Diversity Of Microorganisms Research Articles

Effects of graphene oxide composite additive on the species abundance and diversity of microorganisms in saline–alkali soil

Saline–alkali soil is common in north China, especially in the Datong district in north Shanxi province. Improving the soil will benefit the environment and society. Graphene oxide (GO) has been shown to benefit agricultural and forest soils. Herein, we explore three different experimental conditions of CK (CK means irrigated with tap water), CJ (CJ means 0.2 g of bacteria addition and irrigated with tap water), and CJ25 (CJ25 means 0.2 g of composited bacteria plus 25.0 mg/L of GO added and irrigated with tap water) for saline–alkali soil by the addition of optimized amounts of GO and external bacteria. Our results show that the addition of 25.0 mg/L GO and microbial agents increases the number of bacteria and fungi in the soil and improves the species abundance of bacteria and fungi in the saline–alkali soil, while having little effect on species richness. The GO and bacterial treatment increased the abundance of Proteobacteria, Actinobacteriota, Chloroflexi, Pseudomonas, Ascomycota, Mortierella, and Fusarium. These bacteria have been shown to produce proteolytic enzymes and cellulases that decompose lignin and cellulose in litter, and thus play important roles in carbon and nutrient cycling. The addition of GO and microorganisms provides a viable way to improve saline–alkali soils.

Different characteristics of the soil in marmot habitats might be one of the factors that influcting Yersinia pestis prevalent in which than pikas.

Marmots are recognized as host animals for plague caused by Yersinia pestis infection. It is unclear that why plague prevalent in marmot rather than other rodents like pikas in the same habitats. This study aims to analyze the differences of the soil characteristics around marmots and pikas burrows to explore the soils factors impacting on different epidemic intensities of Yersinia pestis in these two rodents. Soil samples were collected from within and around marmot and pika burrows, as well as from the nearby areas not inhabited by them and Chinese baseline soil properties as control groups, in the Qilian Mountains of Gansu Province, China. The physicochemical properties and the bacterial 16S rRNA were measured to analyze the characteristics of soils from different groups. Subsequently, the data were analyzed using R studio. The analysis revealed that marmot habitats exhibited distinct soil characteristics, including lower organic matter and alkaline hydrolyzed nitrogen, but higher electrical conductivity and total soluble salts. And soil in marmot areas tended to have higher concentrations of nickel, chromium, and iron, also lower levels of zinc and selenium. Additionally, the alpha diversity of soil microorganisms in marmot habitats was significantly low. Simultaneously, redundancy analysis was conducted, which showed that the low alpha diversity of marmot-soil was influenced by its physicochemical properties. The alpha diversity of the soil was positively correlated with EC, TSS, Na, and Cr, etc., while it was negatively correlated with AHN, OM, Se, Zn, and Fe, etc. These characteristics in marmot habitats, including low levels of organic matter, alkaline hydrolyzed nitrogen, zinc, selenium, and bacterial alpha diversity, as well as high levels of electrical conductivity, total soluble salts, iron, and nickel, played a crucial role in the spread of plague. It was discovered that the unique characteristics of marmot-soils provided essential elements necessary for the survival of Yersinia pestis, including high levels of Fe and Ca, or facilitated the spread of plague. Thus, the transmission of the plague was facilitated.

Rhizosphere effect: microbial and enzymatic dynamics in the rhizosphere of various shrub species

Abstract Aims The aim of our research was to compare the properties of the rhizosphere soil of different shrub species. We assumed that the physicochemical properties and microbiome of the rhizosphere differ from bulk soil and the species of shrub is important in their formation. Methods The study involved determining the abundance and diversity of microorganisms in the rhizosphere, along with assessing the basic chemical properties and enzymatic activity. Samples were collected from both rhizosphere and bulk soil in pine stands with an understory of shrubs forming biogroups. Results The enzymatic activity in the rhizosphere was significantly higher than in bulk soil. At the same time enzymatic activity in the rhizosphere differed between the shrub species tested. Both intracellular and extracellular enzymes exhibited a positive correlation with basic biochemical parameters. The number of bacteria and fungi correlated with physicochemical and biochemical properties. The number of bacteria and fungi was notably higher in the rhizosphere of the examined shrub species compared to bulk soil, at the same time, we noted a significant influence of the shrub species on microorganisms in the rhizosphere zone. Among the bacteria in the rhizosphere of shrubs, genera Edaphobaculum, Gemmatimonas, Bdellovibrio, Jorgensenbacteria, Rhodoplanes, and Acidocella were more abundant. Regarding fungi, Mortierella longigemmata, Didymella viburnicola, Trichoderma stellatum, and Phacidium pseudophacidioides were found to be more abundant in the rhizosphere. Conclusions The findings from our research may have practical applications in shaping the species composition of tree stands, with potential implications for future soil health condition.

A pilot study examining periodontally healthy middle-aged humans and monkeys display different levels of alveolar bone resorption, gingival inflammatory infiltrate, and salivary microbiota profile.

Monkeys are an appropriate model for periodontal research owing to their similar dental anatomy and physiology unlike humans. Extensive literature exists on pathological periodontitis in monkeys and humans, although concerns regarding whether healthy middle-aged monkeys and humans display the same periodontal and oral microbial status remains unclear. The current study aimed to compare alveolar bone resorption, gingival inflammatory infiltrate, and salivary microbiota profile in periodontally healthy middle-aged humans and monkeys. CBCT examination and histological analysis were performed to compare the periodontal status in middle-aged healthy humans and monkeys. Oral saliva16S rRNA sequencing was performed to analyze the oral microbial profile. The alveolar resorption was compared between humans and monkeys, to determine the periodontal health. The percentage attachment of attachment loss was more around the posteriors teeth in humans when compared to monkeys (p<0.05). The degree of gingival inflammation was analyzed in both the groups, the expression of CD 34,45was higher in humans. 16S rRNA analysis demonstrated less diversity of salivary microorganisms in humans than in monkeys. The relative abundance of Aggregatibacter, Haemophilus, Gemella, and Porphyromonas at the genus level was significantly less in humans than in monkeys (p(<0.05). The periodontally healthy middle-aged humans and monkeys display different alveolar bone resorption and gingival inflammatory infiltrate levels. Furthermore, the salivary microbiota profile showed distinctly different oral microbiomes in these two primates. Our results suggest that the difference in alveolar bone status and gingival inflammatory infiltrate in healthy humans and monkeys might be associated with the diversity of the oral microbiome.

DNA-metabarcoding of cyanobacteria and microalgae in chernozem soils of temperate continental climate of the forest-steppe zone of Eurasia under different degrees of agrotechnology intensification.

Chernozem soil is a valuable resource and contains a great diversity of microorganisms that play a global role in the process of soil formation, the species diversity of which has changed over the last five years under the influence of different agrotechnologies. For the first time, under the conditions of the Central Chernozem region, grain and fallow crop rotation, studies using the DNA-metabarcoding method were carried out to study the taxonomic structure of bacteria, fungi, cyanobacteria, and microalgae communities in the arable horizon of typical medium loamy chernozem under winter wheat cultivation. A comparative analysis of the composition of the genotypes showed significant differences in the presented level of mineral nutrition of the soil NPK (60) and NPK (100) compared with the control variant. After processing the 16S and 18S rRNA datasets, a similar trend of decreasing numbers of pro- and eukaryotic species was found from 6296 (control without MF) to 5310 with NPK (60) and to 4643 with NPK (100), respectively. The Chao1 index indicated that the expected diversity within the prokaryotic group was higher in the control without MF at 211, but decreased to 182 and 193 with NPK (60) and NPK (100) fertilizers, respectively. Analysis of the eukaryotic group revealed a 2.6- and 2.9-fold decrease in diversity by class and genus, respectively, depending on the nutritional levels in agrotechnologies, owing to the use of MF. In the prokaryotic community, Alphaproteobacteria microorganisms predominated at an amount of 14.20-14.46%, with Cyanophyceae accounting for 5.2-9.9%. The diversity of eukaryotes was smaller than the number of classes of prokaryotes; the main dominant were Zygnematophyceae 19.5-41%, Chlorophyceae occupied 10.4-15.8%. On the other hand, the doses of fertilizers used contributed to the emergence of dominant species adapted to high doses of mineral nutrients for plants.

Are you filtering enough? Unveiling the impact of water sample volumes on eukaryotic microbial community in freshwater lakes

The appropriate volume of filtered water samples is crucial for accurately reflecting microbial community characteristics. Previous research has shown that changes in water sample volumes significantly affect bacterial diversity and the relative abundance of dominant taxa in marine environments. However, the specific impact on freshwater microbial diversity and community structure, particularly for eukaryotic microorganisms, remains unclear. To address this gap, we collected water samples from eutrophic Lake Taihu and mesotrophic Lake Bosten. We filtered the samples through 0.2 μm filters using volumes ranging from 0.1 to 2 L for Lake Taihu and 0.1 to 3.2 L for Lake Bosten. Analysis of 18S rRNA gene amplicons revealed that variations in filtered water sample volume significantly affected the diversity, community structure, and composition of eukaryotic microorganisms. In light of these findings, we recommend using a filtered water sample volume of approximately 0.2 L for eutrophic aquatic ecosystems and 0.8 L for mesotrophic aquatic ecosystems in microbial analyses. These recommendations underscore the importance of selecting the appropriate filtered water sample volume to ensure representative and reliable results in the study of eukaryotic microorganisms in freshwater ecosystems.

Metagenomic Sequencing Elucidated the Microbial Diversity of Rearing Water Environments for Sichuan Taimen (Hucho bleekeri).

Sichuan taimen (Hucho bleekeri) is a fish species endemic to China's upper Yangtze River drainage and has significant value as an aquatic resource. It was listed as a first-class state-protected wild animal by the Chinese government due to its very limited distribution and wild population at present. To elucidate the diversity of microorganisms in rearing water environments for H. bleekeri, metagenomic sequencing was applied to water samples from the Maerkang and Jiguanshan fish farms, where H. bleekeri were reared. The results revealed that Pseudomonadota was the dominant phylum in the microbial communities of the water samples. Among the shared bacterial groups, Cyanobacteriota, Actinomycetota, Planctomycetota, Nitrospirota, and Verrucomicrobiota were significantly enriched in the water environment of Jiguanshan (p < 0.01), while Bacteroidota was more enriched in that of Maerkang (p < 0.01). Additionally, the Shannon diversity and Simpson index of the microbial community in the water environment of Maerkang were lower than in that of Jiguanshan. The present study demonstrated the similarities and differences in the microbial compositions of rearing water environments for H. bleekeri, which are expected to benefit the artificial breeding of H. bleekeri in the future.

Dietary Conversion from All-Concentrate to All-Roughage Alters Rumen Bacterial Community Composition and Function in Yak, Cattle-Yak, Tibetan Yellow Cattle and Yellow Cattle.

The experiment was to compare the effects of switching all-concentrate to all-roughage diets on rumen microflora and functional metabolism of yak, cattle-yak, Tibetan yellow cattle and yellow cattle living in different altitudes. A total of 24 yaks, cattle-yaks, Tibetan yellow cattle and yellow cattle with a similar weight and good body condition aged 3.5 years were selected and divided into four groups according to species. They were fed a concentrate diet with 40% soybean meal and 60% corn meal for the first month (C group) and a roughage diet with dry corn stalks (100%) for the second month (R group); the formal experimental period was 60 d. These results showed that the conversion had a significant effect on the rumen microflora structure of the four herds, and the biggest difference between concentrate and roughage diets was yak and cattle-yak, followed by Tibetan yellow cattle and yellow cattle. At the phylum level, Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes still predominate in all groups. Compared with the C groups, the relative abundance of Lentisphaerae and Kiritimatiellaeota increased in all R groups, and Lentisphaerae was significantly increased in yak and cattle-yak (p < 0.05). At the genus and species levels, Prevotella had the highest abundance, and the relative abundances of Prevotella, Ruminococcus, Sarcina and Ruminobacter in R groups were lower, while the abundances of other differential genera, including Methanobrevibacter, Fibrobacter, Treponema, Eubacterium, Butyrivibrio, Succinivibrio and Succinimonas, were all higher. Roughage diets increased the number of unique genes and functional genes encoding different CAZymes in rumen microorganisms in all four herds. In the functional contribution analysis, with the exception of ABC transporters and methane metabolism, Prevotella was the main contributor to almost all of these functions. In methane metabolism, Methanobrevibacter had the highest relative abundance, followed by Prevotella, Clostridia and Bacteroidales in all groups. Compared with Tibetan yellow cattle and yellow cattle, yaks and cattle-yaks have better adaptability to roughage, and its utilization rate can be fully improved to reduce methane emission. The study indicates that when four herds are converted to high roughage at the later stage of feeding, the growth and reproduction of rumen microorganisms are affected, and the abundance and diversity of rumen microorganisms are increased to varying degrees. The transformation of concentrate to roughage diet can change the metabolic pathways of rumen microorganisms in yaks and finally affect the fermentation mode of rumen. The above results provide a theoretical basis for the research and development of fattening feeds for yaks, cattle-yaks, Tibetan yellow cattle and yellow cattle and the intensive feeding of livestock on the plateau.

Biodiversity and antifouling activity of microbes associated with gorgonian corals Leptogorgia rigida and Menella kanisa from the South China Sea

Recently, coral-associated microorganisms have attracted widespread attention, and most of these studies have focused on stony and soft corals. However, our knowledge of the diversity and bioactivity of microorganisms in gorgonian corals is still limited. In this study, the biodiversity of microbes in two gorgonian corals (Leptogorgia rigida and Menella kanisa) from the South China Sea was investigated by combining traditional culture method with molecular biology technique (bacterial 16S or fungal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rRNA gene sequences). A total of 216 bacterial and 98 fungal isolates were obtained using 4 different isolation media. These isolates were identified and belonged to 31 bacterial and 12 fungal species, suggesting an unexpectedly diverse microbial community harbored in the South China Sea gorgonian corals L. rigida and M. kanisa. Furthermore, 56% of the tested microbial isolates displayed various antifouling activities against four biofouling organisms (including two microfouling bacteria Micrococcus luteus and Shewanella onedensis, and two macrofouling organisms Bugula neritina and Balanus amphitrite). Among the microbial isolates with antifouling activity, Bacillus firmus SCAU-038 and Streptomyces parvulus SCAU-062 displayed moderate or strong antifouling activity against all tested biofouling organisms. This is the first study on the biodiversity and antifouling activity of microorganisms associated with gorgonians L. rigida and M. kanisa from the South China Sea. These results contribute to the further understanding of microorganisms associated with gorgonian corals and provide potential resources for new natural antifouling agents.

Effect of Dietary Supplementation with Different Proportions of Amaranthus hypochondriacus Stem and Leaf Powder on Intestinal Digestive Enzyme Activities, Volatile Fatty Acids and Microbiota of Broiler Chickens

Amaranthus hypochondriacus is rich in nutrients and represents a feed resource with significant potential. This experiment aimed to study the effects of different proportions of Amaranthus hypochondriacus stem and leaf powder (AHSL) on intestinal digestive enzyme activities, cecal volatile fatty acids, and the microbiota of broilers. A total of 288 one-day-old male broilers (Ross 308) were randomly assigned to the control diet group and the 3%, 6%, and 9% AHSL diet group for days 0–21. Subsequently, the 3%, 6%, and 9% AHSL diets were switched to 5%, 10%, and 15% AHSL diets for days 22–42. The results demonstrated that the dietary inclusion of AHSL significantly affected sucrase activity in the jejunal mucosa (p &lt; 0.05). The 5% AHSL group exhibited the highest sucrase activity, followed by the control group, both of which showed significantly higher activity compared to the 10% and 15% AHSL groups (p &lt; 0.05). The cecal pH in the 5%, 10%, and 15% AHSL groups was significantly lower than that in the control group (p &lt; 0.05). The contents of acetate, propionate, butyrate, and valerate in the cecum of the 10% and 15% AHSL groups were significantly higher than those of the control group (p &lt; 0.05). The addition of AHSL had no significant effect on the alpha diversity of cecum microorganisms. The relative abundance of Ruminococcaceae_UCG_005 and Lactonifactor was significantly higher in the 10% AHSL group compared to the control group, whereas the 15% AHSL group had a significantly higher relative abundance of Clostridium_sensus_tricto12, Peptoclostridium, Anaerofilum, and Peptococcaceae. In summary, the inclusion of 5% AHSL in the diet enhances sucrase activity in the jejunum of broilers, while 10% or 15% AHSL increases the volatile fatty acid content and reduces the pH value in the cecum, without adverse effects on the cecal microbiota.

Adaptation to space conditions of novel bacterial species isolated from the International Space Station revealed by functional gene annotations and comparative genome analysis

BackgroundThe extreme environment of the International Space Station (ISS) puts selective pressure on microorganisms unintentionally introduced during its 20+ years of service as a low-orbit science platform and human habitat. Such pressure leads to the development of new features not found in the Earth-bound relatives, which enable them to adapt to unfavorable conditions.ResultsIn this study, we generated the functional annotation of the genomes of five newly identified species of Gram-positive bacteria, four of which are non-spore-forming and one spore-forming, all isolated from the ISS. Using a deep-learning based tool—deepFRI—we were able to functionally annotate close to 100% of protein-coding genes in all studied species, overcoming other annotation tools. Our comparative genomic analysis highlights common characteristics across all five species and specific genetic traits that appear unique to these ISS microorganisms. Proteome analysis mirrored these genomic patterns, revealing similar traits. The collective annotations suggest adaptations to life in space, including the management of hypoosmotic stress related to microgravity via mechanosensitive channel proteins, increased DNA repair activity to counteract heightened radiation exposure, and the presence of mobile genetic elements enhancing metabolism. In addition, our findings suggest the evolution of certain genetic traits indicative of potential pathogenic capabilities, such as small molecule and peptide synthesis and ATP-dependent transporters. These traits, exclusive to the ISS microorganisms, further substantiate previous reports explaining why microbes exposed to space conditions demonstrate enhanced antibiotic resistance and pathogenicity.ConclusionOur findings indicate that the microorganisms isolated from ISS we studied have adapted to life in space. Evidence such as mechanosensitive channel proteins, increased DNA repair activity, as well as metallopeptidases and novel S-layer oxidoreductases suggest a convergent adaptation among these diverse microorganisms, potentially complementing one another within the context of the microbiome. The common genes that facilitate adaptation to the ISS environment may enable bioproduction of essential biomolecules need during future space missions, or serve as potential drug targets, if these microorganisms pose health risks.17AcJHQ5oWAqHhb9n7GQHSVideo

Community structure, diversity and function of endophytic and soil microorganisms in boreal forest.

Despite extensive studies on soil microbial community structure and functions, the significance of plant-associated microorganisms, especially endophytes, has been overlooked. To comprehensively anticipate future changes in forest ecosystem function under future climate change scenarios, it is imperative to gain a thorough understanding of the community structure, diversity, and function of both plant-associated microorganisms and soil microorganisms. In our study, we aimed to elucidate the structure, diversity, and function of leaf endophytes, root endophytes, rhizosphere, and soil microbial communities in boreal forest. The microbial structure and composition were determined by high-throughput sequencing. FAPROTAX and FUNGuild were used to analyze the microbial functional groups. Our findings revealed significant differences in the community structure and diversity of fungi and bacteria across leaves, roots, rhizosphere, and soil. Notably, we observed that the endophytic fungal or bacterial communities associated with plants comprised many species distinct from those found in the soil microbial communities, challenging the assumption that most of endophytic fungal or bacterial species in plants originate from the soil. Furthermore, our results indicated noteworthy differences in the composition functional groups of bacteria or fungi in leaf endophytes, root endophytes, rhizosphere, and soil, suggesting distinct roles played by microbial communities in plants and soil. These findings underscore the importance of recognizing the diverse functions performed by microbial communities in both plant and soil environments. In conclusion, our study emphasizes the necessity of a comprehensive understanding of the structure and function microbial communities in both plants and soil for assessing the functions of boreal forest ecosystems.

Effects of two types of microbial fertilizers on growth of olive and diversity of rhizosphere soil microorganisms

Effects of two types of microbial fertilizers on growth of olive and diversity of rhizosphere soil microorganisms

Comparative Analyses of Lycodon rufozonatus and Lycodon rosozonatus Gut Microbiota in Different Regions.

The interactions between hosts and the gut microbiota are intricate and can significantly affect the ecology and evolution of both parties. Various host traits, including taxonomy, diet, social behaviour, and external factors such as prey availability and the local environment, all play an important role in shaping composition and diversity of the gut microbiogta. In this study, we explored the impact of intestinal microorganisms on the host in adapting to their respective ecological niches in two species of snakes. We collected feces from Lycodon rufozonatus and Lycodon rosozonatus from different geographical locations and used 16S rRNA gene sequencing technology to sequence the v3-v4 region. The results revealed that there was no significant difference in the alpha diversity of intestinal microorganisms between L. rufozonatus and L. rosozonatus. The gut microbiota of all individuals comprised four main phyla: Pseudomonadota, Bacteroidota, Bacillota, and Actinomycetota. At the genus level, the genus Salmonella dominated the enterobacterial microbiota in the samples from Hainan, while there was no obvious dominant genus in the enterobacterial microbiota of the samples from the other four localities. Comparative analysis of enzyme families annotated to the gut microbiota between L. rufozonatus and L. rosozonatus from the four sampling regions by CAZy carbohydrate annotation revealed that nine enzyme families differed significantly in terms of glycoside hydrolases (GHs). In addition, we compared the composition of gut microbial communities between L. rufozonatus and L. rosozonatus and investigated the impact of the differences on their functions. Our results will provide insights into the coevolution of host and gut microbes.

Constructed wetland coupled microbial fuel cell (CW-MFC) with Phragmites australis planted for hexavalent chromium removal and electricity generation

Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) in aqueous solution is characterized by strong mobility, high solubility, and significant biological toxicity. In this study, four constructed wetland combined with microbial fuel cell (CW-MFC) systems were established to explore the changes in electricity generation, water purification, and microbial community structure under the influence of plant, bioelectrochemical, and Cr(VI) stress. The planted CW-MFC (total Cr: 97.5 %, Cr(VI): 99.2 %) and non-planted CW-MFC (total Cr: 95.3 %, Cr(VI): 97.3 %) showed significantly higher Cr removal efficiency than open circuit CW-MFC (total Cr: 86.9 %, Cr(VI): 84.8 %). The presence of plants and Cr(VI) increased the average voltage and power density of CW-MFC. Additionally, plants, bioelectrochemistry, and Cr(VI) improved COD removal and significantly enhanced the abundance and diversity of microorganisms in the system during long-term domestication. The Cr(VI)-reducing bacterium Exiguobacterium was least abundant in non-Cr(VI) containing CW-MFC system. The abundance of the electrochemically active bacteria (EAB) Geobacter increased under bioelectrochemistry and Cr(VI).

Results of a 10-month Study on the Species Spectrum and Antimicrobial Resistance of Microorganisms in a Tertiary Care Hospital

Introduction. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) remains a global issue requiring a comprehensive approach to address it. One of the methods to mitigate AMR is the microbiological monitoring of antibiotic-resistant strains of microorganisms within the framework of infection control with regular monitoring of resistance patterns. The aim of thе study. To determine the species diversity and antimicrobial resistance of microorganisms isolated in a tertiary care hospital over a 10-month period. Materials and methods. The study was conducted at the Clinical Bacteriology Laboratory of the Regional Center for Laboratory Diagnostics, Communal enterprise ″Yuri Semenyuk Rivne Regional Clinical Hospital″ of Rivne Regional Council (Rivne, Ukraine) over 10 months (July 2023 - April 2024). From 8.300 patients, 12.463 biological samples were collected, from which 16.618 strains of microorganisms were isolated and studied. Pure culture isolation was performed using bacteriological methods with nutrient media. Species identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing were carried out using a semi-automated bacteriological analyzer ID/AST system D2mini with plates produced by Zhuhai DL Biotech Co. Ltd., in accordance with EUCAST 2023-2024 guidelines. Results. During the 10 months of observation, 16.618 strains of microorganisms were identified and their antimicrobial resistance levels were determined. Of these, 64.4 % were gram-negative bacteria, 32.5 % were gram-positive microorganisms, and 3.0 % were yeast fungi. The most common gram-negative bacteria were Klebsiella pneumoniae (40.8 %), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (18.2 %), and Acinetobacter baumannii (14.4 %). Among the gram-positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus (39.5 %), Staphylococcus epidermidis (15.5 %), and Staphylococcus haemolyticus (14.1 %) were predominant. The most common yeast fungi of the Candida genus were Candida albicans (60.5 %), Candida guilliermondii (12.5 %), and Candida tropicalis (8.9 %). High resistance was found to second-generation cephalosporins (81.4 % resistant strains to cefalexin) and fourth-generation cephalosporins (67.2 % resistant to cefepime), as well as aminopenicillins (amoxicillin-clavulanate – 76.1 %, ampicillin – 75.1 %). High sensitivity was noted to antibiotics of the tetracycline group (78.5 % to tetracycline), glycylcyclines (93.5 % to tigecycline), oxazolidinones (93.5 % to tigecycline), and lincosamides (80.8 % to clindamycin). Conclusions. A total of 16.618 strains of microorganisms were identified, with 64.4 % being gram-negative bacteria, 32.5 % gram-positive microorganisms, and 3.0 % yeast fungi. High resistance was found to second- and fourth-generation cephalosporins and aminopenicillins. High sensitivity was detected to antibiotics of the tetracycline, glycylcycline, oxazolidinone, and lincosamide groups.

Antibiogram Pattern of Bacterial Isolates from Sputum Sample

Antibiotics are frequently used for various infectious disease example; acute lower respiratory tract infection. But, injudicious use of antibiotic resistance is an emerging problem. The objective of this study was taken up to analyze the antibiogram pattern of bacterial isolated from the sputum samples of patient in Manmohan Memorial Medical College and Teaching Hospital. Initially, 250 sputum specimens of patients were collected and opted for the isolation and identification of isolates which detected 56.097% Klebsiella spp. 17.073 %, Pseudomonas aeruginosa 4.878 %, Burkholderia spp. 9.756 % Enterobacter spp. 12.195% Escherichia coli respectively. Conducting AST following Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method (CLSI 2020), it was determined that Klebsiella spp. (56.097 %) exhibited sensitive to Gentamycin and exhibited resistance to Cefixime. It was observed that 9 (39.130 %) Klebsiella spp. isolates exhibited multi-drug resistance character. Likewise, out of 23 isolated Klebsiella spp. only 5 (21.739 %) was found to be ESBL producers. The presence of multi drug-resistant strains and Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) producing Klebsiella spp. is of major concern worldwide. The improper and excessive utilization of antibiotics, encompassing unauthorized practices might be the reason in the rise to the development and proliferation of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and multidrug resistance (MDR)in microorganisms. This study highlights the importance of implementing appropriate hygiene and dietary measures for human to prevent the transmission of diverse pathogenic microorganisms. Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 12(3): 151-157.

External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems—Past and Future in a Sustainable Urban Environment

In recent decades, the sustainable development of the planet has been negatively affected by a number of factors, including the construction industry. The construction industry includes, among other things, the highly topical energy reconstruction of existing prefabricated residential housing, which is implemented to improve their condition from a thermal engineering and energy perspective. Composite materials, known as external thermal insulation composite systems (ETICSs), have come to the fore, bringing a number of undeniable benefits to society. After more than 20 years of experience, it turns out that in addition to the benefits, ETICSs also bring new research challenges to the discussion, which are related to the issue of the biocorrosion of the external envelope of ETICSs, and also to the issue of the indoor microclimate. Based on the literature review and case studies, we aim to show that ecologically friendly building materials require a multidisciplinary approach. At the same time, we want to contribute to the discussion of whether the diversity of microorganisms on ETICS composites is a potential source of health risks and whether the transport of microorganisms to the indoor environment can be ruled out through natural ventilation from the outdoor environment to the interior.

Effect of Rice–Carp Coculture on Phytoplankton and Microzooplankton Community Composition in Paddy Water during Different Rice Growth Stages

Integrated rice–fish farming, an agricultural practice that combines cultivating rice and breeding fish in the same field, has attracted widespread attention. However, there is limited research on how the rice–carp coculture impacts the community structure of phytoplankton and microzooplankton in paddy water. This study employed eDNA metabarcoding sequencing to analyze the composition of phytoplankton and microzooplankton in a rice monoculture system (RM) and a rice–carp coculture system (RF). Following annotation, we identified 9 phyla, 89 families, 275 genera, and 249 species of phytoplankton, along with 20 phyla (or subphyla and classes), 85 families, 222 genera, and 179 species of microzooplankton. The alpha diversity indices revealed significantly higher richness, diversity, and evenness in the RF group compared to the RM group during grain-filling stage. Principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) demonstrated notable differences in the phytoplankton and microzooplankton compositions between the two groups across various rice growth stages. Composition analysis showed that rice–carp coculture increased the relative abundance of dominant phytoplankton phyla such as Bacillariophyta, Chrysophyta, and Euglenophyta while decreasing that of Cryptophyta. In microzooplankton, the coculture resulted in an increased abundance of Intramacronucleata (subphylum) and a decrease in Conoidasida (class). In conclusion, the rice–carp coculture enhances the diversity of plankton, particularly during the grain-filling stage, and simultaneously alters the composition and abundance of dominant plankton species in the paddy water. These findings enhance understanding of the broader impacts of integrated rice–carp farming on agricultural ecosystems, emphasizing alterations in the diversity and composition of aquatic microorganisms

Community structure of soil microorganisms and endophytes of honeysuckle at different ecological niche specificities

BackgroundThe plant microbiome is one of the key determinants of healthy plant growth. However, the complexity of microbial diversity in plant microenvironments in different regions, especially the relationship between subsurface and aboveground microorganisms, is not fully understood. The present study investigated the diversity of soil microorganisms in different regions and the diversity of microorganisms within different ecological niches, and compared soil microorganisms and endophytic microorganisms.Methods16 S and ITS sequencing was used to sequence the soil and endophytes microbiome of honeysuckle. Alpha diversity analysis and principal component analysis (PCoA) were used to study the soil and endophyte microbial communities, and the function of endophyte bacteria and fungi was predicted based on the PICRUST2 process and FUNGuild.ResultsIn total, there were 382 common bacterial genera and 139 common fungal genera in the soil of different producing areas of honeysuckle. There were 398 common bacterial genera and 157 common fungal genera in rhizosphere soil. More beneficial bacteria were enriched in rhizosphere soil. Endophytic bacteria were classified into 34 phyla and 770 genera. Endophytic fungi were classified into 11 phyla and 581 genera, among which there were significant differences in the dominant genera of roots, stems, leaves, and flowers, as well as in community diversity and richness. Endophytic fungal functions were mainly dominated by genes related to saprophytes, functional genes that could fight microorganisms were also found in KEGG secondary functional genes.ConclusionMore beneficial bacteria were enriched in rhizosphere soil of honeysuckle, and the microbial network of the rhizosphere is more complex than that of the soil. Among the tissues of honeysuckle, the flowers have the richest diversity of endophytes. The endogenous dominant core bacteria in each part of honeysuckle plant have a high degree of overlap with the dominant bacteria in soil. Functional prediction suggested that some dominant core bacteria have antibacterial effects, providing a reference for further exploring the strains with antibacterial function of honeysuckle. Understanding the interaction between honeysuckle and microorganisms lays a foundation for the study of growth promotion, quality improvement, and disease and pests control of honeysuckle from the perspective of microorganisms.