Varnish Group Research Articles

COMPARISON FLUORIDE CONCENTRATION IN SALIVA BETWEEN FLUORIDE VARNISH AND GLASS IONOMER CEMENT

Background: Caries is one of the most common dental diseases. Caries prevention by improving dental health has become a major goal in the world of dentistry.Topical application of fluoride is one of the most effective ways to prevent caries.Glass ionomer cement and fluoride varnish has the effect of preventing dental caries because these materials release fluoride. There is no better treatment for demineralization than prevention itself. One of these steps is the combination of dental restorative materials with the application of topical fluoride as an additional source of fluoride.Method: A total of 32 permanent premolar teeth samples, immersed in artificial saliva before and after the application of fluoride varnish and glass ionomer cement. The measurement of fluoride levels in saliva was carried out using a spectrophotometric tool.Result: Independent T-test results obtained sig. below 0.05 indicates that there are differences in the level of fluoride levels between the fluoride varnish group and the glass ionomer cement.Conclusion: Fluoride varnish and glass ionomer cement can increase fluor concentration in salivaÂ

COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF REMINERALIZATION POTENTIAL OF SODIUM FLUORIDE VARNISH AND SODIUM FLUORIDE VARNISH FORTIFIED WITH BIOGLASS -AN IN VITRO STUDY

Aim:- The present study is aimed to compare and evaluate the remineralization potential of Sodium fluoride varnish alone and sodium fluoride varnish fortified with bioglass Material And Method:- caries like lesions were produced and surface microhardness was evaluated. The specimens were then divided into 2 groups with 36 teeth in each group, accordingly remineralization treatment was employed. 36 teeth were treated with sodium fluoride varnish (duraphat) (group 1) and 36 teeth with treated with sodium fluoride fortified with bioglass (Fluro dip bioactive) (group 2). During the next 10 days, the samples were subjected to a pH-cycling system, which simulated the intraoral conditions, surface microhardnesstesting was performed on the 11th day to evaluate remineralization. The values obtained were tabulated and statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA. Result:- Significant remineralization was seen with sodium fluoride fortified with bioglass followed by sodium fluoride varnish. Conclusion:- The results of the study concluded that sodium fluoride varnish fortified with bioglass has better remineralizing potential than Sodium fluoride varnish alone and can be used to reduce caries advancements at the stage of early carious lesions.

Oral Microbiome Using Colocasia antiquorum var. esculenta Extract Varnish in a Mouse Model with Oral Gavage of P. gingivalis ATCC 53978.

Background and Objective: There is increasing interest in preventing periodontitis using natural products. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Colocasia antiquorum var. esculenta (CA) varnish on the oral microbiome and alveolar bone loss in a mouse periodontitis model. Materials and Methods: Antibacterial activity against Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) ATCC 53978 and cell cytotoxicity using CCK-8 on L929 cells were measured. Balb/c mice were assigned into five groups (negative control, positive control, CA in drinking water, varnish, and CA varnish). P. gingivalis was administered to the mice by oral gavage three times. After sacrifice, the oral microbiome and the levels of the inflammatory cytokine IL-1β and matrix metalloproteinase-9 were analyzed. Alveolar bone loss was measured using micro-computed tomography. Results: CA extract showed an antibacterial effect against P. gingivalis (p < 0.05) and showed no cytotoxicity at that concentration (p > 0.05). Although alpha diversity of the oral microbiome did not statistically differ between the groups (p > 0.05), the relative abundance of dominant bacteria tended to be different between the groups. The inflammatory cytokine IL-1β was reduced in the CA varnish group (p < 0.05), and no difference was observed in MMP-9 expression and alveolar bone loss (p > 0.05). Conclusions: CA varnish did not affect the overall microflora and exhibited an anti-inflammatory effect, suggesting that it is possibility a suitable candidate for improving periodontitis.

Effectiveness of Fluoride Varnish in Prevention of Early Childhood Caries in 3-4 Years Old Children - A 36 Month Prospective Community Based Randomized Controlled Trial.

Evidence for the benefit of applying Fluoride Varnish FV to permanent teeth is generally very positive. However, the caries-inhibiting effect of FVs on primary teeth is still debatable. To assess the effectiveness of fluoride varnish in prevention of early childhood caries in children over the period of 3 years in high fluoride areas. A double-blind cluster-randomized controlled trial was undertaken amongst 3-4 years old children. The varnish application was done at three points in the intervention group. Experimental group showed significantly lesser increment in mean ICDAS score than control group at both 12 month and 36 months. Preventive fraction was 72.4% at 12 months and 18.2% at 36 months. Multiple linear regression showed that at 12 months, intervention was the significant predictor with varnish group having 0.140 (95% CI 0.175-0.230) lower net caries increment. At 36 months, baseline ICDAS score and intervention were the significant predictors. This study suggests that fluoride varnish is an effective and a safe mode of prevention of early childhood caries in children residing in high fluoride zone. However, the overall effect is influenced by the baseline caries status.

Comparative Efficacy of MI Paste Plus and Fluoride Varnish Remineralizing Agents for Preventing White Spot Lesions in Patients on Fixed Orthodontic Treatment: A Clinical Trial

Background: White spot lesions (WSLs), as the initial form of dental caries, develop due to subsurface enamel demineralization. They have a relatively high prevalence in orthodontic patients. Several materials are used to prevent WSLs, and various studies have assessed their efficacy during orthodontic treatment. Objectives: This study aimed to compare the efficacy of fluoride varnish and MI Paste Plus for preventing WSLs during orthodontic treatment. Methods: This clinical trial evaluated 60 patients in three groups of control, fluoride varnish, and MI Paste Plus for six months. The presence/absence of WSLs was clinically evaluated at baseline and two, four, and six months after the intervention using the International Caries Detection and Assessment System. The patients’ saliva pH was measured at baseline and six months after the intervention. Results: The difference in the WSLs score was significant between the MI Paste Plus and control groups (P &lt; 0.05). However, despite the slightly lower frequency of WSLs in the varnish group, the difference between the varnish and control groups was not significant (P &gt; 0.05). The MI Paste Plus group results were superior to those in the varnish group but not significantly. The saliva pH did not change significantly after the intervention compared to the baseline. Conclusions: MI Paste Plus caused a significant WSLs reduction in orthodontic patients but had no significant effect on the saliva pH.

Effect of topical fluoride gel and fluoride varnish in the prevention of white spot lesions in patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment: An in vivo study

Objectives: Our primary objective was to establish the efficacy of fluoride gel and fluoride varnish in the prevention of white spot lesions (WSLs) development during fixed orthodontic treatment. Materials and Methods: The study sample consisted of 60 adult patients in a prospective split-mouth study design. Interventions, that is, topical fluoride gel and topical fluoride varnish were assigned at the time of bonding to either the right or left halves of the dentition. In all subjects, repeated evaluation of demineralization was done on the facial surfaces of sample teeth in each quadrant. Evaluation using laser fluorescence and by direct visual observation under magnification was carried out at bonding (T0), 3 months (T1), and 6 months (T2). Results: The distribution of mean DIAGNOdent score at T1 (3.14 ± 1.00 vs. 2.81 ± 0.852) and T2 (4.17 ± 1.41 vs. 3.51 ± 1.13) was observed which is significantly higher in the Gel group compared to the Varnish group. In the Gel group, the distribution of mean DIAGNOdent score at T1 (3.14 ± 1.00) and T2 (4.17 ± 1.41) is significantly higher compared to mean DIAGNOdent score at baseline T0 (2.07 ± 0.66). In the Varnish group, the distribution of mean DIAGNOdent score at T1 (2.81 ± 0.852) and T2 (3.51 ± 1.13) is significantly higher compared to the mean DIAGNOdent score at T0 (2.07 ± 0.66). Visual scores also correlated with DIAGNOdent scores. Conclusion: Fluoride varnish is more efficacious than fluoride gel in reducing enamel demineralization. Initial application of fluoride varnish around the orthodontic bracket at bonding appointment can offer significant protection against WSLs.

Antimicrobial effectiveness of Nano Silver Fluoride Varnish in reducing Streptococcus mutans in saliva and plaque biofilm when compared with Chlorhexidine and Sodium Fluoride Varnishes.

BackgroundThis in vivo study was done to investigate the antimicrobial effectiveness of Nano Silver fluoride, Sodium fluoride and Chlorhexidine when used as a varnish on Streptococcus mutans (S.mutans) in saliva and plaque biofilm. Material and Methods120 caries free subjects, aged 8-10 years were randomly assigned to four different groups (n=30) - group I: Control, group II: Chlorhexidine varnish (CHX), group III: Sodium fluoride varnish (NaF), group IV: Nano Silver fluoride varnish (NSF). Varnish application was done once at baseline. Saliva and plaque samples were collected at baseline (T0), at the end of 1 month (T1) and 3 months (T3) to evaluate S.mutans levels by culture method, optical density and PCR. OHI-S Index was also recorded for clinical evaluation. ResultsNSF, CHX and NaF were effective against S.mutans activity. The intragroup comparision of CFU/ml and OD/ml count showed a highly significant reduction from baseline to 3 months for all the 3 varnish groups (p=0.001). PCR result revealed that maximum reduction was seen in NSF and CHX followed by NaF group. ConclusionsNSF reduces S.mutans level in both saliva and plaque biofilm and it is more advantageous than CHX and NaF as it has dual properties of acting as an antibacterial as well as a remineralizing agent. Key words:Chlorhexidine, Nano Silver fluoride, Sodium fluoride, S. mutans, varnish.

P4 - Prevention of Alveolar Bone Loss of Colocasia Esculenta Varnish

Periodontitis is the primary cause of tooth loss in adults. Colocasia esculenta extract (CE) was known to have antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-osteoclastogenic effects. We fabricated experimental varnish mixed with CE that can be adhered to teeth in the long term. This study aimed to evaluate the prevention effect of the alveolar bone loss of CE varnish using the rat ligature-induced periodontitis model The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of CE against Porphyromonas gingivalis were evaluated. Cytotoxicity of CE was determined with a CCK-8 kit for L929 cells. An experimental varnish was fabricated, and 15 wt% CE was mixed with the varnish. Sprague Dawley rats (8-week-old, male) were divided into four groups; Negative control (NC), Positive control (PC), Varnish group(V), and Varnish with CE group(VCE). Periodontitis was induced by ligature of 4/0 silk to the maxillary second molar. In the NC group, the ligation was immediately removed. Then, the varnish was applied around the ligated teeth. After 14 days, the rats were sacrificed, and alveolar bone loss was evaluated using micro-CT. Inflammatory cytokines of the gingiva were analyzed by real-time qPCR. The MIC of CE was 31.3 ?g/mL, and the MBC was 62.5 ?g/mL. CE showed no cytotoxicity at 500 ?g/mL or less. The VCE group showed significantly lower alveolar bone loss than the PC group (p<0.05), but no significant difference from the V group (p>0.05). MMP-9 and IL-6 were significantly lower CEV varnish group than in the V group (p < 0.05). CE was effective in inhibiting P. gingivalis and did not show any cytotoxicity at the antibacterial concentrations. VCE prevented alveolar bone loss in the rat and reduced the expression of inflammatory cytokines. Varnish with CE is regarded to be applied to teeth for the prevention of periodontitis.

Remineralization of Dentine Caries Using Moringa Oleifera Based Nano-Silver Fluoride: A Single-Blinded, Randomized, Active-Controlled Clinical Trial

Introduction: Dental caries is one of the most common chronic childhood diseases, and many decayed teeth remain untreated in underdeveloped and developing countries. This clinical trial aimed to evaluate the remineralization effect of Moringa oleifera-based nano-silver fluoride (NSF) on deciduous dentin caries Materials and Method: This study was a randomized, single-blinded clinical trial. A total of 138 teeth with carious lesions belonging to 83 children were selected and randomly assigned into three groups. Clinical evaluation was performed at 1 and 3 months after intervention. Results: The percentage of arrested caries within the groups were 86%, 42%, and 37% for NSF, MI varnish (GC, Japan), and FluoroDose varnish groups (Centrix Inc, USA), respectively. Results of 1 and 3 months follow-up period were same. Statistically significant difference was found between study groups (P < 0.001). Conclusion: The present study showed that M. oleifera-based NSF could be used for arresting dental caries when applied directly to the carious lesion.

Efficacy of CPP-ACP fluoride varnish applied with and without acid etching in preventing enamel demineralization compared to light-curable fluoride varnish.

To compare efficacy of casein phosphopeptide (CPP)-amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) fluoride varnish and light-curable resin modified glass ionomer fluoride varnish (FV) in preventing white spot lesions and evaluating acid etching prior to CPP-ACPFV application on its efficacy. Molars and premolars were transected and halves divided into four groups (n = 18/group): (1) resin-modified glass ionomer FV: etched and Clinpro-XT varnish (3M ESPE, Pymble, New South Wales, Australia) application; (2) CPP-ACPFV: MI varnish (GC America, Alsip, IL) application; (3) Etch+CPP-ACPFV: etched and MI varnish application; (4) Control: etched and no surface treatment. To simulate 12 weeks in an intraoral environment, samples were subjected to thermocycling, brushing, and pH cycling. Enamel surface microhardness was evaluated at baseline and after the simulated 12 weeks. Representative samples were also assessed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). At baseline there was no significant difference in microhardness among groups. After the simulated 12 weeks, all groups showed significant within-group differences (P < .001). Control showed the highest percentage loss of surface microhardness (89%), followed by CPP-ACPFV (58%), RMGIFV (51%), and Etch+CPP-ACPFV (24%). The control group had a significant decrease in microhardness compared to all experimental groups (P < .001). No difference was found between the RMGIFV and CPP-ACPFV varnish groups. The Etch+CPP-ACPFV group had significantly less decrease in microhardness compared to the RMGIFV (P < .001) and CPP-ACPFV groups (P < .001). With SEM, control samples showed signs of enamel surface damage, while experimental groups showed spherical particles on a relatively intact surface. RMGIFV and CPP-ACPFV are effective in reducing enamel demineralization. Acid etching the enamel surface prior to CPP-ACPFV varnish application increased its efficacy.

Effects of Colocasia antiquorum var. Esculenta Extract In Vitro and In Vivo against Periodontal Disease.

Background and Objectives: Periodontal disease is a chronic inflammatory disease in which gradual destruction of tissues around teeth is caused by plaque formed by pathogenic bacteria. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential of 75% ethanol extract of Colocasia antiquorum var. esculenta (CA) as a prophylactic and improvement agent for periodontal disease in vitro and in vivo. Materials and Methods: The antimicrobial efficacy of CA against Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis, ATCC 33277) was evaluated using minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) test, and cytotoxicity was confirmed by CCK-8 assay. For the in vivo study, P. gingivalis was applied by oral gavage to BALB/c mice. Forty-two days after the first inoculation of P. gingivalis, intraoral swabs were taken for microbiome analysis, and the mice were sacrificed to evaluate the alveolar bone loss. Results: The MIC of CA against P. gingivalis was 31.3 μg/mL, the MBC was 62.5 μg/mL, with no cytotoxicity. The diversity of the oral microbiome decreased in the positive control group, while those of the VA (varnish) and VCA (varnish added with CA) groups increased as much as in the negative control group, although the alveolar bone loss was not induced in the mouse model. Conclusions: CA showed antibacterial effects in vitro, and the VA and VCA groups exhibited increased diversity in the oral microbiome, suggesting that CA has potential for improving periodontal disease.

COMPARISON OF EFFECTIVENESS OF GC TOOTH MOUSSE WITH FLUORIDE VARNISH FOR TREATMENT OF DENTINAL HYPERSENSITIVITY

Objective: &#x0D; To compare the efficacy of two desensitizing agents in relieving dentinal hypersensitivity.&#x0D; Materials and Methods:&#x0D; A Randomized clinical trial including 84 patients of age range between 18 – 65 years was carried out and patients having hypersensitive lesions were divided into two groups by the flip of coin. Tooth mousse TM was applied to patients in Group A and Dura shield TM to patients in group B. visual analog scale was used to assess patient’s pain response to compressed air and tactile stimuli and recorded at baseline, one week and 30 days after application of agents. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 17. The study was done at Department of Operative Dentistry, PIMS Islamabad from January 2011 to January 2012.&#x0D; Results:&#x0D; There was a statistically significant difference between the two treatment groups at seven days (p-value 0.008 )with tactile stimulus and at thirty days (p-value 0.046) with air blast stimulus and (p value= 0.016) with tactile stimulus after application with tooth mousse showing pain relief in more number of patients as compared to fluoride varnish group.&#x0D; Conclusion:&#x0D; The comparison of two agents in this study showed that Tooth mousse TM showed better results in relieving dentinal hypersensitivity than Dura shield TM.

Evaluation of Anticaries Efficacy of Various Fluoride Varnishes on Artificial Enamel Lesion: An In Vitro Study

Aim of the current study was to assess the anticariogenic effectiveness of different fluoride varnishes on artificially induced enamel lesions employing scanning electron microscope. Eighty healthy, normal premolars without dental caries that were extracted in course of orthodontic therapy with all the surfaces intact were included in this study. A window, 4 × 4 mm, was made discernible on the buccal surface of each sample tooth. A demineralizing solution at 37°C was used to immerse the teeth for 48 hours to induce artificial lesions on the surface of the enamel. Following preparation of the artificial enamel lesions, the 80 premolar teeth were allocated into the four groups (20 each) depending on the fluoride varnish system used as Group I: control, Group II: Duraphat varnish, Group III: MI Varnish, and Group IV: Clinpro White Varnish. The anticariogenic effectiveness of different fluoride varnishes was evaluated employing a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The MI Varnish (fluoride varnish) group exhibited slightly greater (127.20 ±0.14) mean demineralized lesions, pursued by Clinpro White Varnish use (126.88 ±0.09), the control group (126.36 ±0.10) and the Duraphat varnish (124.14 ±0.08) in that order. Greater mean areas of remineralization were found with use of MI Varnish (92.40 ±0.09), pursued by the Duraphat varnish use (106.68 ±0.12), use of Clinpro White Varnish (112.36 ±0.08), and then the control group (123.08 ±0.18) in that order. Statistically significant differences were noted between the experimental groups employing the various fluoride varnishes (p <0.001). The current research concluded that the MI Varnish group presented a superior protective potential in comparison with Duraphat varnish and Clinpro White Varnish groups. Mineral exchanges among teeth and saliva render incipient enamel lesions reversible. A 5% sodium fluoride varnish is the MI Varnish that is composed of casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) to provide an excellent fluoride varnish that makes available additional bioavailable fluoride, calcium, and phosphate. Therefore, it may be fruitfully utilized in remineralization of initial carious lesions. CPP-ACP may be employed in clinical practice for drawing back or ceasing initial carious lesions. Rani KBS, Ramanna PK, Mailankote S, et al. Evaluation of Anticaries Efficacy of Various Fluoride Varnishes on Artificial Enamel Lesion: An In Vitro Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2021;22(7):774-777.

Enamel Surface Hardening Utilizing Different Nanostructured Fluoride Containing Varnishes

Objectives: Fluoride varnishes or gels have been advised by dentists in any tooth decay. Various indexes such as surface micro-hardness have been proposed for assessment of fluoride varnishes. The present study aims to evaluate the micro-hardness of enamel surfaces after application of different types of fluoride varnishes. Methods: three different fluoride varnish compositions provided with various nano-fluorapatite, sodium fluoride, Xanthan gum and Xylitol. For experimental evaluation, twenty primary teeth in subjects 3 to 14 years-old were collected, washed and cut, then soaked in the fluoride varnishes for 24 h. Three fluoride varnish groups were different in their nano-fluorapatite and sodium fluoride content from 0.66 to 2.96 %wt. and 1.66 to ~5 %wt. The results were compared to a commercial fluoride varnish available in the market (Aria Dent Preventa) and two control groups of primary teeth before (Ctrl. group) and after (D-Ctrl. group) demineralization. Control samples and varnish treated specimens were characterized by X-ray diffractometry, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, and filed emission electron microscopy techniques. Finally, all specimens were analyzed in terms of surface micro-hardness to determine the enamel surface hardness before and after varnish treatment. Statistical significance between mean values was determined by a one-way analysis of variance. Results: The highest and lowest micro-hardness value were 623 HV and 544 HV obtained for the samples with the highest and lowest nano-fluorapatite content respectively. Conclusions: Based on the obtained results, that the effectiveness of the fluoride varnish treatment can be improved just by addition of about 1 %wt. nano-fluorapatite. Moreover, the replacement of solvent by Xanthan gum presents some other advantages such as biocompatibility and biodegradability of Xanthan gum composition.

Effect of Bioactive Glass-Containing Light-Curing Varnish on Enamel Remineralization.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of novel experimental light-curing bioactive glass (BAG)-containing varnish on enamel remineralization. An experimental light-curing, BAG-containing varnish and two commercial varnishes (Nupro White Varnish; Dentsply International, York, PA, USA and Tooth Mousse; GC Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) were used. Microhardness tests (n = 3), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) (n = 5), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis (n = 5) were performed to compare the remineralization effect of three varnishes with and without ultrasonication. The data of microhardness test were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc comparison (P < 0.05). Microhardness of demineralized enamel increased after the application of three varnishes (P < 0.05). The experimental BAG-containing varnish showed the highest microhardness among the three varnishes (P < 0.05). Ultrasonication decreased microhardness of Tooth Mousse and BAG-containing varnish groups (P < 0.05). FE-SEM and XRD revealed precipitates of hydroxyapatite (HAP) or fluorapatite (FAP) crystals of three varnishes. The novel experimental BAG-containing varnish may be a promising clinical strategy for the remineralization of early carious lesions or demineralized enamel surfaces.

The effect of Miswak varnish on streptococcus Mutans count and gingival inflammation in orthodontic patients

Objective: Primary objective: To evaluate the effect of Miswak extract varnish on streptococcus mutans (S.mutans) counts in saliva and plaque, gingival bleeding index (GBI) and plaque index (PI) in orthodontic patients. Secondary objective: to suggest an appropriate frequency Miswak varnishes application to produce maximum efficiency. Material and methods: Enrolled patients (n=75) were randomly and equally divided into 3groups. Chlorhexidine varnish group, Miswak varnish group and control group. S.mutans counts in plaque and saliva, GBI and PI were evaluated at different time points; T0: before brackets bonding, T1: two weeks after brackets bonding, T2: one months after brackets bonding and T3: three months after brackets bonding. Results: Both chlorhexidine and Miswak varnishes reduced plaque S.mutans counts significantly at T2 compared to the controls, with no significant difference between Chlorhexidine and Miswak varnishes at this timepoint. After 3 months, chlorhexidine varnish group had the lowest S.mutans plaque counts followed by Miswak varnish group, while the control group had the highest counts. GBI was reduced significantly in both chlorhexidine and Miswak varnishes groups, when compared to the control group at both one month and 3 months timepoints with no statistically significant differences between chlorhexidine and Miswak neither at one month nor at 3 months. PI showed no statistically significant differences between the 3 study groups at different timepoints. Conclusions: Miswak varnish can be an acceptable natural substitute to chlorhexidine varnish as an anticariogenic agent if applied at monthly basis. Mechanical brushing is mandatory to reduce plaque accumulation and maintain proper gingival health.

Biological effects of sodium fluoride varnishes used in remineralisation of enamel: An in vitro study.

During the last three decades, fluoride varnishes have been recognised as effective strategies for caries prevention in the young-child population and have contributed to a decrease in its prevalence worldwide. The present study aimed to assess in vitro the level of cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in human primary pulp fibroblasts (DPFs) of two NaF varnishes. Four experimental assays were carried out (MTS, Mitotracker® system [mitochondrial function and morphology], Live/Dead®, and Comet) to assess the morphology, viability, and genotoxicity of two NaF varnishes (Duraphat® and Clinpro White®, both at two different concentrations). The essays were conducted on cultured pulp fibroblasts, grouped in four experimental and two control groups. Collected data were analysed by one-way ANOVA followed by the post hoc Bonferroni test. Some morphological changes of DPFs could be detected after the NaFVs stimulation. Most DPFs incubated in Duraphat (22.6 mg/L) maintained their morphological characteristics, except for a small decrease in cell size and shorter cytoplasmic projections (filopodia); DPFs treated with Clinpro White Varnish (22.6 mg/L) presented a morphology and size similar to the control group. DPFs exposed to Duraphat (113 mg/L) exhibited significant morphological alterations with considerable cell size increases and DPFs treated with Clinpro White Varnish (113 mg/L) showed a slight cell size increase without noticeable morphological anomalies. The Duraphat (22.6 mg/L) and Clinpro White Varnish (22.6 mg/L) groups promoted 31% and 35% cell proliferation, respectively, whereas DPFs proliferation with Duraphat (113 mg/L) decreased up to 59%, and cell proliferation with Clinpro White Varnish (113 mg/L) was similar to that of control. All tested varnishes induced changes in the fibroblastic mitochondria. In general, Duraphat was less biocompatible and caused a change in the number of mitochondria compared to Clinpro White Varnish.

Comparing Enamel Microhardness in Decidous Teeth With Primary Carious Lesions After Applying Three Fluoride Containing Materials in Vitro

Background and Aim: For decades, using fluoride has been introduced to prevent the development and progression of primary carious lesions. Increased surface microhardness of primary caries is among the essential factors in preventing lesion progression and cavity formation. The present study aimed to compare the microhardness changes of primary caries treated with 3 products, containing fluoride (varnish, toothpaste, &amp; mouthwash) in dental teeth. Methods &amp; Materials: In this study, 45 extracted human deciduous molars were used. Using a diamond-winning disc, enamel blocks with a dimension of 1 x 4 x 4 mm were prepared from the buccal surface of the teeth, i.e., healthy and without structural defects; they were mounted in acrylic self-adhesive. Initial microhardness test (Vicker’s test) with a force of 300 gr and Dwell time for 15 seconds was applied on samples. Next, artificial caries with the standard solution were created in all samples and the microhardness of samples was recorded at this stage. The study samples were randomly divided into 3 groups of 15, treated with fluoride varnish, mouthwash, and toothpaste. Then, the microhardness of samples was re-measured. The mean surface microhardness was compared between the study groups by Independent Samples t-test and Bonferroni test. All analyses were performed using SPSS at the significance level of P&lt;0.05. Ethical Considerations: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Arak University of Medical Science (Code: IR.ARAKMU.REC.1397.264). Results: Increase in surface microhardness of primary caries in fluoride varnish group was statistically significant; in GC MI paste plus toothpaste and Oral B mouthwash was non-significant. The research samples treated by fluoride varnish had a higher surface microhardness, compared to toothpaste and mouthwash. Conclusion: According to the present research results, fluoride varnish was superior to fluoride mouthwash and toothpaste in improving the microhardness of primary dental caries.

Comparison of the effect of GC tooth mousse and fluoride varnish on dentin hypersensitivity reduction.

Objective: To compare the mean dentin hypersensitivity after using GC tooth mousse versus fluoride varnish in patients with dentinal hypersensitivity due to non-carious cervical lesions. Study Design: Randomized Control Trial. Setting: Watim Dental College, Rawalpindi. Period: February to August 2019. Material &amp; Methods: A total number of 166 patients were enrolled in the study. Informed consent and demographic information were taken. The subjects were randomized by using random number table to minimize bias. Patients were divided into 2 groups. Fluoride varnish (group 1) which is the control group and GC Tooth Mousse which is group 2, both were used 3 times in the first day during the first week. On follow up the tooth sensitivity was noted. The follow up appointment to measure the level of dentinal hypersensitivity was done after the given treatment on the 7th day of the first week. For measuring the dentin hypersensitivity, the Visual Analogue Scale was used. The data that was collected was entered and 1 then it was analyzed on SPSS version 21. Results: In this study mean age of the fluoride varnish group patients was 44.14±8.95 years, in GC tooth mousse group patients was 44.24±9.04 years. The mean pain score of fluoride varnish group patients was 1.98±1.43 while in GC Tooth Mousse paste group patients was 2.39±1.21 (p-value=0.048). Conclusion: Fluoride varnish group showed significantly lower mean dentin hypersensitivity than to GC tooth mousse group in patients with dentinal hypersensitivity with caries free cervical lesions.

Prevention of non-cavitated lesions with fluoride and xylitol varnishes during orthodontic treatment: a randomized clinical trial.

Fixed orthodontic appliances impair oral hygiene increasing the risk of non-cavitated lesions (NCLs) and tooth decay. The aim of this study was to compare the outcomes of fluoride and xylitol varnishes in preventing NCLs during comprehensive orthodontic treatment. The sample comprised 55 volunteers from 15 to 20 years of age under orthodontic treatment that were randomly divided into three groups: Fluoride Group (FG; n=17), Xylitol Group (XG; n=19), and Placebo Group (PG; n=19). The patients in each group received two applications of the following varnishes: DuraphatTM (5% NaF), 20% xylitol, and placebo (no F/Xylitol) in the three groups, respectively. The varnishes were applied in the first appointment (T0) and 3 months later (T1). Clinical examinations were carried out at T0 and 6 months after (T2) using the ICDAS index and the QLF system (fluorescence difference). The intergroup comparisons were performed by ANOVA/Tukey's or Kruskal-Wallis/Dunn's tests (P<0.05). There was no significant intergroup difference regarding ICDAS index changes from T0 to T2. Fluoride varnish produced significantly greater increase in fluorescence of NCLs (mean change of -0.65 +0.78 and -0.56 +0.83, for maxilla and mandible, respectively) in comparison to the other groups. The majority of non-cavitated lesions improved in the fluoride and xylitol varnish groups. Fluoride varnish produced significantly greater increase in enamel fluorescence compared to xylitol and placebo varnishes. In short term, both fluoride and xylitol varnishes produced remineralization of NCLs in orthodontic patients. Non-cavitated lesions can be effectively controlled in high-risk orthodontic patients by means of fluoride varnishes. ReBEC Identifier: RBR-6mdxfq; Date of Register: March 19th, 2020. Retrospectively Registered.