Variations In Dimensions Research Articles

Vertical Variation in Leaf Traits and Crown Structure Promote the Coexistence of Forest Tree Species

Vertical stratification in trees may respond to selective pressures to enhance light interception and utilization; therefore, the vertical functional variation in leaf traits may indicate niche partitioning within forests. In this study, vertical variations in leaf and crown structure traits of seven common tree species were analysed with respect to differences between species in different height groups, within the same height range, in the same species across tree height, and different parts of the individual tree crown to reveal coexistence mechanisms in subtropical forest tree species. There were multiple levels of trait variation in the vertical dimension, validating the existence of vertical niche differentiation in subtropical forest species. The functional trait differences arose among different height groups, among species co-occurring within the same height range, in the same species across tree height, and among different parts of the individual tree crown. Variation in comparative advantages, which was characterised by those traits between species across different height ranges, was also one of the manifestations of niche differentiation in the vertical dimension. Moreover, contrasting results between lower height ranges and higher ranges in the relationship between species’ differences in functional traits and species’ difference of abundance were found, further confirming that there was obvious vertical niche separation in the community. This study emphasised the importance of vertical variation in species’ performances in elucidating the mechanisms of tree species coexistence in subtropical forests.

Pulse optimization and device engineering of 3D charge-trap flash for synaptic operation

We investigate 3D charge-trap (CT) nand flash cells using device-physics based multi-scale simulations to explore their potential and optimum operating conditions as electronic synapses of the neuromorphic hardware. A set of figure of merits (FOMs) has been adopted to indicate their goodness of operation under incremental pulse inputs. The results of this study suggest that excellent synaptic FOMs can be attained from 3D CT nands by designing and calibrating the input pulse trains. The impact of variations of device dimensions on charge capture and release phenomena have been investigated and linked to output characteristics in order to obtain intuitive guidelines for attaining desired synaptic functionalities. By co-designing gate dielectric stack and input pulses, the threshold voltage (VT) of the 3D CT cell can be sequentially increased and decreased in a linear and symmetric fashion, providing a large number of distinct VT levels with good retention characteristics. Statistical simulations suggest that device-to-device variations of electrical responses have a negligible impact on the synaptic capabilities of these devices. It has also been shown that the incorporation of deeper traps through material engineering improves synaptic reliability of the 3D CT cells under prolonged operations.

Towards an emic model of business culture

PurposeThis paper aims to generalize emic studies of culture and thus provide indigenous view nuanced particularly for emerging markets.Design/methodology/approachThe authors review four local business frameworks and deconstruct each into three different constructs. The authors systematically evaluate culture specific studies, particularities of jaan pehchaan (India), guanxi (China), sviazi (Russia) and wasta (Arab countries).FindingsBuilding on social networking theory, the authors synthesize an emic model for four types of large emerging markets cultures – China, Russia, India and Arab countries – and divide them according to their affective, conative and cognitive elements.Practical implicationsBy knowing the impact of the constructs and how to leverage it, managers can successfully penetrate and manage these complex markets.Originality/valueCurrent models of culture, such as the ones proposed by Hofstede and GLOBE, are etic in their orientation, attempting to find variations in common dimensions across different cultures. Emic approaches to studying culture are more bottom-up and are idiosyncratic to the culture.

Variability and Patterning in Permanent Tooth Dimensions among Four Ethnic Groups from the North-eastern States of India.

Methods The study was a comparative cross-sectional study among four different ethnic groups of North-east India among the age group of 20-30 years. Dimensions of the maxillary and mandibular teeth were measured with a digital Vernier calliper using the dental casts of 50 male and 50 female subjects from each of the four ethnic groups under study. The data were statistically analyzed using a Student's t-test and one-way analysis of variance. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results The tooth dimensions of all four ethnic groups were significantly lower than the standard values except for the MD dimension of the maxillary second molars of the Singpho group (9.13 mm vs. 9.0 mm); mandibular central incisors of the Meitei group (5.01 mm vs. 5.0 mm); and mandibular lateral incisors of the Meitei, Ao, and Singpho groups (>standard value of 5.5 mm) and BL dimension of the mandibular first premolars of the Meitei and Ao groups (>standard value of 7.5 mm); mandibular second premolars of the Meitei and Singpho groups (>standard value of 8.0 mm); and mandibular second molars of the Ao group (10.04 mm vs. 10.0 mm). In some instances, the comparative analysis revealed group variations in different tooth dimensions among the four ethnic groups (p < 0.05). Conclusion Variations were observed in the tooth dimensions among the four ethnic groups and within the same population. Unlike other parts of India, the North-eastern population belongs to a distinct ethnic race of indigenous people of East Asia, Southeast Asia, and the Arctic region of North America. Hence, population-specific data for India's North-eastern region are necessary for forensic odontology, dental anthropology, routine dental practice, and effective treatment planning.

Risk factors and coronary artery outcomes of coronary artery aneurysms differing in size and emergence time in children with Kawasaki disease.

Coronary artery aneurysm (CAA) is a serious cardiac complication arising from Kawasaki disease (KD) and is becoming the leading cause of acquired heart disease in children. The aim of this study was to determine the potential risk factors associated with coronary artery aneurysms (CAAs), which differ in size and emergence time, and track its regression within 3 years of onset. The laboratory data, clinical features, and coronary artery outcomes of patients, who were diagnosed with KD and received treatment from January 2003 to January 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. A total of 484 pediatric patients with KD were examined during the study period. Among them, 130 (26.9%) presented with CAA, including mid- to large-sized CAA in 38 patients (7.9%) and de novo CAA after intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) treatment in 22 patients (4.5%). Albumin-to-globin (A/G) ratio was significantly negatively associated with the absolute internal diameter of coronary artery at 1 month of onset and may be used as a predictor of mid- to large-sized CAA development in patients with KD. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.637 (95% confidence interval: 0.551–0.724), and a cutoff of 1.32 yielded a sensitivity and specificity of 79 and 49%, respectively, for predicting mid- to large-sized CAA development. De novo CAA after IVIG may lead to an increased risk of developing progressive CAA [13 (59.1%) of 22 vs. 31 (28.7%) of 108; P = 0.006] and had significantly greater changes in both the magnitude of CAA dimension variation and maximum z-score of the coronary arteries at 2 and 4 weeks and then 3 months after onset (P < 0.001). Kaplan–Meier survival analysis revealed that the estimated median time of aneurysm persistence was significantly higher in the progressive CAA group than in the non-progressive CAA group (25 vs. 4 months, P < 0.001), as well as among the three groups of patients (giant CAA > medium-sized CAA > small-sized CAA, P < 0.001). Children with KD who had low A/G ratio were more likely to develop mid- to large-sized CAA. Nevertheless, de novo CAA after IVIG treatment may increase the risk of more severe arterial damage and development of progressive coronary artery damage; and both mid- to large-sized and de novo CAA could dramatically prolong coronary artery normalization time. Thus, aggressive risk modifications should be employed, and close monitoring with frequent echocardiography is needed for this vulnerable patient population.

Fractal Seismicity and Coulomb Stress Pattern Analysis for 7 January 2020 Mw 6.4 Puerto Rico Earthquake

Abstract This study aims to understand the variation of the correlation fractal dimension and static stress changes associated with the 2019 Puerto Rico sequence with special reference to the January 2020 Mw 6.4 mainshock. On examining the seismicity data from 1988 to 2020, we find a shift in the seismicity pattern after the 2019 Puerto Rico sequence. A detailed examination of changes in the correlation fractal dimension (Dc) indicates diffused seismicity throughout the study region until the year 2003 that is demonstrated by relatively high Dc values. Toward the end of 2019, a drastic drop in Dc is observed; it is associated with a tight clustering of events to the south-southwest of Puerto Rico Island (PRI), suggesting the onset of the 2019 sequence. We observed a persistent clustering and significant drop in Dc before the Mw 6.4 earthquake, hinting at the presence of a numerical precursor for this event. Over 30 yr of historical earthquakes have contributed positive Coulomb stress distributions mainly in the northern region of PRI. A deflection in this pattern was reflected after the 2019 Puerto Rico sequence. Based on the static stress analysis, we demonstrated that the Mw 6.4 mainshock was triggered by the 2019 Puerto Rico sequence. The new cluster of events, which contains the Mw 6.4 mainshock, exhibits higher stress levels in the south-southwest region of PRI. The eastern end of Septentrional fault (SF), the zone between SF and North Puerto Rico Slope fault, the middle segment of South Puerto Rico Slope fault, South Lajas fault, Punta Montalva fault, and Central fault are the highly stressed regions at present. Stress perturbation induced by the destructive Mw 6.4 event on the adjacent fault system is a potential threat for PRI, where population density is very high. The combined analysis of Dc and static stress changes indicates the presence of a numerical precursor and highly stressed regions southwest of PRI.

Modeling a 3-D multiscale blood-flow and heat-transfer framework for realistic vascular systems

Modeling of biological domains and simulation of biophysical processes occurring in them can help inform medical procedures. However, when considering complex domains such as large regions of the human body, the complexities of blood vessel branching and variation of blood vessel dimensions present a major modeling challenge. Here, we present a Voxelized Multi-Physics Simulation (VoM-PhyS) framework to simulate coupled heat transfer and fluid flow using a multi-scale voxel mesh on a biological domain obtained. In this framework, flow in larger blood vessels is modeled using the Hagen–Poiseuille equation for a one-dimensional flow coupled with a three-dimensional two-compartment porous media model for capillary circulation in tissue. The Dirac distribution function is used as Sphere of Influence (SoI) parameter to couple the one-dimensional and three-dimensional flow. This blood flow system is coupled with a heat transfer solver to provide a complete thermo-physiological simulation. The framework is demonstrated on a frog tongue and further analysis is conducted to study the effect of convective heat exchange between blood vessels and tissue, and the effect of SoI on simulation results.

Central Composite Designed Fast Dissolving Tablets for Improved Solubility of the Loaded Drug Ondansetron Hydrochloride.

Ondansetron tablets that are directly compressed using crospovidone and croscarmellose as a synthetic super disintegrant are the subject of this investigation. A central composite, response surface, randomly quadratic, nonblock (version 13.0.9.0) 32 factorial design is used to optimize the formulation (two-factor three-level). To make things even more complicated, nine different formulation batches (designated as F1–F9) were created. There were three levels of crospovidone and croscarmellose (+1, 0, -1). In addition to that, pre- and postcompressional parameters were evaluated, and all evaluated parameters were found to be within acceptable range. Among all postcompressional parameter dispersion and disintegration time, in vitro drug release experiments (to quantify the amount of medication released from the tablet) and their percentage prediction error were shown to have a significant influence on three dependent variables. Various pre- and postcompression characteristics of each active component were tested in vitro. Bulk density, tap density, angle of repose, Carr's index, and the Hausner ratio were all included in this analysis, as were many others. This tablet's hardness and friability were also assessed along with its dimension and weight variations. Additional stability studies may be conducted using the best batch of the product. For this study, we utilised the Design-Expert software to select the formulation F6, which had dispersion times of 17.67 ± 0.03 seconds, disintegration times of 120.12 ± 0.55 seconds, and percentage drug release measurements of 99.25 ± 0.36 within 30 minutes. Predicted values and experimental data had a strong correlation. Fast dissolving pills of ondansetron hydrochloride may be created by compressing the tablets directly.

Anthropometric Study of External Ear: A Comparative Study

Introduction: Ear is the most defining feature of the face and its structure shows the signs of age and sex. The external ears consist of the auricle and the external acoustic meatus. This study was specifically under taken to study the variations in the auricle dimensions, specially height and width, amongst Nepalese medical and nursing students and compare them. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted on medical and nursing students of National Medical College, Birgunj, Nepal, with no evidence of congenital ear anomalies or previous ear surgeries. The study consisted of 110 females and 110 males, aged 18–25 years. Results: The descriptive statistics of the ear variables evaluated and measured on both right and left sides. The ear length ranged from 6.31- 6.30 cm with the right ear length being significantly larger than the left ear length (p=0.010). Similarly, the right ear breadth was significantly wider in comparison to the left ear breadth, range from 3.39- 3. 38 cm (p=0.084). The lobular length range 2.38- 2.36 cm (p=0.001) and the lobular breadth range 1.96- 1.93 cm (p=0.000) which were also larger in the right ear compared with the left ear and the differences reached the level of statistically significant. Conclusion: The ear anthropometric measurements of male students showed higher value when compared to the female nursing students. These results support the findings that the sexual dimorphism does exit and showed the statistically significant differences between the sexes. The length of the ear was found to be higher when compared to the width of the ear in both sexes.

Mechanistic model of combined pressure drop and heat transfer for the entire growth stage of an elongated bubble in a rectangular microchannel

A one-dimensional flow-boiling model for the slug-flow regime is formulated to describe the pressure drop and heat transfer mechanism in a microchannel of rectangular cross-section. The pressure drop model considers three stages of bubble growth namely: (i) partial confinement, (ii) full confinement and (iii) vapour venting. The heat transfer coefficient at any particular location is obtained by assuming the periodic passage of four zones: (i) liquid slug zone, (ii) elongated bubble zone, (iii) partially dryout zone, and (iv) fully dryout zone. The model is evaluated using constant fluid properties, to study the parametric variation of channel pressure drop and heat transfer coefficient. The effects of variation in channel dimension, flow velocity, heat flux and properties of working fluid on pressure drop and heat transfer coefficient have been studied using the model. The model is capable of simulating all the transport processes for a single bubble from its inception till it leaves the microchannel and thereby it can estimate the pressure drop in the channel along with the heat transfer coefficient i.e. spatially averaged over the channel length and at any location from channel upstream to the downstream end.

Plasticity in responses to dimensional variations of soil space in 19 grassland plant species

Plant growth is constrained not only by the availability of soil nutrients, but also by the physical underground space where it grows. However, few studies have considered the effect of dimensional variations of soil space on the growth of a large set of plants and whether the effect differs among plant functional groups. We grew each of 19 common grassland plant species from three functional groups (grasses, legumes, and forbs) in three types of soil space [a cylindrical space of 15 cm in diameter and 15 in height (D15H15), a cylindrical space of 30 cm in diameter and 15 cm in height (D30H15), and a cylindrical space of 15 cm in diameter and 60 cm in height (D15H60)] with the same amount of essential nutrients. Irrespective of plant functional groups, plant species performed better in the soil with deeper vertical space (D15H60) than in the soil with shallower vertical space (D15H15 and D30H15) in terms of root biomass. Shoot mass and/or total mass in the different types of soil space varied with species. Within each functional group, species with larger body sizes tended to accumulate more shoot mass in soils with deeper vertical space (D15H60), while those with smaller body sizes did not respond differently. These results suggest that the dimensional variations of soil space, especially variations in the vertical dimensions, can be a key factor influencing the performance of plant species.

Multiscale Fractal Characterization of Pore Structure for Coal in Different Rank Using Scanning Electron Microscopy and Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry

Multiscale fractal analysis of the pore system for coal is necessary to obtain more inner information. The techniques of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry (MIP) are combined to characterize the pore structure of natural coal. A total of eight coal samples, of a different rank and coalification degree, are prepared for experiments. Methods of SEM image processing, piecewise curve-fitting and correction of intrusion data are adopted to obtain more useful results. According to the pore size range of the MIP probe, pores in coal are classified as seepage pore (pore size ≥ 1000 nm), transition pore (pore size ≥ 50 nm and &lt;1000 nm) and mesopore (pore size &lt; 50 nm). Variations of multi-scale fractal dimensions are studied from the perspective of coalification degree or coal rank. Fractal dimension from SEM data (D1) and fractal dimensions of seepage pore, transition pore and mesopore (D2, D′2 and D″2) from MIP data are calculated by fitting curves, and consequently correlations of those with volatile matter (Vdaf), pore volume and pore size are analyzed and discussed. The U-shape relationships between fractal dimensions (D1, D2 and D′2) and Vdaf are observed. Macropores are presented as the isolated clusters embedding in the network of smaller pores, and the difference of the order of magnitude of the pores’ size affects the connectivity between pores. Both the pore size and volume have a direct influence on multiscale fractal dimensions. Overall, multiscale fractal analysis is beneficial to explore the structure of natural coal.

Printing Polymeric Convex Lenses to Boost the Sensitivity of a Graphene-Based UV Sensor.

Ultraviolet (UV) is widely used in daily life as well as in industrial manufacturing. In this study, a single-step postprocess to improve the sensitivity of a graphene-based UV sensor is studied. We leverage the advantage of electric-field-assisted on-demand printing, which is simply applicable for mounting functional polymers onto various structures. Here, the facile printing process creates optical plano-convex geometry by accelerating and colliding a highly viscous droplet on a micropatterned graphene channel. The printed transparent lens refracts UV rays. The concentrated UV photon energy from a wide field of view enhances the photodesorption of electron-hole pairs between the lens and the graphene sensor channel, which is coupled with a large change in resistance. As a result, the one-step post-treatment has about a 4× higher sensitivity compared to bare sensors without the lenses. We verify the applicability of printing and the boosting mechanism by variation of lens dimensions, a series of UV exposure tests, and optical simulation. Moreover, the method contributes to UV sensing in acute angle or low irradiation. In addition, the catalytic lens provides about a 9× higher recovery rate, where water molecules inside the PEI lens deliver fast reassembly of the electron-hole pairs. The presented method with an ultimately simple fabrication step is expected to be applied to academic research and prototyping, including optoelectronic sensors, energy devices, and advanced manufacturing processes.

Numerical precursory study on strong earthquakes in southern and Baja California

We examined the spatio-temporal variation of correlation fractal dimension (DC) for M≥2.5 earthquakes in southern and Baja California to ascertain the incidence of seismic precursors before strong earthquakes. The unforeseen 2019 Ridgecrest events have restructured the crustal stress patterns in the adjacent regions signifying the prerequisite for a caveat. The current research attempts to discern the existence of numerical precursors of strong earthquakes (Mw > 7) based on the correlation integral method. A time window of three decades (1990–2020) was analyzed to study the relative changes in the distribution of earthquake clusters and the subsequent variations reflected in DC values. We have successfully demonstrated the numerical precursors for four stronger main shocks (1992 Landers Mw 7.3, 1999 Hectormine Mw 7.1, 2010 El-Mayor Cucapah Mw 7.2, and 2019 Ridgecrest Mw 7.1) through the relative changes in DC. In addition, our study has confirmed the remarkable correlation between low values of DC and spatio-temporal clustering of earthquakes for the study region. Though the present study confers the application of DC on the recognition of seismicity patterns before major events, the constant monitoring of the same can give insights into earthquake forecasting and seismic risk analysis of unstable tectonic terrains.

Free vibrations of tapered and stepped, axially functionally graded beams with any number of attached masses

This article outlines the use of the Myklestad method (also known as Lumped Mass Transfer Matrix Method) for free vibration analysis of nonuniform and stepped axially functionally graded (AFG) beams carrying arbitrary numbers of point masses. The method was shown to be capable of dealing with beams of arbitrary variations of both cross-section dimensions and material properties. Tabulated results of free vibration analysis for beams with various classical boundary conditions are presented.

Breeding ecology of the Bare-Faced Ibis (Phimosus infuscatus) in Southern Brazil

The Bare-faced Ibis is a gregarious bird found in South America. In the face of a rapid expansion in a southern state in Brazil and a lack of detailed information about the species' reproduction, two breeding areas were studied weekly for two consecutive seasons. We registered numbers and characteristics of adults, nests, eggs, and chicks, calculated success estimates, and assessed nest installation preferences. Chick morphology, age, and measurements served to define five growth stages. The species used the margins of two close rivers in Santa Catarina to build nests, lay eggs, and develop parental care between August and January, with success estimates as expected for the family. We observed a preference for the eastern margin of the rivers and proximity to bridges for nest installation, where the muddy margin provides resources for juvenile feeding. Two colony models were defined based on the near or far installation of the nests. Variations in egg and chick dimensions indicated higher adult investment in the second season, with negative allometric growth of the bill and tarsus of chicks related to weight. The results presented suggest favorable conditions for the species’ reproduction in the region, a considerable factor in understanding its expansion in recent years.

Geographic and population variation in coronary artery dimensions across Southern India: A multicentre cross sectional study

Ischemic Heart Diseases (IHD) among Asian Indian migrants in the western world are documented with high prevalence. We aimed to assess population specific variation in artery dimensions among normal and Single Vessel Disease (SVD) patients among four states of Southern India: Telangana, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu using Quantitative Coronary Angiography (QCA) in the disease presentations. QCA of four thousand patients of Indian origin were studied prospectively after procuring the ethical clearance. Informed consents were obtained. Post Percutaneous Coronary Angioplasty (PCI) as well as Post Coronary Bypass Operations (CABG) and patient being diabetic for ≥5 years were excluded. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was performed with samples to identify region-specific clustering.

Study on Fractal Characteristics of Evolution of Mining-Induced Fissures in Karst Landform

The karst landscape is widespread in the southern region of China. As a result of underground mining activities, the original stress equilibrium is disrupted, causing the redistribution of stress in the overlying rock layer, inducing the longitudinal fracture of mining to expand and penetrate upwards, resulting in the rupture and destabilization of the karst cave roof, thus triggering a series of engineering problems such as karst cave collapse, landslide, the discontinuous deformation of the ground surface, and soil erosion. In order to study the evolutionary characteristics of buried rock fissures in shallow coal seam mining under the karst landform, taking the shallow coal seam with the typical karst cave development landform in Guizhou as the engineering background, based on the similarity simulation experiment and fractal theory, the evolution law of buried rock fissures and network fractal characteristics under the disturbance of the karst landform mining are analyzed. The research shows that the mining-induced fracture reaches the maximum development height of 61 m on the left side of the cave, and the two sides of the cave produce uncoordinated deformation. The separation fracture below the cave is relatively developed, and the overall distribution pattern of the cave rock fracture network presents a “ladder” shape. The correlation coefficient of the fractal dimension of the rock fractures under different advancing distances is more than 0.90, and the rock fracture network under the karst landform has high self-similarity. The variation of fractal dimension with the advancing degree of the working face can be divided into four stages. The first and second stages show an exponential growth trend, and the third and fourth stages show linear changes with slopes of 0.0007 and 0.0014, respectively. The fluctuation of the fractal dimension is small. The periodic weighting of the upper roof in the cave-affected zone is frequent, the fragmentation of the fractured rock mass becomes larger, and the fractures of the upper rock mass are relatively developed. The research results can provide a reference for the study on the evolution law of mining-induced rock fissures under similar karst landforms.

Adaptive Event-Driven Robust Set-Membership Estimation for Received-Signal-Strength-Based Moving Targets Localization

This article presents an environmentally adaptive event-driven robust set-membership fusion estimator for received-signal-strength-based moving targets localization or tracking in resource-constrained mobile wireless sensor networks under the influence of unknown but bounded modeling and measurement uncertainties. First, a new adaptive event-triggered mechanism is designed to schedule close to the desired number of anchors no matter how the anchors are distributed near the moving target, which can improve energy efficiency, ease communication burden, and reduce computational complexity. Second, to obtain the recursive fusion estimation formulas generating an ellipsoidal set containing the actual state of the moving target or mobile node by fusing the received signal strength measurements from the nearby triggered anchors, this estimator is divided into two steps: 1) the prediction update step and 2) the fusion estimation step. Each step is converted to a semidefinite or convex programming problem of dimension variation, and its computational complexity is reduced substantially by the decoupled method and the adaptive event-triggered mechanism. Finally, numerical simulations show that the proposed method has superiority in reducing energy consumption, communication, and computational complexity with guaranteed localization accuracy.

Experimental and computational fluid-structure interaction analysis and optimization of deep-V planing-hull grillage panels subject to slamming loads – Part I: Regular waves

The paper presents the multidisciplinary design optimization (MDO) of a deep-V planing-hull grillage panel subject to slamming loads in regular waves. Namely, fluid structure interaction (FSI) experiments, computations, and MDO are presented and discussed for a bottom-panel grillage of a high-speed Generic Prismatic Planing Hull in regular waves. Computations are performed via one- and tightly coupled two-way computational fluid and structural dynamics (CFD/CSD) using unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equation solvers to compute the hydrodynamic loads. The structural assessment of the original/traditional grillage is performed using a fully parametric finite element (FE) model, showing the significant effects of the FE boundary conditions on the structural response. Firstly, an equivalent static and uniform load is identified via CFD and applied during optimization using two design spaces. The selected optimized design provides a grillage-weight reduction of 35% and an overall factor of safety equal to 1.72. The optimized design presents variations of stiffeners dimensions across the grillage with the largest stiffener at the middle, distributing the stress more uniformly among the stiffeners. The effects of one-versus two-way coupling are negligible for both the original/traditional and optimized grillages (as per the hydroelasticity factor R), whereas the effects of FE boundary conditions on the analysis and optimization outcomes are significant, confirming the need for proper calibration of the FE model in FSI and MDO studies. Secondly, MDO is performed with a dynamic load applied via one-way coupling FSI. An additional 5% weight reduction is identified, achieving a 40% weight reduction compared to the traditional grillage. The optimal design presents the largest stiffener close to the keel, which is significantly different than the design obtained for uniform/static load. Comparison of computational and experimental data is very good, indicating that the accuracy of CFD, rigid-body motions, CSD, and FSI is overall satisfactory. Overall, the development of the computational tools is successful, and the computational/optimization capabilities are demonstrated via comparison with experimental data for both the original/traditional and static-load optimized grillages.