Mungbean Varieties Research Articles

Genetic Variation for Traits Related to Phosphorus Use Efficiency in Vigna Species

Phosphorus (P) is a major limiting nutrient reducing crop yields especially in weathered soils of the subtropics and tropics. P exhibits poor mobility and availability to plants in soil. To overcome P deficiency in soil, phosphatic fertilizers are added. Global phosphate rock reserves are finite, and the addition of phosphatic fertilizers is not financially and ecologically sustainable. Mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) is important grain legume for nutritional security. Attempts are being made to develop mungbean varieties with better P-use efficiency through enhanced P uptake and utilization. In the present study, 327 accessions of 18 Vigna species were examined for inter- and intra-specific variation for traits related to phosphorus uptake and utilization efficiency under hydroponic conditions at two levels of phosphorus. Significant species-specific variation was recorded for studied traits. Among the studied Vigna species, mungbean exhibited higher phosphorus use efficiency. Seven mungbean genotypes (IC 251950, IC 585931, V1002532AG, IC 371653, IC 331615, V1001400AG, and V1000532BG) were found to be promising for both PupE and PutiE. Using mean and standard deviation as criteria, mungbean genotypes identified with high phosphorus-use efficiency include IC 25950 and IC 583664. Mungbean genotypes KPS 1546, IC 277060, IC 697141, IC 343440, and Pusa 0831 were identified based on the stress tolerance index as genotypes that performed better under P stress. Cultivated species revealed higher PUE in comparison withwild forms. The most promising genotype identified from this study for PUE can be used as a parent for the development of a mapping population of mungbean for understanding genetics of PUE under a low-phosphorus environment.

Defense genes expressed by chemical elicitors and Rhizoctonia solani infection in mungbean (Vigna radiata)

The effects of chemical elicitors salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) on expression of defense genes PR 10, epoxide hydrolase (EH), catalase and calmodulin alone and with infection by Rhizoctonia solani were analysed using qPCR at 1–4 days post inoculation/application (dpi) in highly susceptible (HS; Ratna) and moderately resistant (MR; HUM1) varieties of mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] during 2015 and 2016 at Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi and National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi. In general, JA application in presence of R. solani upregulated the mean expression of these genes in both the varieties ranging from 1.8–11.9- fold, whereas SA application in presence of R. solani upregulated the mean expression from 1.2–3.4-fold. The JA and SA alone, also upregulated the expression of these genes in both HS and MR varieties with higher expression in MR variety. The expression of calmodulin and PR10 was higher at 1 dpi in HS variety while EH and catalase was higher at 4 dpi. In MR variety, PR10 was higher at 1 dpi and EH, catalase and calmodulin were over expressed at 4 dpi. The results clearly indicated that both JA and SA were responsible for upregulation of the defense genes in both HS and MR varieties of mungbean. The genes expression was accelerated in presence of R. solani at early stage of plant growth which delayed the infection caused by R. solani and helped to reduce disease development, hence may be used for the management of the disease.

Response of different mung bean varieties against pulse beetle (Callosobruchus chinensis L.)

Response of different mung bean varieties against pulse beetle (Callosobruchus chinensis L.)

Development of Molecular Marker Linked with Cercospora Leaf Spot (CLS) Disease Resistance in Vigna radiata, Cloning, and Expression for Evaluating Antifungal Activity against Cercospora canescens

We developed a molecular marker for MAS of mungbean resistant varieties against CLS from the consensus sequence (MB-CLsRG) of identified RGAs (MB-ClsRCaG1 and MB-ClsRCaG2). The MB-CLsRG sequence-specific primer pair was used to screen Cercospora leaf spot (CLS) resistant varieties of mungbean in genomic analysis that showed congruency with phenotypic screening. Validation of molecular marker linkage with CLS resistance was performed using rtPCR in transcriptomic analysis. The sequenced PCR products showed 100% homology with MB-CLsRG sequence and putative disease resistance proteins that confirmed the linkage of molecular marker with CLS resistance in mungbean. The antifungal potential of MB-CLsRG gene encoding protein was assessed. The MB-CLsRG gene sequence was cloned in the E. coli expression vector for recombinant protein production. The recombinant protein was then investigated for its in vitro antifungal potential against Cercospora canescens. The in vitro investigation showed strong antifungal activity of recombinant protein as it restricted the growth of fungal mycelial mass. The results validated the linkage of developed marker with CLS-resistant mungbean varieties; therefore, it can be used to screen resistant varieties from a large population in MAS. Moreover, the recombinant protein of the MB-CLsRG gene sequence revealed antifungal potential, which proved the gene sequence could be suitable to use in transgenic plants technology to develop fungal-resistant transgenic crops.

PHENOTYPIC PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF YIELD AND GROWTH TRAITS FOR SELECTION OF SUITABLE MUNGBEAN (Vigna radiata L.) VARIETIES IN THE SOUTHERN REGION OF BANGLADESH

An experiment was conducted at the research farm of Patuakhali Science and Technology University (PSTU), Dumki, Patuakhali, during the period from January to April 2015 to evaluate the growth, development, and yield performance of seven mungbean varieties for obtaining the most productive variety suitable for Patuakhali region. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replicates. Among the varieties, BARI mung 4 showed better performance in respect of growth, development, and yield contributing characteristics compared to other varieties. The results showed better performance on growth characters namely, the number of leaves per plant (15.62), branches per plant (5.427), leaf area per plant (1079 cm2), and total dry matter weight per plant (9.64 g) were recorded in BARI mung 4. The highest seed yield recorded in BARI mung 4(1.69t ha-1) might be due to superior growth characteristics thereby seed yield. Besides, BARI mung 4 produced a pod number of 24.22 and the maximum number of seeds per pod (6.42). In contrast, the lowest seed yield was recorded in the local variety (0.81 t ha-1) for its inferior growth and yield contributing characters. Therefore, BARI mung 4 may be cultivated commercially in the southern region of Bangladesh.

Occurrence and Diversity of Insect Pests Attacking BU Mung Bean4

The study was conducted during March to June 2021 in the field and laboratory of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University (BSMRAU), Gazipur to know the prevalence of the insect pests and their status on mung bean variety BU Mung- 4. In total 12 species of insects were found as pest, of which 4 species were hemipteran, 3 species were lepidopteran, 2 species were coleopteran, 2 species were dipteran, and one species was thysanopteran. Pod borer (84.4%), flea beetles (66.6%), thrips (48.8%), jassid (37.7%) and whitefly (25.2%) were found as major pests. Leaf miner, aphid, epilachna beetle, green stink bug, hairy caterpillar and stem fly were categorized as minor pests having 13.3%, 8.8%, 17.7%, 2.2%, 15.5%, 11.1% infestation, respectively. The pest insects were most abundant in middle April (94.9±6.1) when the plants were at seedling to pre-flowering. Both the richness and diversity of the insect pests were the maximum during early May (1.2±0.1 and 1.7±0.1, respectively). The abundance did not show any change in relation to temperature and relative humidity but influenced only by the growing stages of the crop.Ann. Bangladesh Agric. (2021) 25 (2) : 77-85

Technology of high-yield cultivation by planting a new variety of mung bean to improve land reclamation condition, increase its productivity, and ensure ecological stability

It is important to plant new early varieties of mung bean from leguminous crops in irrigated lands. These crops create very favorable conditions for the crops that will be planted after them. In the year following the planting of the new “Charos” variety of intensive mung bean, an additional yield of 5-7 q/ha of cotton and 7-9 quintals of grain was achieved. Therefore, when mung bean is planted as a repeated crop, the weeds in the field are reduced by 70-80 percent, while ensuring the enrichment of the soil with nutrients. In the autumn, when mung bean fields are plowed up by roots, soil fertility increases and the structure improves, as a result of raising the level of underground water to the optimal level, i.e. 2.5-3.0 meters, it was found that water-saving technologies can be widely used in planting agricultural crops. In the soil and climatic conditions of the Bukhara region, when the intensive type of mung bean “Charos” is planted, the full germination period is 5 days earlier than the Local (control) variety, 4 days compared to the Radost variety, and 3 days earlier than the Navruz variety and ripened 10-15 days earlier than Local (control), Radost, Navruz varieties. Productivity was on average 28-30 quintals per hectare, which was 6-9 q/ha more than other varieties. When this variety is planted, the stem is resistant to lying down, and until harvesting, the pods do not crack and the grain does not spill, it is very convenient to harvest with combines. For 2-3 years after planting mung bean, the use of chemical fertilizers is reduced by 25-30%, which ensures the stability of the environment and production of a clean product.

Exploring farmer perceptions and evaluating the performance of mung bean (Vigna radiata L) varieties in Amhara region, Ethiopia

The experiment is designed to evaluate the yield performance and profitability of mung bean varieties and to survey the innovation inclination of the farmers in the study area. The experiment was carried out in the potential environments of the North Shewa zone for two years during the main growing period. As experimental treatments, four mung bean cultivars of Rasa, NLV-1, Arkebe, and local varieties were used and evaluated across the four environments (two farmers’ fields per each environment). The experimental plots were arranged in a simple random block design. The result of the combined analysis of variance revealed that there was highly significant variation (p < 0.01) of grain yield among the genotypes while the environments and genotype by environment interaction are found insignificant. The highest mean grain yield of 1430.6 kg ha−1 was obtained from the improved variety Rasa, which was selected first by the farmers followed by the variety NVL-1. The results also confirmed the existence of a strong and statistically significant association between the actual values rank and the farmers' preference rank for both grain and biomass yields (R = .80, p < .001). Also, the variety Rasa provides the highest (686.6%) marginal rate of return on investment. Therefore, by considering the results of the grain yield performance, farmers’ selection, and the result of the partial budget analysis the variety Rasa was recommended for the study areas.

Türkiye’deki maş fasulyesi [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] genotiplerinin çıkış ve fide özellikleri yönünden karakterizasyonu

Amaç: Bu çalışmada amaç ülkemizden temin edilen maş fasulyesi genotipleri ve yurt dışından temin edilen çeşitlerinin çıkış ve fide özelliklerinde karakterizasyon yapılmasıdır.Yöntem ve Bulgular: Araştırmada Türkiye’nin farklı illerinden toplanan, 50 adet maş fasulyesi genotipi ile yurt dışından temin edilen 4 adet maş fasulyesi çeşidi kullanılmıştır. Çalışma, 2021 yılında Isparta Uygulamalı Bilimler Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesinde saksı denemesi şeklinde yürütülmüştür. Araştırma, Tesadüf Parselleri deneme desenine göre 3 tekerrürlü olarak kurulmuştur. Çalışmada çıkış oranı, kotiledon yaprakların uzunluğu ve genişliği, klorofil içeriği ve antosiyanin durumları belirlenmiştir. Genotiplerin çıkış oranı % 45 - 100, kotiledon yaprak uzunlukları 22.60 – 43.38 mm, kotiledon yaprak genişliği 7.42 - 4.92 mm, klorofil içeriği 26.70 - 37.70 arasında değişim göstermiş ve 48 adet genotipin gövdesinde antosiyanin tespit edilmiştir. Korelasyon analizi sonucunda en yüksek pozitif ve önemli ilişki kotiledon yaprak uzunluğu ile kotiledon yaprak genişliği (r=0.82) arasında saptanmıştır. Temel bileşen analizi sonucunda genotiplere ait toplam varyasyonun % 74.73’ünü tanımlayan 2 adet temel bileşen ekseni elde edilmiştir. Cluster analizi sonucunda maş fasulyesi genotiplerinin 4 grupta toplandıkları belirlenmiştir.Genel Yorum: Bitki genetik kaynaklarının fenotipik olarak karakterizasyonu bitki ıslahı ve yetiştiriciler için oldukça önemlidir. Maş fasulyesi genotiplerinde çıkış ve fide özelliklerinin geniş varyasyon gösterdiği çoklu karşılaştırma testleri ile de belirlenmiştir.Çalışmanın Önemi ve Etkisi: Araştırmadan elde edilen sonuçlara göre, genotiplerin çıkış ve fide özelliklerinde geniş bir varyasyon olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ülkemizdeki maş fasulyesi genotiplerinin fide ve çıkış özellikleri yönünden tanımlanması yapılarak hem mevcut varyasyon durumu ortaya çıkarılmış, hem de daha sonra maş fasulyesinde yapılacak agronomik ve morfolojik çalışmalara katkı sağlanmıştır.

Studies on Phosphorous Dynamics in Soils

Over two-thirds of the soils in the world suffer from phosphorus shortages (P). Due to phosphorus being unavailable to all but a small portion of plants, agricultural productivity diminishes. Phosphorus-deficient soils have traditionally been fertilized in order to decrease the severity of the environmental impact. Improving agricultural management practices for sustainable crop output, including reduction in phosphorus loss in terms of runoff, is the emphasis of this study. Investigating chemical fractionation mechanisms to distinguish between occluded P, acid-extractable calcium-bonded P, and non-occluded P is necessary for increasing inorganic phosphorous (Pi) in mung bean (Vigna radiata) types and establishing net grazing systems. Phosphate (P) is known to be transferred between pools due to weathering, with the highest P retention rates found in clay-rich soils. Soil with a finer texture is better able to absorb and fix phosphorus, which means more nutrients and water can be made available to the plant when mungbean varieties are inoculated into it. More photosynthesis means more accumulated dry stuff. The P-treated variety of mungbean had the greatest yield index (13.28). Pods per plant (46.02), pods per crop (8.20), test weight (40.63 gm), pod weight (8.0 g), and seed weight (1.0 g) were all significantly increased when fertilization done with Diammonium phosphate (DAP). An increase in nodule count, leaf area index, plant height, grain yield, total chlorophyll content, and straw output of up to 40% was observed at higher P2O5 concentrations (2988 kilograms per hectare). Each plant developed the maximum number of nodules after receiving injections of Phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) and Aspergillus awamori. Its plants were the biggest and most productive overall, and its leaves contained the highest concentrations of chlorophyll. In acidic piedmont soil, liming increased mungbean yields by adjusting other chemical properties and boosting pH. They contend that expanding India's production of pulses is essential for the country to eventually achieve food security. P nutrition needs to be incorporated into farmers' and extension workers' balanced nutrient management programs if they wish to see higher quality pulse yields and greater long-term profitability.

Correlation and Path Analysis Studies of Pod Yield and its Component Traits in Mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] Genotypes

Background: Mungbean is an important pulse crop grown in India. The mungbean is an excellent source of protein (27%) and its essential amino acid comparable with that of soybean and kidney bean. Estimates of correlation coefficient are useful in identifying the component traits which can be used for yield improvement of mungbean. Path coefficient analysis provides a thorough understanding of contribution of various characters by partitioning the correlation coefficient into components of direct and indirect effects. This study aimed to quantify the relationship and contributions of various traits to seed yield. Methods: The present investigation was undertaken to assess the correlation and path analysis on yield and its components in 38 genotypes of mungbean. The genotypes were raised in randomized block design with three replications during Kharif 2019 at Agricultural Research Station Farm, Agriculture University, Jodhpur, Rajasthan. Result: The experimental results showed that positive correlation and positive direct effect on seed yield were observed for plant height, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod and 100 seed weight. Therefore these traits can be used for mungbean improvement program as well as developing high yielding varieties of mungbean.

Study on Protein Structures of Eight Mung Bean Varieties and Freeze-Thaw Stability of Protein-Stabilized Emulsions.

In order to evaluate the freeze-thaw stability of mung bean protein isolate (MPI)-stabilized emulsions and its relationship with protein structure, proteins of eight mung bean varieties were compared. The results revealed that MPIs prepared from all eight varieties were mainly composed of five subunit bands, with albumin and globulin content ranges of 188.4-310.3 and 301.1-492.7 mg/g total protein, respectively. Protein structural analysis revealed that random coil structure (32.34-33.51%) accounted for greater than 30% of MPI secondary structure. Meanwhile, analysis of protein properties revealed emulsifying activity index (EAI), emulsifying stability index (ESI) and flexibility value ranges of 6.735-8.598 m2/g, 20.13-34.25% and 0.125-0.182, respectively. Measurements of freeze-thaw stability of MPI emulsions demonstrated that exposures of emulsions to multiple freeze-thaw cycles resulted in significantly different emulsion creaming index, oiling-off, particle size and zeta potential values for the various emulsions. Moreover, the stabilities of all eight protein emulsions decreased with each freeze-thaw cycle, as demonstrated using optical micrographs. The correlation analysis method was used to study the correlation between the original structures, emulsifying properties of proteins and the freeze-thaw stability of MPI emulsions. Correlation analysis results revealed significant relationships between albumin content, subunit bands with a molecular weight of 26.9 kDa and emulsifying properties were significantly related to the freeze-thaw stability of MPI emulsion. Thus, by determining these indicator values, we can predict the freeze-thaw stability of MPI-stabilized emulsions.

Agronomic and economic performance of mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) varieties in response to rates of blended NPS fertilizer in Kindo Koysha district, Southern Ethiopia.

Mung bean is one of Ethiopia’s most important pulse crops in the lowlands. The main constraints to mung bean productivity in Ethiopia are low soil fertility and improved varieties. During the 2018 cropping season, a field experiment was conducted in Kindo Koysha woreda with the objective of evaluating the effects of NPS fertilizer rates on yield and yield attributing traits of four mung bean varieties. Treatments consisted of factorial combinations of four mung bean varieties (N26, Shewarobit, NVL-1, and Chinese) with four NPS fertilizer rates (0, 50, 100, and 150 kg ha−1) laid out in randomized complete block design with three replications. The combination of the N26 variety with 150 kg NPS produced the highest number of pods per plant (15.46), seeds per pod (10.93), grain yield (1240.70 kg ha−1), and biomass (3177.40 kg ha−1). Moreover, the combination of 100 kg NPS ha−1 with the variety N26 also generated the highest net return (31,734.30 Birr ha−1) with a marginal rate of return of 771.71%. Thus, it may be tentatively stated that the usage of 100 kg NPS ha−1 with the variety N26 was determined to be optimum for the development of mung bean in the study region.

Effect of harvest aid herbicides on germination and vigour index of mungbean seeds

Mungbean ( Vigna radiata) is an economically important pulse crop. It is widely grown by farmers due to its dual profitability in terms of production and enriching soil fertility through biological nitrogen fixation. Harvesting of mungbean is complicated due to its indeterminate growth habit and presence of green weeds. To dry plants and speed up harvesting of crops, pre-harvest herbicides are used as harvest aids. In the present study, two harvest aid herbicides (paraquat and glyphosate) at three different levels (2.47, 3.70 and 4.94 L ha -1) along with a non- treated control were tested for two mungbean varieties ('NM-2011' and 'NM-2016') to evaluate their effects on germination parameters. Germination under laboratory conditions, field conditions and mean germination time showed non-significantly different results, while vigour index showed significant differences. Seeds of 'NM-2011' had 97% germination following 3.70 L ha-1 paraquat or 4.94 L ha-1 glyphosate. Similarly, seeds of 'NM-2016' had 100% germination following 4.94 L ha -1 paraquat, while all levels of glyphosate showed non- significant decreases in germination as compared to the non-treated control.

Performance and Response Selection on Mung Bean Transgressive Segregants

Mung bean is one of the essential food crops in Indonesia. Improvement of mung bean varieties is needed to obtain superior mung bean varieties. This study aimed to estimate the selection response and confirm the transgressive segregants in the F4 generation of mung bean crosses. The experiment was carried out from February to May 2021 in the Leuwikopo Experimental Field of IPB University, Bogor, West Java (275 m asl). The experimental design was an augmented-randomized complete block design (RCBD) consisting of 60 F4 families from VR10 x Vima 1 crosses and 6 check varieties. The selection based on seed weight per plant and plant height resulted in 12 lines with high seed weight and tall plant stature. The characters of pod weight and seed weight per plant have a high selection response. This study revealed 4 transgressive segregants based on seed weight per plant and plant height.&#x0D; Keywords: augmented, coefficient of genetic diversity, selection differential, simultaneous harvest

Breeding and Agronomic Evaluation of Jilv 20, a New Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) Cultivar

Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.), one of the most widely grown edible legumes in Asia, plays important roles in the improvement of agricultural cultivation systems as well as human diets. As an understudied crop, however, most mungbean varieties are characterized by unstable yields, poor disease resistance, and unsuitability for mechanical harvesting, thereby leading to a low production income. We, therefore, developed Jilv 20, a new mungbean cultivar with a dull seed coat, by crossing Bao 942-34 with Weilv 9002-341. After 11 years of selection and evaluation, Jilv 20 has shown wide adaptability, early maturity, high yield, halo blight resistance, and suitability for mechanical harvesting. The growth period of Jilv 20 is 79.5 and 66.7 days in the spring and summer sowing seasons, respectively, and the average plant height is approximately 56.4 cm. In this study, average yields were 1737.9, 1532.3, and 2045.1 kg/hm2 in northern spring-sowing, northern summer-sowing, and southern sites, respectively; these values were respectively 27.83%, 28.48%, and 6.96% higher than those of control cultivar Zhonglv 5, which has been popular in past decades because of its wide adaptability. The average protein and starch contents of Jilv 20 seeds were 25.0% and 49.56%, respectively. Further application and extension of Jilv 20 in China should contribute to mungbean production, breeding, and industrial development.

Performance evaluation of Mung bean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] varieties in pastoral areas of South Omo Zone, Southern Ethiopia

Field experiments were conducted on pastoral and agro-pastoral areas of South Omo Zone at Dasenech, Hammer and Gynagatom woredas of Southern Ethiopia on mung bean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] varieties in 2019 under irrigated condition. The objective of the study was to select the best performing mung bean varieties in the target areas. The treatments involved in the study were three improved and one local mung bean variety (NVL-01, Shewarobit, N-26, and local). The experiment was carried out using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The combined analysis of variance result for mean squares depicted that there were significant differences observed among the varieties for all the studied parameters except the number of seeds per pod. The overall mean values for plant height ranged from 41.33 cm for Shewarobit to 62.00 cm for the local check. The mean values for the number of pods per plant ranged from 19.33 for the local check to 24.44 for NVL-01. The mean value for a thousand seeds weight was maximum 59.56 g for N-26, while it was a minimum 48.22 g for Shewarobit. The highest overall mean grain yield of 2483.8 kg ha-1 was recorded for N-26 while the minimum 1462.6 kg ha-1 was noted for the local check. The grain yield advantages of 41.11, 34.52, and 25.26% were obtained from the improved varieties N-26, NVL-01, and Shewarobit, respectively over the local check. The effect of varieties on grain yield was significant and the best performing mung bean varieties namely N-26 2483.8 kg ha-1 and NVL-01 2233.6 kg ha-1 would be recommended for the specific community and its vicinity even though further study should be carried out including some recently released varieties for improved mung bean production and also to put the recommendation on a strong basis. Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. Tech. 12(1): 141-144, June 2022

Effects of exogenous selenium application on nutritional quality and metabolomic characteristics of mung bean (Vigna radiata L.).

Selenium (Se) biofortification is an important strategy for reducing hidden hunger by increasing the nutritional quality of crops. However, there is limited metabolomic information on the nutritional quality of Se-enriched mung beans. In this study, physiological assays and LC–MS/MS based widely targeted metabolomics approach was employed to reveal the Se biofortification potential of mung bean by evaluating the effect of Se on mung bean nutraceutical compounds and their qualitative parameters. Physiological data showed that foliar application of 30 g ha−1 Se at key growth stages significantly increased the content of Se, protein, fat, total phenols, and total flavonoids content in two mung bean varieties. Widely targeted metabolomics identified 1,080 metabolites, among which L-Alanyl-L-leucine, 9,10-Dihydroxy-12,13-epoxyoctadecanoic acid, and 1-caffeoylquinic acid could serve as biomarkers for identifying highly nutritious mung bean varieties. Pathway enrichment analysis revealed that the metabolic pathways of different metabolites were different in the Se-enriched mung bean. Specifically, P1 was mainly enriched in the linoleic acid metabolic pathway, while P2 was mainly enriched in the phosphonate and phosphinate metabolic pathways. Overall, these results revealed the specific Se enrichment mechanism of different mung bean varieties. This study provides new insights into the comprehensive improvement of the nutritional quality of mung beans.

Elicitation of the in vitro Cultures of Selected Varieties of Vigna radiata L. With Zinc Oxide and Copper Oxide Nanoparticles for Enhanced Phytochemicals Production.

This study was conducted to develop a protocol for in vitro shoot multiplication and callus induction of various mung bean varieties to obtain enhanced phytochemical content with the help of elicitors. For shoot multiplication, two types of explants (shoot tips and nodal tips) of three varieties of mung bean (Mung NCM-13, MgAT-7, and MgAT-4) were used. Both types of explants from in vitro and in vivo sources were cultured on the MS medium supplemented with different concentrations (0.25–3.0 mg/L, increment of 0.5 mg/L) and combinations of BAP and IBA as independent treatments. For callus induction, leaf explants (in vitro source) were cultured on MS medium supplemented with 2,4-D (1–3 mg/L) alone or in combination with BAP or NAA (0.5 and 1.0 mg/L). For the enhanced production of phenolics and glycosides, calli were cultured on MS media supplemented with zinc oxide (0.5 mg/L) and copper oxide nanoparticles (0.5 mg/L) as nano-elicitors. Results showed that in vitro explants responded better in terms of shoot length, number of shoots, and number of leaves per explant when compared to in vivo explants. Moreover, shoot tips were better than nodal explants to in vitro culturing parameters. All three varieties showed the optimized results in the MS medium supplemented with 1 mg/L BAP, while roots were produced only in cultures fortified with 1 mg/L IBA. The leaf explants of in vitro and soil-grown plantlets showed a maximum callogenic response of 90 and 80%, respectively, on MS medium supplemented with 2,4-D (3 mg/ml). Maximum phenolic content (101.4 μg of gallic acid equivalent/g) and glycoside content (34 mg of amygdalin equivalent/g of plant material) was observed in the calli cultured on MS medium supplemented with 3 mg/L of 2,4-D. Furthermore, the addition of zinc oxide (0.5 mg/L) and copper oxide (0.5 mg/L) nanoparticles to the callus culture medium significantly enhanced the phenolic content of Mung NCM-13 (26%), MgAT-7 (25.6%), and MgAT-4 (22.7%). Glycosidic content was also found to be increased in Mung NCM-13 (50%), MgAT-7 (37.5%), and MgAT-4 (25%) varieties when compared to the control. It is suggested that elicitation of in vitro cultures of mung beans with nanoparticles could be an effective strategy for the enhanced production of secondary metabolites.

Characterisation of Selected Mungbean Genotypes for Tolerance to Waterlogging Stress at Pod Filling Stage

Mungbean is susceptible to waterlogging stress; therefore, breeding tolerant varieties would provide Australian growers with management options for wet summer season planting. Selection for waterlogging tolerance could be improved using vegetative indices that correlate to yield. Five mungbean genotypes were exposed to waterlogging stress at the pod-filling stage and characterised for various morphological and physiological traits governing seed yield. Waterlogging during pod filling decreased stomatal conductance (gs) and photosynthetic rate (Asat) to ~27% and 25% compared to control, respectively, resulting in a decline in effective quantum yield of PSII (ФPSII) and maximum efficiency of PSII of dark-adapted leaves (Fv/Fm) and leaf chlorophyll while increasing excitation pressure (1-qP) significantly. Waterlogging at pod filling reduced leaf count (19%), plant height (23%), leaf dry weight (38%), stem dry weight (33%), pod dry weight (36%), above-ground biomass (34%), root biomass (26%), and 100-seed weight (4%). Seed yield was highly positively correlated with Asat (0.86), gs (0.69), chlorophyll content (0.63), and ФPSII (0.59), with a highly negative correlation with 1-qP (−0.87) at 30 days of treatment imposition. A yield penalty of 32% was recorded under waterlogging stress compared to control plants, while the performance of all genotypes was found to be similar in terms of seed yield. Interestingly, genotype AVTMB#3 produced significantly larger seeds under waterlogging stress relative to other genotypes, including the leading Australian mungbean variety, Jade-AU. Based on a robust and significantly strong correlation with seed yield under waterlogging stress, 1-qP and photosynthetic rates (Asat) are recommended as potential indicators for the screening of mungbean genotypes. Thus, the current study presents a framework for screening waterlogging tolerance, which can provide a reasonable basis for the selection of various genotypes in future mungbean breeding programs.