Mungbean Varieties Research Articles

A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF RECENT ADVANCEMENTS IN VIGNA RADIATA RESEARCH: INSIGHTS INTO PHYSIOLOGY, AGRONOMIC, NUTRITIONAL, AND HEALTH PERSPECTIVES

Aims: The primary aim of this research is to provide a better comparative understanding of the Physiology, Agronomic, Nutritional, and Health-modulating effects observed in the reviewed studies related to Vigna radiata consumption. The review paper typically highlights the antidiabetic, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory effects of Vigna radiata (mung bean). The fact that there exist inconsistencies and gaps in evidence against certain effects of mung bean & places where further research is needed is also addressed in the review paperPlace and Duration of Study: Department of Biotechnology, Techno India University, West Bengal, India; between August 2023 and July 2024.Methodology: The paper has been prepared by conducting a comprehensive search of various mung bean-related scientific literature databases across the internet mung beans, followed by extracting relevant data from selected studies, evaluating quality assessment factors & finally summarizing and synthesizing the extracted data, including the main findings related to Vigna radiata's beneficial effects.Results: The review work seems to be beneficial for reaffirming the significance of Vigna radiata as a natural source of immunity support and summarizing the key takeaways from the review.Conclusion: The mung bean (Vigna radiata) is a leguminous fodder crop which is rich in nutrients and bioactive compounds, including polyphenols, polysaccharides, and polypeptides. Studies conducted in vitro and in vivo highlight the variety of mung bean's health benefits. It portrays antidiabetic, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory effects. However, it is imperative to delve deeper into the mechanisms underlying their role in preventing diseases. There are substantial knowledge gaps regarding the bioactive compounds and biological functions of mung beans. Further investigation is crucial to pinpoint additional essential components responsible for their health advantages and underscore these various components' combined effects on biological processes.

Improved Mung Bean (Vigna radiate L.) Technology Demonstration and Promotion Under North-West Ethiopia

North-West Ethiopia, particularly metekel area, was conducive for the production of lowland pulses including mung beans. However, because of some known and unknown factors the productivity of mung beans was not that much improved regardless of the study area’s potential. Due to this, a two season field experiment was conducted to demonstrate and promote improved mung bean varieties under pawe district for 2021 and 2022 consecutive cropping seasons. During 2021 and 2022 main seasons, demonstration and promotion of improved mung bean varieties with the direct involvement of stakeholders (farmers, agricultural experts, government officials, researchers) field day event was carried out. The improved mung bean varieties demonstrated and promoted were NVL-1, N-26 (Rasa), Shoarobit (as a check) and MH-97-6 (Borda). Small scale farmers and agricultural experts even district government officials were purposely selected from the nearby district (pawe) followed that theoretical trainings about the production of mung bean, were given during the event. Each event participants have set their own variety selection parameters; with this majority of the participants selected and promoted N-26 (Rasa), NVL-1 mung bean varieties based on high grain yield, more number of pods per plant, larger grain size, uniformity and earliness, the rest of the participants preferred Shoarobit (as a check) based on high biomass and grain yield whereas MH-97-6 (Borda) was selected and promoted based on medium duration and high yield. The author suggested that, those selected and promoted mung bean varieties (mainly N-26 (Rasa), NVL-1 and MH-97-6 (Borda) have been recommended for production under the study area and similar agro-ecologies to satisfy the seed demand raised by small scale farmers and other agents.

Combining Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and multivariate analysis for chemotyping of cell wall composition in Mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wizcek)

BackgroundDissection of complex plant cell wall structures demands a sensitive and quantitative method. FTIR is used regularly as a screening method to identify specific linkages in cell walls. However, quantification and assigning spectral bands to particular cell wall components is still a major challenge, specifically in crop species. In this study, we addressed these challenges using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy as it is a high throughput, cost-effective and non-destructive approach to understand the plant cell wall composition. This method was validated by analysing different varieties of mungbean which is one of the most important legume crops grown widely in Asia.ResultsUsing standards and extraction of a specific component of cell wall components, we assigned 1050–1060 cm−1 and 1390–1420 cm−1 wavenumbers that can be widely used to quantify cellulose and lignin, respectively, in Arabidopsis, Populus, rice and mungbean. Also, using KBr as a diluent, we established a method that can relatively quantify the cellulose and lignin composition among different tissue types of the above species. We further used this method to quantify cellulose and lignin in field-grown mungbean genotypes. The ATR-FTIR-based study revealed the cellulose content variation ranges from 27.9% to 52.3%, and the lignin content variation ranges from 13.7% to 31.6% in mungbean genotypes.ConclusionMultivariate analysis of FT-IR data revealed differences in total cell wall (600–2000 cm−1), cellulose (1000–1100 cm−1) and lignin (1390–1420 cm−1) among leaf and stem of four plant species. Overall, our data suggested that ATR-FTIR can be used for the relative quantification of lignin and cellulose in different plant species. This method was successfully applied for rapid screening of cell wall composition in mungbean stem, and similarly, it can be used for screening other crops or tree species.

Evaluation Of Mung Bean (Vigna Radiata) Varieties For Resistance To Bruchid (Callosobruchus Spp) Infestation Using The “No Choice Test"

Mung beans (Vigna radiata) commonly known as green grams, are an important legume crop cultivated for food and as a source of income. Mung bean seeds are highly susceptible to infestation by bruchids (Callosobruchus spp), which can cause significant post-harvest losses, hence impacting on the global food security. Bruchid infestation control remains a priority, and overreliance on chemical pesticides contributes to environmental concerns due to the potential harm to non-target species such as soil and water quality. Investigating natural resistance mechanisms in mung beans can contribute to sustainable and eco-friendly pest management practices. This study aimed at identifying mung bean varieties resistant to storage bruchids using the 'No Choice' test by determining the seed damage. Twenty-three mung bean varieties, both wild and local, were obtained from KALRO Katumani and evaluated against pulse beetle (Callosobruchus maculatus) under laboratory conditions. Fifty seeds of each test sample were placed in separate petri dishes. Five male and female pairs of 0–24-hour-old adults of the beetle were released into each petri dish, covered to prevent insect escape and allow air circulation. The observations were made after 72 hours on oviposition preference by determining the number of eggs laid and percentage seed damage by counting the seeds with one or more holes from the total. The mung bean variety V100-35226 exhibited the highest resistance to bruchid infestations, with minimal seed damage. Other varieties with slight resistance included AMVU-1612, AMVU-1601, AMVU-1603, and V100-1802. The results highlighted significant differences in resistance levels among the mung bean varieties, indicating that some varieties possess natural resistance mechanisms to bruchid infestation

Zinc and Boron Foliar Application Effects on Primed Mung Bean (Vigna radiata L.) Growth and Productivity

Mung bean is recognized for its abundant high-quality protein content. For human consumption, it is a high-quality protein source and also serves various purposes crops, its arvested residue is used for green manuring and also used for fodder purposes. The research aimed to assess the impact of foliar micronutrient application on primed mung bean (Vigna radiata). The experimental procedures were executed in the sandy loam soil prevalent in the central plain region of Punjab. The investigation was conducted during the Zaid season 2022, focusing on the (SML-1827) mung bean variety. Specifically, the research assessed the impact of foliar micronutrient applications involving zinc and boron at 15 and 45 days after sowing (DAS) on primed mung bean growth characteristics. The experimental design employed a Randomized Block Design, incorporating 11 distinct treatment combinations, each replicated thrice. The investigation revealed that foliar micronutrient treatment on primed mung bean substantially influenced growth and yield parameters. Growth indicators for mung bean exhibited a positive trend when zinc and boron were jointly applied to primed seeds with gibberellic acid, followed by a decline in the control group, which experienced typical growth conditions devoid of growth regulators and micronutrients. Specifically, the highest recorded plant height was 70.1 cm in the T9 (GA(50 mg.L-1) + ZnSO4 (0.5%) + B (1%)) treatment, while the lowest height was 58 cm in the T0 (control) treatment. Similarly, the most significant fresh weight was observed in T9 (GA(50 mg.L-1) + ZnSO4 (0.5%)+ B (1%)) treatments at 136.8 g, with the lowest weight recorded in T0 (control) treatments at 86.6g. the most significant grain yield was achieved in T9 112 g.m-2, followed by T10 (SA(150 mg.L-1)+ ZnSO4 (0.5%)+B (1%)) at 105.7 g.m-2. This study suggests micronutrients and growth regulators can be sustainable agricultural inputs to enhance soil health and productivity.

Interaction effect of different phosphorus levels and varieties of mungbean under custard apple based agri-horti system

Interaction effect of different phosphorus levels and varieties of mungbean under custard apple based agri-horti system

Influence of Varying Levels of Organic Manure, Phosphorus and Bio- inoculants on Biological Properties of Soil under Mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek

A field experiment was conducted for two consecutive years (during Kharif 2019 and 2020) at Instructional Farm, College of Agriculture, Jodhpur (Rajasthan) to assess the impact of varying levels of FYM, phosphorus and bio-inoculants on biological properties of soil under Mungbean. The experiment was laid out in factorial randomized block design with three replications. The experiment comprised of two levels of FYM (0 and 5 t/ha), four levels of phosphorus (0, 50, 75 and 100% P2O5 /ha) and three levels of bio-inoculations (No inoculation, Enterobacter cloacae and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens). Mungbean variety GM-4 was used for exprimentation. The results revealed that addition of FYM @ 5 t ha-1 recorded significantly higher soil microbial biomass carbon (217.92 mg /kg), soil microbial biomass phosphorus (15.47 mg/kg), acid phosphatase (1.019 \(\mu\)g PNP/g soil/h), alkaline phosphatase (7.13\(\mu\)g PNP/g soil/h) and dehydrogenase activity (6.10 \(\mu\)g TPF/g soil/ h) of soil at 40 DAS as compared to without FYM application. Among the phosphorus levels, application of 100% P2O5 /ha gave significantly highest soil microbial biomass carbon (219.13mg/kg), soil microbial biomass phosphorus (15.71 mg/kg), acid phosphatase (1.010 µg PNP/g soil/h), alkaline phosphatase (7.21\(\mu\)g PNP/g soil/h) and dehydrogenase activity (5.91\(\mu\)g TPF/g soil/h) over rest of P levels, however, it was found at par with 75 % P2O5 /ha. Similarly, the seed inoculation with B. amyloliquefaciens recorded significantly higher values of all above biological properties as compared to un-inoculated control but it was found at par with seed inoculation with E. cloacae. Thus, the results reaveal the positive effect of the application of FYM, Phosphorus and seed inoculation with biofertilizers (E. cloacae or B. amyloliquefaciens) on the biological properties of soil (soil microbial biomass carbon, soil microbial biomass phosphorus, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase and dehydrogenase activity) for management of sustainable environment.

Screening New Mungbean Varieties for Terminal Drought Tolerance

Rainfed mungbean crops in Queensland Australia frequently experience terminal drought (drought stress in the final stages of reproductive development), highlighting the importance of drought-tolerant varieties for sustainable mungbean production. Given there is limited information on the relative drought tolerance of current mungbean varieties in Australia, the study of genetic variations and mechanisms of drought tolerance in summer mungbean can provide a basis for developing drought-tolerant mungbean varieties. This study evaluated the physiological, biochemical, and phenological traits underpinning yield attributes associated with drought tolerance in selected mungbean varieties. Four new mungbean varieties (AVTMB#1 to 4) and the Australian commercial line (Jade-AU) were grown in tall (75 cm) polyvinyl chloride (PVC) lysimeters where drought stress was imposed at the early flowering stage (R1) and maintained until maturity. Drought stress significantly impacted all the varieties. Averaged across all the varieties, drought stress was associated with a reduction in stomatal conductance (gs) and photosynthetic rate (Asat) by 78% and 86%, respectively, compared to well-watered plants. Internal carbon dioxide concentration (Ci), the effective quantum yield of photosystem II (ΦPSII) and maximum light-use efficiency of light-acclimated photosystem II (PSII) centres (Fv’/Fm’) were also decreased, while excitation pressure (1-qP) increased with drought treatment. A positive correlation (r = 0.60) existed between seed yield and ΦPSII assessed at R1, while a weak correlation with Fv’/Fm’ (r = 0.24) was observed. Excitation pressure (1-qP) at the R1 stage was negatively correlated with seed yield (r = −0.66). Therefore, leaf fluorescence measures, viz., 1-qP and ΦPSII, were recommended for use in screening mungbean varieties for drought tolerance. The varieties, AVTMB#1 and AVTMB#4, respectively achieved 39 and 38% greater seed yields relative to the commercial variety, Jade-AU, under terminal drought conditions.

Multilevel growth assessment of mungbean production in Madhya Pradesh

The present study aimed to examine the growth performance of mungbean in Madhya Pradesh, which is the second-highest pulse-producing state in India. With the development of short-duration mungbean varieties, the crop can be cultivated in spring/summer along with Kharif and Rabi seasons. The districtwise time series data on the area, production, and productivity of mungbean in Madhya Pradesh was collected. The growth performance and instability were analyzed using the Compound Annual Growth Rate and Cuddy Della Valle Index. Further, the decomposition analysis was performed to examine the sources of growth in mungbean production. The growth performance was also examined for major mungbean-producing districts of Madhya Pradesh viz; Narmadapuram (Hoshangabad), Sehore, Harda, Narshingpur, and Raisen districts. The growth performance of mungbean in Madhya Pradesh was examined for sub-period I (2000-01 to 2009-10) and sub-period II (2010-11 to 2019-20). The study revealed that the Narmadapuram division of Madhya Pradesh recorded the highest growth rate in area and production for the period 2010-11 to 2019-20. Higher growth rate and instability in the area, production, and productivity was observed in sub-period II which may be attributed to the incentives under NFSM-pulses and area coverage under summer mungbean cultivation during the last decade.

Induced mutagenesis for resistance to mungbean yellow mosaic virus and yield traits in mungbean

The M0 ѕeedѕ of mungbean variety DGGV 2 treated with different doѕeѕ of ethyl methane ѕulphonate (EMЅ) at 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.3% concentrations were assessed for Mungbean Yellow Mosaic Virus (MYMV) in M2 generation during summer 2023 at University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad. Considering the yield superiority over check (Mean + 2 Standard Deviation) and highly resistant response to MYMV disease, out of 962 M2 plants 17 superior M2 plants were identified. The seed yield plant-1 in these identified mutants ranged from 21.9 to 32.0 g which is higher compared to the average yield of check DGGV 2 (11.7 g) during that season. Also, the other yield contributing traits such as number of productive branches, number of cluster plant-1, number of pods cluster-1, and number of pods plant-1 were observed to be higher in these mutants in comparison to check variety.

Exploring intra-allelic and inter-allelic gene interactions influencing seed yield and its components in inter-varietal crosses of Mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek)

Mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) is a versatile legume widely cultivated for its nutritional value and adaptability. Meeting the increasing global demand for nutritious food requires the development of high-yielding varieties. Therefore, understanding the inheritance of yield and component traits is crucial for defining effective breeding strategies. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the genetic effects and interactions governing inheritance through generation mean analysis. The four crosses viz., IPM409-4×VGG18-002, IPM409-4×WGG42, COGG13-39×VGG16-058 and COGG13-39×VGG18-002 and their five generations (P1, P2, F1, F2, and F3) were evaluated for nine yield and yield component traits during 2023 summer season. The significance of additive, dominance, and epistatic components viz.,additive×additive [i] and dominance×dominance [l] of each trait was found to be different among all the crosses. Mungbean is a self-pollinated crop, so only fixable gene effects can be exploited for trait improvement. In the IPM409-4×VGG18-002 cross, all the traits exhibited additive or additive × additive gene action except for plant height and seed yield per plant (dominance). The scaling test was significant in IPM409-4×WGG42 cross for all the traits, except for the number of pods per cluster. Except for the number of branches per plant in which the dominance effect was evident, additive or additive×additive gene effects were observed for the other traits. In COGG13-39×VGG16-058 and COGG13-39×VGG18-002 crosses, all the yield traits recorded fixable (additive and additive×additive) gene effects except for number of pods per plant in COGG13-39×VGG18-002. Considering the results of all four crosses, gene actions that exhibit consistency across crosses revealed that epistatic interaction (additive×additive) significantly influenced the expression of various mung bean traits. Therefore, the later generation selection of short-duration segregants with high yield, bold seeds, and resistance to yellow mosaic disease from the above populations can be carried out to develop commercially valuable mung bean varieties.

PERFORMANCE OF MUNGBEAN WITH ELEVATED NPKS NUTRITIONS UNDER WATER STRESS

Drought is one of the most serious environmental stresses that hinders mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) production seriously. Improvement of soil nutrition is one of the effective measures to enhance drought tolerance of upland crops like mungbean. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of higher levels of macro nutrients on growth and yield performance of mungbean. Recommended dose, and two, three and four folds of the recommended dose of major fertilizers (N-P-K-S) were applied on two popular mungbean varieties namely, Binamoog-5 and BU mug4 under water stress. The effect of the higher levels of fertilizer on stressed plants was evaluated by examining different morphological parameters of growth such as plant height, parameters of growth analyses, yield attributes and grain yield. Water stress in general had a negative effect on plant growth and development. However, the enhanced levels of nutritions lessened the water stress effect. Increased plant height, leaf area, CGR, RGR, NAR, and grain yield and yield attributes were measured in plants that received elevated nutrients. In general Binamoog-5 showed higher water stress tolerance than BU mug4 in relation to the production of grain yield and yield attrbutes. Under water stress the highest number of pods plant-1 was recorded in T4 where Binamoog-5 produced 15.33 plant-1 and BU mug4 had 13.33 plant-1. The highest 100-seed weight was recorded in Binamoog-5 (4.65 g) and BU mug4 had 4.29 g with the three-fold increased doses of N-P-K-S fertilizer (T4 ). The highest grain yield plant-1 was also recorded in T4 where Binamoog-5 produced 4.95 g plant-1 and BUmug4 produced 3.95 g plant-1. It was concluded that higher levels of NPKS enhanced productivity of mungbean, than the recommended.

Extension of the Eeigenvalue-Based Selection Index Method for Fixation of Multiple Trait-Transgressive Segregates in Mungbeans (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek)

The selection of the early generation is a viable strategy for the rapid development of new plant varieties. In mungbeans (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek), the selection process is carried out to obtain high seed yield, early maturity, and sufficiently large seed size. To enhance this process, the extension of the combined-eigenanalysis selection index method (CESIM) with transgressive segregation variables can be used to fix multiple-trait transgressive segregates. Therefore, this research aimed to (1) develop an eigenvalue-based selection index method in information from relatives analysis capable of fixing multiple-trait transgressive segregates in the early generation, (2) predict expected and realized multiple-trait selection responses, and (3) verify the presence of multiple-trait transgressive segregates in the early generation of mungbeans. The material used consisted of the F3 generation population and its selection outcomes in F4, originating from the crossbreeding of mungbean varieties Gelatik × Lasafu Lere Butsiw. The empirical breeding values (EBV) between and within families were obtained using the BLUP values of the F3 generation from the mixed linear model with a nested design and log-normal distribution. The EBV values between families and dummy variables of transgressive segregate families were used in the selection process with CESIM. Furthermore, analysis of variance in EBV values within families in the F4 generation was applied to verify the presence of multiple-trait transgressive segregates. The results showed that the selection from the best CESIM equation yielded index scores with a determination coefficient R2 = 97.76% and an expected selection response of 136.62. The verification process confirmed the presence of 9 families as multiple-trait transgressive segregate families in the early generation.

Progress in the Use of Combined Omics for Mungbean Breeding Improvement and Its Potential in Promoting Resistance against Cercospora Leaf Spot

Cercospora leaf spot (CLS) is the most destructive fungal disease, deteriorating the production and productivity of mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek). Mungbean is one of the most nutritionally and environmentally important legumes, with popularity currently increasing as a ‘future smart food crop’ due to its several health benefits. In recent years, there has been considerable research progress in improving disease resistance in legumes. However, only a limited number of studies have pinpointed potential genes and candidate genes associated with resistance traits to CLS in mungbeans. Identifying the potential resistant resources through combined omics approaches is an efficient strategy to screen the best Cercospora-resistant mungbean varieties for further molecular breeding and improvement. Potential omics approaches are important tools to predict disease management strategies, alleviate chemical overuse, and mitigate problems due to malnutrition. Sustainable breeding research efforts using potential combined omics, including automated phenotyping, to promote important resistant traits associated with CLS in mungbeans are still unexplored and a key issue that needs to be addressed. Omics-technology-based research findings on resistance genes, proteins, and metabolites against CLS in mungbean are recognised in this review. Due to a limitation of research findings specifically underscoring the use of omics tools for screening resistant mungbean against CLS, best related research outcomes on other crops are included in this review.

Techno-functional properties and allergenicity of mung bean (Vigna radiata) protein isolates from Imara and KPS2 varieties

Mung bean is an increasingly cultivated legume. This study compared mung bean varieties ‘KPS2’ from Thailand (Th) and ‘Imara’ from Tanzania (T) with a focus on protein composition, allergenicity, and techno-functional properties. Two rounds alkaline-acid extraction were performed to produce mung bean protein isolate (MBPI - Th1/T1 and Th2/T2), supernatant (S) and protein-poor residue (PPR). Mass spectrometric analysis revealed high abundance of 8 s-vicilin and 11 s-legumin in MBPI and S. Extraction removed considerable amounts of the seed albumin allergen but increased the relative abundance of cupins in MBPI. Higher vicilin levels were found in Th1 samples, contributed to increased protein solubility above pH 6.5. Th formed stronger gels which were more stable at higher frequencies. In contrast, T proteins were structurally more flexible, leading to its improved foaming ability. This study provides the knowledge and methods for appropriate selection of mung bean varieties for various food applications.

First report of leaf spot caused by Colletotrichum camelliae in mung beans (Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek) in South Korea.

Mung bean (Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek) is a legume with high nutritional and economic value that is cultivated widely across Asia (Kang et al. 2014). In March 2022, a leaf spot disease in mung bean was observed at the Gangneung-Wonju National University Experimental farm (Gangneung, South Korea, 37.77°N, 128.86°E). The affected plants had irregular brown-gray leaf spots, and the bottom of the leaves showed concentric brown-gray rings that eventually progressed to necrotic lesions. Regardless of the cultivar, approximately 30% of the plants in the field were infected. To isolate the pathogen, the affected leaves were surface-sterilized by washing with 70% ethanol for 1 min, followed by washing with 2% NaClO for 2 min, then rinsing with sterile distilled water. We placed 3-mm sized diseased lesions on potato-dextrose agar (PDA), then incubated them at 27 ± 1 °C in the dark for 7 days and we obtained 1 isolate (CC1). The fungus on PDA had white aerial mycelia that became gray toward the center. Single spore cultures were obtained from fungal isolate. Isolated conidia were single celled, hyaline, cylindrical, and measured between 20.75 to 22.07 μm × 5.85 to 6.92 μm (n = 20), similar to other reports of C. camelliae(Wang et al. 2016). Mycelium from the single spore isolate was used for DNA extraction using Exgene™ Plant SV / (GeneAll®, Cat.No. 117-152), and we amplified the ITS region with primers ITS1 + ITS2 and ITS3 + ITS4, a portion of the actin gene with primers ACT-512F + 738R, and a portion of the beta-tubulin gene with primers BT2aF + BT2bR (Carbone et al. 1999; Glass et al. 1995; White et al. 1990). The amplified regions were sequenced by by Macrogen® (Seoul, South Korea). Sequences were deposited under GenBank accession numbers OR523262 (ITS), OR582483 (Actin), and OR566953 (beta-tubulin). MegaBLAST analysis of the ITS1, ITS2, ACT, and TUB regions showed 99% (216/217 bp) similarity with C. camelliae strain HNCS-26 (MK041440.1), 99% (303/305 bp) similarity with C. camelliae strain G3 (ON025203.1), 99% (242/244 bp) similarity with C. camelliae strain FWT41 (MN525820.1), and 99% (456/460 bp) with C. camelliae strain LF152 (KJ955239.1), respectively. To fulfill Koch's postulates, we conducted a pathogenicity teston the mung bean cultivar VC1973A (Seonhwanokdu) grown for four weeks at 25 °C with a 16-h day/8-h night cycle, simulating the field conditions when the symptoms were observed. We tested the pathogenicity on six plants , three control and three infected plants. Using three leaf replicates per plant resulting in total of nine leaves per group. Leaves were first injured using a sterile needle then either sterile 5 mm PDA plugs or plugs with C. camelliae were placed on the leaf for control and infected conditions, respectively. Irregular gray leaf spots were observed on the abaxial and adaxial of the infected leaf after 2 weeks, like the symptoms observed in the field. This was observed only on infected leaves and nowhere else on the plant and the control plants had no infection. We re-isolated the pathogen from diseased leaves and identified it as C. camelliae using the same molecular markers described previously, completing Koch's postulate. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of leaf spot caused by C. camelliae in mung bean plants in Korea, previously the fungi was reported to infect tea plants in Korea (Hassan et al. 2023). More studies are required to investigate potentially resistant mung bean varieties to minimize future damage caused by this fungus.

Improving the Growth and Productivity of Two Varieties of Mung Bean (Vigna radiata L.) by using Different Cultivation Methods and Dates

Background: Mung bean is characterized by its ability to withstand water scarcity due to its short life span, so it can be introduced into agricultural rotation systems and despite especially when there is a lack of humidity and contemporary environmental changes. Despite the importance of this crop, its productivity rate in Iraq is still low compared to global production. The dates and methods of cultivation of the mungbean crop must be determined accurately to suit the specifications of local varieties adapted to the changing environmental conditions. Methods: The field study was applied in two fields: the first in Nineveh Governorate and the second in Erbil Governorate / Republic of Iraq. Three factors included, first: two varieties of local mung bean (black and green), second: different cultivation methods (furrow and lines) and the third: planting dates (May 15, June 15 and July 15). The study was designed as a factor experiment a design (R.C.B.D) with three replicates. Result: The first variety superior significantly in the two sites with the qualities of (plant height, leaf area, leaf area index, seed yield, Biological yield and harvest index. From the results of the dates, we note a significant superiority of the first date number of seeds.pod-1 while the third date significantly outperformed the germination percentage for the two sites. First planting method significant superiority in most of the studied characterists and for the two research sites. Significant superiority was recorded for the interactions of research factors and their levels.

Insights from Morpho-Physiological Traits Imparting Tolerance for Preharvest Sprouting of Mungbean Genotypes

Due to the absence of fresh seed dormancy (FSD) in mung bean seeds makes them susceptible to pre-harvest sprouting (PHS). Mung bean yield has been proved to be 60–70% reduced in response to PHS, an abiotic stress. By understanding this problem present study was carried out at at experimental field, Department of Agricultural Botany (Plant Physiology) (20.70060N, 77.03710E), PGI, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola during kharif (rainy) season 2012-13. The experiment entitled “Insights from morpho-physiological traits imparting tolerance for preharvest sprouting of munbean genotypes”. The design of experiment is Randomized block design in three replications with sixteen genotypes. It was observed that on the basis of morpho-physiological traits viz., high hard seed %, pod pubescence, lower germination in pod and seed, less seed and pod moisture genotype AKM-9801, AKM-9907, BM-2002-1 and AKM-10-05, genotypes were found to be tolerant to preharvest sprouting. And more interesting fact is the seed yield per hector found efficient in AKM-8802 and AKM-9907. So, it was found that AKM 9907 is best suitable variety of mungbean in kharif season to prevent crop from whether damage and improve yield also.

Influence of gamma radiation and EMS on chlorophyll and macro-mutation in mungbean (Vigna radiata)

Present study was carried during rainy (kharif) season of 2021 (M1 generation), summer 2022 (M2 generation) and rainy (kharif) seasons of 2022 (M3 generation) at College of Agriculture, Swami Keshwanand Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner, Rajasthan for creating genetic variability in mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek]. The experiment was conducted with 26 treatments and 2 popular archaic varieties of mungbean (Ganga-1 and GM-4), solitary application of gamma radiation (200, 400 and 600 Gy), and ethyl methane sulphonate (EMS) (0.1 and 0.2%) as well as their combinations. A wide spectrum of chlorophyll mutants (Chlorina, Xantha, Albina, Viridis and complex type) and morphological mutants (plant type, flower colour, pod type, leaf variation and maturity period) were identified at various crop growth stages. All mutagen treatments including solitary application of gamma radiation and EMS as well as their combinations were found effective for creating genetic variability. The lower concentration of EMS (0.1%) was found to be relatively more effective as compared to 0.2%. Similarly, the lower dose of gamma radiation (200 Gy) was also more effective than 400 and 600 Gy. Among all the treatment combinations, combined application of 200 Gy + 0.1% EMS was found most effective in generating chlorophyll and morphological mutants. Among two varieties of mungbean, Ganga-1 was found to be more sensitive to mutagens as compared to GM-4. Numerous mutants identified in the mutagenized population of both varieties exhibited stability and superiority in terms of agro- morphological traits over Ganga-1 and GM-4. A mutant (S-92 of GM-4) identified during M1 in mutagen treatment 0.1% EMS was very deep lobbed which altered the plant morphology and appearance. This novel unique mutant identified in M1 generation maintained its stability in M2 and M3 generations also. The leaf colour of this mutant was darker than the original leaf colour of GM-4 and found relatively more tolerant to soil moisture-deficit stress.

Marker-Assisted Gene Pyramiding for Powdery Mildew Resistance in Thai Mungbean Variety SUT1 by Backcross Breeding

Marker-Assisted Gene Pyramiding for Powdery Mildew Resistance in Thai Mungbean Variety SUT1 by Backcross Breeding