Variation In Growth Rate Research Articles

Analyzing degradation of ore pass walls in Kiirunavaara mine using scanning data

Ore passes play a vital role in underground mining operations by facilitating the gravity-driven movement of ore from production levels to lower levels. Failure of the ore pass has serious consequences, including possible production disruptions and substantial financial investments in reconstruction or rehabilitation. Failure mechanisms are often associated with rock mass quality, stress conditions, and wear of the ore pass walls. This study investigated the degradation of ore pass walls using scanning data at LKAB’s Kiirunavaara mine in Sweden. Geotechnical information obtained from various sources aided in further understanding the ore passes’ conditions. The study revealed variations in the ore pass growth rates, highlighting potential stability concerns and the correlation between throughput and pass growth. The findings underscore the need for continuous monitoring and regular inspection to manage wall degradation. The paper proposes potential rehabilitation measures to ensure the stability and safety of ore passes in mining operations.

Economic analysis of the contributions of aquaculture to future food security

There is much concern about future fish consumption based on expected population growth as well as due to the large number of people still suffering from undernourishment. At the same time, there may be limits to the potential for expanded production from fisheries and aquaculture. What is often overlooked in many studies of future food security is the economic impact of changes in supply and demand, for example, due to changes in food prices, household income, and consumer preferences. This paper takes an economic approach to analysing the supply of and demand for fish up to 2030, with an emphasis on aquaculture. Four scenarios are considered, with the average annual growth rate in production varying between 2.4 and 5%, but with little change in capture fishery production. Variations in the aquaculture growth rates are found to have important consequences not only for future fish prices but also for per capita fish consumption up to 2030. Sub-Saharan Africa is particularly affected by the growth rate of aquaculture production.

Differential utilisation of dissolved organic matter compound fractions by different biofilter microbial communities

Abstract Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a complex mixture of carbon-based compounds present in natural aquatic systems, which significantly affects drinking water treatment processes. Biofiltration, utilising biologically active beds of porous medium, offers a low-energy and low-chemical solution for controlling bioavailable DOM. However, the impact of microbial community composition on DOM degradation in biofilters remains poorly understood. This study aimed to explore the abilities of microbial communities from the top, middle, and bottom (TOP, MID, and BOT) of a biofilter to process DOM. We showed varying growth rates on the DOM, with bottom community exhibiting the highest cell abundance at the end of the experiment (1.83 × 106 ± 9 × 103; 2.06 × 106 ± 1 × 104; 2.15 × 106 ± 7 × 103 cells/mL for the TOP, MID, and BOT, respectively). The three communities showed different preferences for utilising specific DOM fractions, with the bottom community targeting more complex ones. The microbial communities from the bottom of the biofilter had a higher relative abundance of the Curvibacter genus, suggesting it could play a crucial role in degrading complex DOM fractions. These findings highlight the influence of microbial community composition on DOM degradation in biofilters, providing valuable insights for optimising their performance.

Numerical treatment for mathematical model of farming awareness in crop pest management

The most important factor for increasing crop production is pest and pathogen resistance, which has a major impact on global food security. Pest management also emphasizes the need for farming awareness. A high crop yield is ultimately achieved by protecting crops from pests and raising public awareness of the devastation caused by pests. In this research, we aim to investigate the intricate impacts of nonlinear delayed systems for managing crop pest management (CPM) supervised by Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs). Our focus will be on highlighting the intricate and often unpredictable relationships that occur over time among crops, pests, strategies for rehabilitation, and environmental factors. The nonlinear delayed CPM model incorporated the four compartments: crop biomass density [B(t)], susceptible pest density [S(t)], infected pest density [I(t)], and population awareness level [A(t)]. The approximate solutions for the four compartments B(t), S(t), I(t), and A(t) are determined by the implementation of sundry scenarios generated with the variation in crop biomass growth rate, rate of pest attacks, pest natural death rate, disease associated death rate and memory loss of aware people, by means of exploiting the strength of the Adams (ADS) and explicit Runge-Kutta (ERK) numerical solvers. Comparative analysis of the designed approach is carried out for the dynamic impacts of the nonlinear delayed CPM model in terms of numerical outcomes and simulations based on sundry scenarios.

Funding startups using contingent option of value appreciation: theory and formula

PurposeThis paper provides a structural model to value startup companies and determine the optimal level of research and development (R&D) spending by these companies.Design/methodology/approachThis paper describes a new variant of float-the-money options, which can act as a financial instrument for financing R&D expenses for a specific time horizon or development stage, allowing the investor to share in the startup's value appreciation over that duration. Another innovation of this paper is that it develops a structural model for evaluating optimal level of R&D spending over a given time horizon. The paper deploys the Gompertz-Cox model for the R&D project outcomes, which facilitates investigation of how increased level of R&D input can enhance the company's value growth.FindingsThe author first introduces a time-varying drift term into standard Black-Scholes model to account for the varying growth rates of the startup at different stages, and the author interprets venture capital's investment in the startup as a “float-the-money” option. The author then incorporates the probabilities of startup failures at multiple stages into their financial valuation. The author gets a closed-form pricing formula for the contingent option of value appreciation. Finally, the author utilizes Cox proportional hazards model to analyze the optimal level of R&D input that maximizes the return on investment.Research limitations/implicationsThe integrated contingent claims model links the change in the financial valuation of startups with the incremental R&D spending. The Gompertz-Cox contingency model for R&D success rate is used to quantify the optimal level of R&D input. This model assumption may be simplistic, but nevertheless illustrative.Practical implicationsOnce supplemented with actual transaction data, the model can serve as a reference benchmark valuation of new project deals and previously invested projects seeking exit.Social implicationsThe integrated structural model can potentially have much wider applications beyond valuation of startup companies. For instance, in valuing a company's risk management, the level of R&D spending in the model can be replaced by the company's budget for risk management. As another promising application, in evaluating a country's economic growth rate in the face of rising climate risks, the level of R&D spending in this paper can be replaced by a country's investment in addressing climate risks.Originality/valueThis paper is the first to develop an integrated valuation model for startups by combining the real-world R&D project contingencies with risk-neutral valuation of the potential payoffs.

Survival induced by short-scale autocorrelations in birth-death-diffusion models with negative growth.

In a birth, death, and diffusion process, the extinction-survival transition occurs when the average net growth rate is zero. For instance, in the presence of normally distributed time-varying stochastic growth rates with no autocorrelation, the transition indeed occurs at zero net growth rates. In contrast, if the growth rates are constant in time, a large enough variance in the growth rate will systematically ensure the survival of the global population even in a small system and, more importantly, even with a negative net growth rate. We here show that, surprisingly, for any intermediate temporal autocorrelation, any length of correlation, and any negative average growth rate, the same result holds. We test this argument on exponential and power law autocorrelation models and propose a simple condition for the growth rate variance at the transition.

Fire extinguishment tests of electric vehicles in an open sided enclosure

Electric vehicles may represent a new type of risk and require a change in fire protection and firefighting techniques in vehicle carriers and parking garages. This study presents an experimental assessment of firefighting techniques and fire dynamics of electric cars in an open-sided enclosure. The enclosure had dimensions of 12.2 m by 7.1 m, and openings of 7.1 m by 2.4 m on either end of the enclosure. A total of nine tests were performed, of which seven were conducted on the same type of car (Renault Fluence ZE). The other two electric cars tested were Tesla Model 3 and Nissan Leaf. The electric cars were surrounded by conventional internal combustion engine vehicles, and ignition was induced by short circuit of the battery. When this was not possible an external fuel load was used. The results of the tests show a significant variation in fire growth rates. Gas temperatures peaked at 1000 °C in some of the tests. The flame spread to neighboring cars occurred between 3 min and 46 min depending on the firefighting method used.

Nonhuman Primate Eyes Display Variable Growth and Aging Rates in Alignment With Human Eyes.

To assess age-related biometric changes of the eye in nonhuman primates (NHPs), to and decipher the growth and aging rates and their comparability with humans. Ocular anatomic measurements were performed on 341 macaca fascicularis aged 0.5 to 23 years via multimodal approaches including IOLMaster 700. Linear or polynomial regression models were simulated to determine the best fitted age-related function. The metrics were compared with human equivalents in published reports. Macaques exhibited a postnatal eye growth pattern similar to humans, characterized by continuous eye extension coordinated with dramatic reshaping of the lens but not the cornea. The age-related growth of lens thickness (LT), anterior chamber depth (ACD), and axis length (AL) exhibited nonlinear and bipolar patterns. The inflection points were 10 to 12 years old for LT and ACD and 13 to 15 years old for AL in macaques, which were comparable in chronological age at a ratio of ∼1: ratio with that in humans. In contrast, the speed of aging, including the increase in lens density and the decrease in retinal nerve fiber layer thickness, was comparable in relative age at a ratio of ∼1:3 according to the differences in lifespan between macaques and humans. Lens density was a robust indicator for the aging process. Macaque eyes recapitulated the age-related process of human eyes to varying extents with different growth and aging rates. Chronological age or relative age should be considered in different scenarios when macaques are included in preclinical studies.

Nestling growth rate and food consumption increases under experimentally prolonged daylength in a New World sparrow

When evaluating avian reproduction, life history theory examines the trade‐offs between parental effort, the number and size of offspring, and the rate of nestling development. The growth rates and body sizes of developing birds vary geographically and can diverge with both latitude and migratory strategy. In terms of offspring size, growth rate can deviate in nestlings of the same or similar species due to the correlated influences of weather events, predation pressure, food availability, number of nestmates and parental provisioning. Furthermore, a longer photoperiod for species nesting at higher latitudes increases the duration over which a nestling can be fed each day, and increased nestling provisioning has been positively correlated with growth rate. Whether the amount of time a bird is fed during development drives this variation in growth rate and morphology is unknown. By removing supplemental environmental stressors (e.g. weather, predation) and standardizing feeding rate and environment, we explored the influence of daily duration of nestling provisioning on dark‐eyed junco Junco hyemalis nestlings. We hand‐reared 65 chicks of a sedentary junco subspecies J. h. carolinensis under both their natural photoperiod and the longer photoperiod of a closely related migratory subspecies J. h. hyemalis and compared growth rate, mass, morphology and the amount of food consumed. Average growth rate, fasted mass, wing length and total daily food consumption were all greater in birds hand‐reared under the longer, more northern photoperiod treatment. These findings suggest that increased daily photoperiod at higher latitudes may allow for greater total food provisioning and thus may play a role in the ability of parents in compressed breeding seasons to produce high quality offspring. This points to a trade‐off between provisioning effort and nestling growth rate in lower latitude (shorter photoperiod) populations and points to an important role of developmental plasticity on growth rate and morphology.

Characterizing the regional XCO2 variability and its association with ENSO over India inferred from GOSAT and OCO-2 satellite observations

India is primarily concerned with comprehending regional carbon source-sink response in the context of changes in atmospheric CO2 concentrations or anthropogenic emissions. Recent advancements in high-resolution satellite's fine-scale XCO2 measurements provide an opportunity to understand unprecedented details of source-sink activity on a regional scale. In this study, we investigated the long-term variations of XCO2 concentration and growth rates as well as its covarying relationship with ENSO and regional climate parameters (temperature, precipitation, soil moisture, and NDVI) over India from 2010 to 2021 using GOSAT and OCO-2 retrievals. The results show since the launch of OCO-2 in 2014, the number of monthly high-quality XCO2 soundings over India has grown nearly 100-fold compared to GOSAT, launched in 2009. Also, the discrepancy in XCO2 increase of 2.54(2.43) ppm/yr was observed in GOSAT (OCO-2) retrieval during an overlapping measurement period (2015–2021). Additionally, wavelet analysis indicated that the OCO-2 retrieval is able to capture a better frequency of local-scale XCO2 variability compared to GOSAT, owing to its high-resolution cloud-free XCO2 soundings, providing more well-defined regional-scale source-sink features. Furthermore, dominant spatial pattern of XCO2 variability observed over south and southeast of India in both satellites, with XCO2 semi-annual and annual variability more distinctly present in OCO-2 compared to GOSAT. A cross-correlation analysis suggested GOSAT XCO2 growth rate positively correlates with ENSO in different homogeneous monsoon regions of India, with ENSO leading the GOSAT XCO2 growth rate in all homogeneous regions by 3–9 months. The South Peninsular region sensitive to ENSO changes, especially during 2015–2016 ENSO event, where a decrease in CO2 uptake was observed is closely linked with precipitation, soil moisture, and temperature anomalies. However, regional climate parameters show a low correlation with XCO2 growth since CO2 is a long-lived well-mixed gas primarily having an imprint of large-scale transport in column CO2.

(Re-)Examining age and growth increments of the clam Venus verrucosa

Warty venus Venus verrucosa is a commercially important bivalve species that is widely distributed in the Mediterranean Sea. Understanding the main biological characteristics of exploited species, including their age and growth dynamics, are crucial for fisheries assessment, monitoring programmes and sustainable resource management. In this study, we analysed the age of the largest V. verrucosa specimens collected in Pag Bay, eastern Adriatic Sea, to investigate the maximal lifespan of this species. We used images of acetate peel replicas of the shell hinge region to visualize and count the growth increments. Radiocarbon content (14C) of selected shell material was analysed to corroborate the long lifespan derived from counting the growth lines in acetate peel replicas of etched shell sections. The maximum estimated lifespan of the analysed V. verrucosa specimens was 29 years, which is more than a decade longer than previously known. Pronounced variations in growth rates were noted among specimens of similar size, clearly indicating that shell size is not a reliable indicator of age for this species. Therefore, caution is advised when using the size-frequency distribution of the population to interpret the age structure of V. verrucosa.

Small-molecule autocatalysis drives compartment growth, competition and reproduction.

Sustained autocatalysis coupled to compartment growth and division is a key step in the origin of life, but an experimental demonstration of this phenomenon in an artificial system has previously proven elusive. We show that autocatalytic reactions within compartments-when autocatalysis, and reactant and solvent exchange outpace product exchange-drive osmosis and diffusion, resulting in compartment growth. We demonstrate, using the formose reaction compartmentalized in aqueous droplets in an emulsion, that compartment volume can more than double. Competition for a common reactant (formaldehyde) causes variation in droplet growth rate based on the composition of the surrounding droplets. These growth rate variations are partially transmitted after selective division of the largest droplets by shearing, which converts growth-rate differences into differences in droplet frequency. This shows how a combination of properties of living systems (growth, division, variation, competition, rudimentary heredity and selection) can arise from simple physical-chemical processes and may have paved the way for the emergence of evolution by natural selection.

Determining the Day-to-Day Occurrence of Low-Latitude Scintillation in Equinoxes at Sanya during High Solar Activities (2012–2013)

Plasma irregularity in the equatorial and low-latitude ionosphere, which leads to ionospheric scintillation, can threaten the operation of radio-based communication and navigation systems. A method for forecasting scintillation activity is still pending. In this study, we examined the performance of ionospheric parameters, including the critical frequency (foF2), peak height of the F2-layer (hmF2), scale height (Hm) and virtual height (h’F), around local sunset from ground-based ionosonde observations, and also the characteristics of Equatorial Ionization Anomaly (EIA) derived from Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) observations in equinoctial months (March–April and September–October) during high solar activities (2012–2013) at a low-latitude station at Sanya (18.3° N, 109.6° E; dip lat.: 12.8° N), China. Furthermore, the simplified linear growth rate of Rayleigh–Taylor (R–T) instability inferred from ionosonde measurements and EIA strength derived from GRACE observations were used to estimate the day-to-day occurrence of post-sunset scintillation. The results indicate that it is not adequate to determine whether scintillation in a low-latitude region would occur or not based on one ionospheric parameter around sunset. The simplified growth rate of R–T instability can be a good indicator for the day-to-day occurrence of scintillation, especially in combination with variations in EIA strength. An index including the growth rate and EIA variations for the prediction of the post-sunset occurrence of irregularity and scintillation is proposed; the overall prediction accuracy could be about 90%. Our results may provide useful information for the development of a forecasting model of the day-to-day variability of irregularities and scintillation in equatorial and low-latitude regions.

Planktonic Duration of the Bryozoan Cyphonautes Larva and Limits on Growth Rate Imposed by Its Form-Limited Maximum Clearance Rate.

AbstractThe form of the cyphonautes larva of bryozoans changes little during development. The ciliated band that generates the feeding current increases nearly in proportion to body length, so that the maximum rate of clearing planktonic food from a volume of water becomes increasingly low relative to body protein. This development is unlike the other larvae that produce a feeding current with bands of simple cilia. The cyphonautes' growth rate has therefore been predicted to be unusually low when food is scarce. As predicted, cyphonautes larvae of a species of Membranipora starved at concentrations of food that supported growth of pluteus larvae. Comparisons between the cyphonautes and plutei of a sand dollar were for growth from first feeding to metamorphosis, with a mix of two algal species. Another comparison was for growth of cyphonautes at an advanced stage and plutei of a regular sea urchin at an early stage, with food in seawater at a reduced concentration. The low maximum clearance rate did not prevent rapid growth and development of some cyphonautes from egg through metamorphosis when food was abundant. Twenty-nine days for development to metamorphosis in the laboratory with abundant food was close to Yoshioka's estimate of larval duration from the time lag between adult zooid density and larval abundance in a population in the Southern California Bight. Despite individual variation in growth rates and other physiological and environmental influences, simple measures of larval form predicted the differences in larval performance: scarce food extended larval duration for the cyphonautes more than for plutei.

Development of Interspecific Hybrids of Pleurotus sajor-caju and P. flabellatus for Better Yield

Existence of variability in morphological traits and growth rate of mycelium of homokaryotic single basidiospores can be exploited for the development of interspecific hybrids of mushroom. To explore this, interspecific hybrids of P. flabellatus, P. sajor-caju having earliness in production, better nutritional qualities and higher yield as compared to their parent strains tried at Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya. Eighteen and six monosporus culture of P. flabellatus, P. sajor-caju, respectively were isolated by spore print or serial dilution or hyphal tip fragmentation techniques. Twenty interspecific hybrids were developed from different cross combinations of parents P. flabellatus and P. sajor-caju. The hybrids were grown on malt extract agar media. Highest growth rate shown by the hybrids in media were selected to study qualitative and quantitative response during cultivation. In cultivation spawn running and pin head formation was faster in PF × PSC5 and PF × PSC7. Comparing all the parameters, growth of PF × PSC6 and PF × PSC8 were found to be more efficient. Nitrogen and protein content was good enough in PF × PSC4, PF × PSC7, PF × PSC5 and PF × PSC10. Regarding all the quantitative parameters of the hybrids, biological efficiency and yield of 1st and 2nd harvest of PF × PSC6 and PF × PSC8, PF × PSC5, PF × PSC10 and PF × PSC3 were better than the rest hybrid combinations. In interspecific hybrids of P. flabellatus and P. sajor-caju, the highest yield and biological efficiency was found in PF × PSC6 combination and may be selected for better mushroom production.

Self-assembled peptide P11-4 interacts with the type I collagen C-terminal telopeptide domain and calcium ions.

Evaluate molecularly the role of P11-4 self-assembly peptide in dentin remineralization and its interaction with collagen I. The calcium-responsive P11-4 peptide was analyzed by intrinsic fluorescence emission spectrum, circular dichroism spectrum (CD), and atomic force microscope (AFM). Differential light scattering was used to monitor the nucleation growth rate of calcium phosphate nanocrystals in the absence or in the presence of P11-4. AFM was used to analyze the radial size (nm) of calcium phosphate nanocrystals formed in the absence or in the presence of P11-4, as well as to verify the spatial structure of P11-4 in the absence or in the presence of Ca2+. The interaction of Ca2+ with the P11-4 (KD = 0.58±0.06mM) promotes the formation of β-sheet antiparallel structure, leads to its precipitation in saturated solutions of Ca/P=1.67 and induces the formation of parallel large fibrils (0.6 - 1.5µm). P11-4 organized the HAP nucleation by reducing both the growth rate and size variability of nanocrystals, analyzed by the F test (p<0.0001, N=30). P11-4 interacts (KD = 0.75±0.06μM) with the KGHRGFSGL motif present at the C-terminal collagen telopeptide domain. P11-4 also increased the amount of HAP and collagen in the MDPC-23 cells. The presented data propose a mechanism that will help future clinical and/or basic research to better understand a molecule able to inhibit structural collagen loss and help the impaired tissue to remineralize.

Phase‐Field Simulations of Epitaxial Crystal Growth in Open Fractures With Reactive Lateral Flow

AbstractFluid flow in fracture porosity in the Earth's crust is in general accompanied by crystallization or dissolution depending on the state of saturation. The evolution of the microstructure in turn affects the transport and mechanical properties of the rock, but the understanding of this coupled system is incomplete. Here, we aim to simulate spatio‐temporal observations of laboratory experiments at the grain scale (using potash alumn), where crystals grow in a fracture during reactive flow, and show a varying growth rate along the fracture due to saturation differences. We use a multiphase‐field modeling approach, where reactive fluid flow and crystal growth is computed and couple the chemical driving force for grain growth to the local saturation state of the fluid. The supersaturation of the fluid is characterized by a concentration field which is advected by fluid flow and in turn affects the crystal growth with anisotropic growth kinetics. The simulations exhibit good agreement with the experimental results, providing the basis for upscaling our results to larger scale computations of combined multi‐physical processes in fractured porous media for applications as groundwater protection, geothermal, and hydrocarbon reservoir prediction, water recovery, or storing H2 or CO2 in the subsurface.

Differences in serum metabolome profile explain individual variation in growth performance of young goats

High growth rates and body weight are important traits of young dairy goats that can shorten generation intervals, improve animal performance, and increase economic benefits. In the present study, ninety-nine, 6-month-old, female goats were fed with the same diet and kept under the same management condition. The ten goats with highest average daily gain (ADG, HADG, 135.27 ± 4.59 g/d) and ten goats with lowest ADG (LADG, 87.74 ± 3.13 g/d) were selected to identify the key serum metabolites associated with ADG, and to investigate the relationships of serum metabolome profiles with digestive tract microbiota. The results showed that a total of 125 serum metabolites were significantly different between HADG and LADG. Of these, 43 serum metabolites were significantly higher levels in HADG, including D-ornithine, l-glutamine, L-histidine, carnosine, LysoPC (16:1(9Z)/0:0), DCTP and hydroxylysine, while, 82 serum metabolites were significantly higher levels in LADG, including P-salicylic acid and deoxycholic acid 3-glucuronide. Pathway analysis indicated that these different metabolites were mainly involved in amino acid and lipid metabolism. Furthermore, Spearman's rank correlation analysis revealed that these differential serum metabolites were correlated with ADG and ADG-related bacteria. Notably, serum hydroxylysine and L-histidine could be used as biomarkers for distinguishing HADG and LADG goats, with an accuracy of >92.0%. SignificanceOur study confirms that individual microbiota and metabolic differences contribute to the variations of growth rate in young goats. Some serum metabolites may be useful in improving the growth performance of young goats, which provides directions for developing further nutritional regulation in the goat industry to achieve healthy feeding and efficiency enhancement.

Balancing conservation and welfare in ex situ management of the extinct‐in‐the‐wild sihek: sex‐ and age‐specific causes of mortality and contributions to population growth rate

AbstractEx situ threatened species management has both conservation and welfare objectives and these objectives often align, but can diverge. Areas of agreement can present win‐wins for achieving welfare and conservation objectives, while identifying areas of divergence is important to ensure management strategies achieve balance across objectives. We examined welfare and conservation objectives in the ex situ population of Extinct in the Wild sihek (Guam kingfisher, Todiramphus cinnamominus) by quantifying mortality rates, determining sex‐ and age‐specific causes of mortality and identifying associated welfare domains, as well as quantifying sex‐ and age‐specific differences in reproductive value and contributions to variation in population growth rate (λ). Females had significantly higher mortality rates than males, potentially impacting population viability and suggesting females may be more vulnerable to experiencing lower welfare than males. Mitigating causes of female mortality would therefore present a clear win‐win for both welfare and conservation objectives. Both causes of mortality and contributions to variation in λ were found to differ across sex‐ and age‐classes. In particular, nutritional and metabolic diseases tended to impact younger age‐classes and these age‐classes had large contributions to variation in λ. Mitigation of these diseases could therefore also present a win‐win for welfare and conservation objectives. However, we also identified a potential divergence between objectives: a major cause of female mortality was reproductive disease with older aged females primarily affected, but older aged females contributed little to variation in λ and had low reproductive value. Developing mitigation strategies for reproductive disease could therefore aid welfare objectives but have little benefit for conservation objectives, suggesting careful balancing across objectives is required. Our results highlight the need to explicitly consider conservation and welfare objectives in threatened species management, in particular in the context of an increasing conservation need for ex situ population management, coupled with increasing social concern for animal welfare.

Dose-response and growth rate variation among glyphosate resistant and susceptible Conyza albida and Conyza bonariensis populations

Dose-response and growth rate variation among glyphosate resistant and susceptible Conyza albida and Conyza bonariensis populations