empowerment) was a community-based participatory research project designed to implement an evidence-based weight loss and empowerment intervention aimed at increasing self-efficacy through peer support. HOPE Works, its model, has yielded significant weight loss and increases in participants' ability to set and achieve goals, including in consumption of fruits and vegetables and in physical activity.METHODS The Seeds of HOPE project was implemented through 3 peer leader recruitment approaches using Circle Leaders. Study participants met in hope circles to discuss various topics aimed at developing healthier lifestyles. Changes at 6-month intervals were assessed in health behaviors, weight, and hope. One-way ANOVA was used to test differences in mean change in weight and hope across the 3 recruitment approaches.RESULTS Study participants (N = 146) lost weight (-3.3 pounds, P = 0.003, 95% CI: -5.40 - -1.27). Fruit consumption significantly increased (P = 0.04, 95% CI: 0.01-0.41) while no changes in vegetable consumption or physical activity were observed. No differences based on different leader recruitment approaches were found.LIMITATIONS There were limitations in the power to fully detect differences across Circle Leader recruitment approaches; loss-to-follow up and representativeness of the sample were present. Further research is needed to determine if these approaches would be successful in other rural counties, with different genders, or with individuals in urban and/or higher socioeconomic populations.CONCLUSIONS Participants found modest success in weight loss and fruit consumption. Authors find that community engagement strategies are helpful in finding mutually acceptable adaptations to implement interventions such as Seeds of HOPE in diverse communities.

Nutrition and Physical Activity Education among SNAP‐Ed Eligible Middle School Students Reveals Disconnect between Knowledge and Behavior

Schools eligible for Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Education (SNAP‐Ed) can offer programs to address overweight and obesity among low income youth. This study assessed changes in knowledge and behavior among middle school students in SNAP‐Ed eligible schools after nutrition and physical activity education.Students in SNAP‐Ed eligible schools across five AZ counties received nutrition and nutrition‐integrated physical activity education during the school year. A randomized cohort of 6th‐ 8th grade classrooms (N=40, mean fall class size=25) was surveyed in fall and spring. The anonymous survey asked about behavior the previous day and knowledge of national nutrition and physical activity guidelines. Paired t‐tests assessed change in weighted classroom averages.Significant knowledge gains were found in two of five national guidelines, recommended vegetable consumption (p&lt;0.05) and physical activity (p&lt;0.01). Self‐reported behaviors had a significant increase in whole grain consumption (p&lt;0.05) and a significant decrease in water intake (p&lt;0.05). There was no change in vegetable consumption or in any physical activity category except active travel home from school (p&lt;0.05).These data suggest that behavior change may occur independent of knowledge change. This disconnect underscores the importance of addressing factors other than knowledge (e.g. self‐efficacy and environment) when delivering programs to address overweight and obesity prevalence among low income youth.

Testing the Effectiveness of In-Home Behavioral Economics Strategies to Increase Vegetable Intake, Liking, and Variety Among Children Residing in Households That Receive Food Assistance

ObjectiveTo test the effectiveness of behavioral economics strategies for increasing vegetable intake, variety, and liking among children residing in homes receiving food assistance. DesignA randomized controlled trial with data collected at baseline, once weekly for 6 weeks, and at study conclusion. SettingFamily homes. ParticipantsFamilies with a child (9–12 years) will be recruited through community organizations and randomly assigned to an intervention (n = 36) or control (n = 10) group. InterventionThe intervention group will incorporate a new behavioral economics strategy during home dinner meal occasions each week for 6 weeks. Strategies are simple and low-cost. Main Outcome Measure(s)The primary dependent variable will be child's dinner meal vegetable consumption based on weekly reports by caregivers. Fixed independent variables will include the strategy and week of strategy implementation. Secondary dependent variables will include vegetable liking and variety of vegetables consumed based on data collected at baseline and study conclusion. AnalysisMean vegetable intake for each strategy across families will be compared using a mixed-model analysis of variance with a random effect for child. In additionally, overall mean changes in vegetable consumption, variety, and liking will be compared between intervention and control groups.

간호대학생의 체질량지수와 채소섭취 행동변화단계별 식이효능감, 비만스트레스, 비만관련 삶의 질 비교

Purpose This study was carried outto compare dietary self-efficacy, obesity stress, and obesity-related quality of life (OQOL) according to BMI and stages of change in vegetable consumption. Method A convenience sample of 326 nursing students agreed to complete a questionnaire. Data were collected from October 7 to October 18, 2013. Result Obesity stress and obesity-related quality of life were significantly different according to BMI. Dietary self-efficacy showed a significant difference between the pre-contemplation/contemplation stage, preparation stage, and action/maintenance stage (F=50.18, p<.001). With obesity stress, there was a significant difference between the PC/C, P, and A/M stages (F=17.63, p<.001). Dietary self-efficacy had a positive correlation with OQOL (r=.11, p<.001) and a negative correlation with obesity stress (r=-.14, p=.012). And obesity stress had a negative correlation with OQOL (r=-.45, p<.001). Conclusion These findings emphasize that nutritional-intervention programs for changes in behavior during the PC/C and P stages of change in vegetable consumption need to develop strategies to enhance dietary self-efficacy for nursing students. Keywords: BMI, Behavior, Self-efficacy, Obesity stress, Quality of life 주요어: 체질량지수, 행동, 식이효능감, ë¹„ë§ŒìŠ¤íŠ¸ë ˆìŠ¤, 삶의 질

Behavioral economics and social marketing campaign increases selection and consumption of school lunch garden bar Items among elementary school students (1019.19)

The current study assessed the effects of behavioral economics (BE) and social marketing (SM) on the selection and consumption of garden bar fruits and vegetables in elementary school students. A quasi‐experimental study evaluated the immediate and lasting effects of BE and SM on student selection and consumption of garden bar items. The BE component provided verbal prompts to take fruits and vegetables and increased availability of garden bar favorites. SM posters acted as reminders and guided selection of garden bar items. Two intervention levels were implemented: BE + SM (n=168) and SM only (n=275), and these were compared to a control (n=205). Selection and consumption were recorded using digital images of student lunch trays. Observations occurred at pre intervention, post, and follow‐up. Mixed ANOVA was used for statistical analysis. Pre‐to‐post changes in fruit selection and consumption, as well as vegetable selection, were significantly higher among BE + SM students compared to control students. Those pre‐to‐post changes remained at follow‐up. Although vegetable selection significantly increased pre to post among SM students, the change did not remain at follow‐up. A positive, but not significant, pre‐to‐follow‐up change in vegetable consumption was observed among the intervention groups. Together BE and SM appear to foster lasting effects on student selection and consumption of fruits and vegetables.Grant Funding Source: United States Department of Agriculture

Exercise Program-Induced Mood Improvement and Improved Eating in Severely Obese Adults

Using a practical setting, this study aimed to test exercise and nutrition interventions' effects on negative mood, self-regulation, and self-efficacy to control eating; and to assess the ability of mood change to predict changes in eating behavior, while accounting for changes in self-regulation and self-efficacy. Severely obese adults participated in a cognitive-behavioral exercise support treatment paired with either nutrition education (n = 140) or cognitive-behavioral methods applied to improved eating (n = 146). They were assessed on measures of overall negative mood, self-regulatory skill usage, self-efficacy to control eating when negative moods are present, and fruit and vegetable consumption at baseline and Week 26. Significant improvements in each psychosocial variable and fruit and vegetable intake were found. Improved mood significantly predicted fruit and vegetable consumption change, R2 = 0.12, P < 0.001. Entry of changes in self-regulation and self-efficacy into the multiple regression equation significantly strengthened the variance explained, R2 = 0.18, P < 0.001. Findings suggest that exercise-induced improvements in mood improve eating behaviors, with increases in self-regulation and self-efficacy adding to this effect.

Are screen-based sedentary behaviors longitudinally associated with dietary behaviors and leisure-time physical activity in the transition into adolescence?

BackgroundThere is a need for more longitudinal studies investigating the associations between screen-based sedentary behaviors (SB), dietary behaviors and leisure-time physical activity (PA).MethodsIn the HEIA cohort study, 908 children were followed from age 11 to age 13 (September 2007 – May 2009). The children self-reported their intake of fruits, vegetables, soft drinks with sugar and snacks. TV/DVD use, computer/game use and leisure-time PA were also self-reported. Multilevel generalized linear mixed model analysis was used to assess longitudinal associations between the screen-based SB and each of the two other behaviors.ResultsTwenty-month changes in TV/DVD use and computer/game use were positively associated with changes in the consumption of soft drinks with sugar and unhealthy snacks in the same period; and inversely associated with change in vegetable consumption. Change in computer/game use was also inversely related to change in fruit consumption. An inverse but non-substantive association was found between change in TV/DVD use and change in leisure-time PA. Change in computer/game use was not significantly associated with change in leisure-time PA.ConclusionsChanges in screen-based SB were associated with multiple unfavorable changes in dietary habits, although the associations were weak. These associations need to be further investigated in intervention/experimental studies, to assess whether changing screen-based SB will result in clinically relevant changes in dietary behaviors. However, the findings of this study suggest that screen-based SB and leisure-time PA are largely independent behaviors which should be addressed separately in health promotion activities.

従業員食堂を利用した食環境介入プログラムによる野菜類摂取量の変化

従業員食堂を利用した食環境介入プログラムによる野菜類摂取量の変化

Changes in food group consumption and associations with self-rated diet, health, life satisfaction, and mental and physical functioning over 5 years in very old Canadian men: the Manitoba Follow-Up Study.

To identify longitudinal food group consumption trends and the relationship to perceived changes in diet, health, and functioning. A prospective longitudinal study. Canada. Seven hundred and thirty-six community-dwelling Canadian men (mean age: 2000=79.4 yrs; 2005=84.5 yrs) participating in the Manitoba Follow-up Study. Self-reported food consumption, self-rated diet and health, life satisfaction, physical and mental functioning from questionnaires completed in 2000 and 2005. The majority of participants did not consume from all four food groups daily, based on Canada's Food Guide recommendations, with only 8% in 2000 and up to 15% in 2005. However, over a five year period, more men improved their consumption in each food group than declined. An association was found between change in the self-rating of the healthiness of their diet and change in consumption of vegetables and fruit, or grain products. Men whose self-rating of the healthiness of their diet remained high or improved between 2000 and 2005, were 2.15 times more likely (95% CI=1.45, 3.17) to also have increased consumption of vegetables and fruit, and 1.71 times more likely (95% CI=1.51, 2.54) to have increased consumption of grain products, relative to men whose self-rating of the healthiness of their diet declined between 2000 and 2005. Men who consumed more food groups daily had better mental and physical component scores. Dietary improvements are possible in very old men. Greater daily food group consumption is associated with better mental and physical functioning. Given these positive findings, there is still a need to identify older men who require support to improve their dietary habits as nearly half of the participants consumed two or fewer groups daily.

A Validation Study: Child Vegetable and Fruit Consumption Questionnaire

To develop a questionnaire that measures pre/post behavior change in consumption of vegetables and fruits for low-income third and fourth graders and to assess the questionnaire for content and face validity.