Variations In Dimensions Research Articles

DIFFERENTIATION OF MR BRAIN ALZHEIMER IMAGES USING BI-PLANAR CANONICAL CORRELATION BASED FEATURE FUSION

Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is a progressive irreversible neurodegenerative disorder which involves the deformations in brain sub-anatomic regions. Recent studies suggest that these deformations could be characterized using bi-planar information extracted from structural Magnetic Resonance (MR) image features. However, analysis and fusion of these bi-planar features have been a challenging task in AD differentiation. In this study, an attempt has been made to fuse the characteristics of axial and sagittal view MR images using Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA) for the differentiation of Healthy Controls (HC) and AD. For this, MR brain images obtained from a public database are skull stripped and spatially registered. Morphometric features are extracted from the pre-processed mid-sagittal and mid-axial images using histogram of oriented gradients. Further, these extracted features are fused using CCA. The performance of classifier is analyzed for the variations in canonical component dimensions. Results indicate that the morphometric feature spaces extracted from sagittal and axial planes individually overlap for HC and AD. The proposed CCA based fusion of sagittal and axial features exhibit variations between HC and AD images for a canonical feature dimension of 30. Performance of the adopted approach confirms that the bi-planar feature fusion is essential for the differentiation of AD.

Pelvic floor muscle dysfunction at 3D transperineal ultrasound in maternal exposure to gestational diabetes mellitus: A prospective cohort study during pregnancy.

This study aimed to assess, for the first time, the dynamic morphometry of pelvic floor muscles (PFM) using three-dimensional transperineal ultrasound (3D-TPUS) and its progression at two-time points of gestation between women with and without gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), and whether the PFM dysfunction is connected to GDM. The study comprised 83 consecutive pregnant women with (n = 38) and without (n = 45) GDM screened at 24-30 and 38-40 weeks of gestation. 3D-TPUS and a mobility test were used to quantify PFM dynamic morphometry during maximum contraction and the Valsalva maneuver. When compared to the control group, GDM women had no significant variations in all levator hiatal dimensions at 24-30 weeks of gestation. Meanwhile, women with GDM experienced an increase in levator hiatal area (LHa) (p < 0.000) during PFM contraction and enlargement in LHa (p < 0.001) during Valsalva maneuver (p = 0.010) at 38-40 weeks of gestation. As a result, the mobility index among GDM women had a lower value (p = 0.000). The dynamic morphometry development of PFM in GDM women at two stages during pregnancy revealed a substantial decrease (p = 0.000) in all LHadimensions of contraction, distension, and mobility. Using 3D-TPUS, we found that GDM women had a specific pattern of PFM functional changes in the third trimester of pregnancy. These initial findings revealed alterations in PFM functionality, such as decreased contractility, distensibility, or mobility. This dysfunctional PFM could contribute to the long-term development of pelvic floor dysfunction years after a GDM pregnancy.

Vertical Wind Tunnel Experiments and a Theoretical Study on the Microphysics of Melting Low-Density Graupel

Abstract Vertical wind tunnel experiments were carried out to investigate the melting of low-density lump graupel while floating at their terminal velocities. The graupel characteristics such as maximum dimension, density, and axis ratio were 0.39 ± 0.06 cm, 0.41 ± 0.07 g cm−3, and 0.89 ± 0.06. The airstream of the wind tunnel was gradually heated simulating lapse rates between 4.5 and 3.21 K km−1. Each experimental run was performed at a constant relative humidity that was varied between 12% and 92% from one experiment to the other. From the image processing of video recordings, variations in minimum and maximum dimension, volume, aspect ratio, density, volume equivalent radius, and ice core radius were obtained. New parameterizations of the terminal velocity prior to melting and during melting were developed. It was found that mass and heat transfer in the dry stage is 2 times as high as that of liquid drops at the same Reynolds number. Based on the experimental results, a model was developed from which the external and internal convective enhancement factors during melting due to surface irregularities and internal motions inside the meltwater were derived using a Monte Carlo approach. The modeled total melting times and distances deviated by 10% from the experimental results. Sensitivity tests with the developed model revealed strong dependencies of the melting process on relative humidity, lapse rate, initial graupel density, and graupel size. In dependence on these parameters, the total melting distance varied between 600 and 1200 m for typical conditions of a falling graupel. Significance Statement The accuracy of weather forecast models to predict precipitation depends strongly on the representation of cloud processes in those models. Heavy rain events are mostly the result of melting ice particles. Furthermore, melting affects the storm characteristics and its destructive potential. In this study, we investigated the melting of low-density graupel, which constitute an important class of precipitation particles. Our experiments in a vertical wind tunnel under close to atmospheric conditions indicated an increased melting rate of graupel due to surface irregularities. We provided experimentally derived coefficients that supplement present theoretical concepts describing melting in forecast models. In this way, our study contributes to the improvement of current weather forecasts.

Research on Fault Location of SF6 Circuit Breaker Relay Coil Based on Traveling-Wave Reflection Method

—The traveling wave-reflection method is proposed to locate the short circuit fault of the opening/closing coil of the circuit breaker, the capacitance and inductance matrix of the opening/closing coil are calculated by finite element simulation, and the wave impedance model of the coil is established based on ATP-EMTP. A low-voltage square wave pulse signal is injected into the head end of the winding to detect the characteristic curve of the reflected wave when an inter-turn short-circuit fault occurs. The generalized fractal dimension of reflection wave characteristic curve was calculated and its variation as the position of short circuit change was analysed. Compared with box dimension, the variation of information dimension and correlation dimension are more obvious, thus information dimension and correlation dimension are selected as inpus, and the evaluation model of inter-turn short circuit position is established based on probabilistic neural network.

Partial Parabolic Single Layer Crossing for Silicon-on-Insulator Nanophotonic Waveguides

Under the dimension of 6 &#x00B5;m overall length, a 220 nm partial parabolic taper fabricated on silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafer with 2 &#x00B5;m buried oxide at 1.55 &#x00B5;m, to simply fabrication processes and reduce cost, we design a Partial parabolic single layer crossing, which modifies crossing curves around the crossing regions and input-output regions of crossing for fitting the initial input status of the fundamental mode. This single layer crossing for SOI photonic wires which are broadened using a 3 &#x00B5;m partial parabolic taper in each arm to get 97.8&#x0025; high transmission (&#x2212;0.097 dB) and &#x2212;62 dB low crosstalk. It not only can simplify the fabrication processes, reduce cost, and shrink device size to produce more compact photonic circuits, but also keep high transmission over 96.8&#x0025; even under &#x00B1;10 nm fabrication dimension variation.

Psychological Dimensions Relevant to Motivation and Pleasure in Schizophrenia.

Motivation and pleasure deficits are common in schizophrenia, strongly linked with poorer functioning, and may reflect underlying alterations in brain functions governing reward processing and goal pursuit. While there is extensive research examining cognitive and reward mechanisms related to these deficits in schizophrenia, less attention has been paid to psychological characteristics that contribute to resilience against, or risk for, motivation and pleasure impairment. For example, psychological tendencies involving positive future expectancies (e.g., optimism) and effective affect management (e.g., reappraisal, mindfulness) are associated with aspects of reward anticipation and evaluation that optimally guide goal-directed behavior. Conversely, maladaptive thinking patterns (e.g., defeatist performance beliefs, asocial beliefs) and tendencies that amplify negative cognitions (e.g., rumination), may divert cognitive resources away from goal pursuit or reduce willingness to exert effort. Additionally, aspects of sociality, including the propensity to experience social connection as positive reinforcement may be particularly relevant for pursuing social goals. In the current review, we discuss the roles of several psychological characteristics with respect to motivation and pleasure in schizophrenia. We argue that individual variation in these psychological dimensions is relevant to the study of motivation and reward processing in schizophrenia, including interactions between these psychological dimensions and more well-characterized cognitive and reward processing contributors to motivation. We close by emphasizing the value of considering a broad set of modulating factors when studying motivation and pleasure functions in schizophrenia.

Prediction of temporal variation of scour hole dimensions due to plane wall jets: Application of new soft computing techniques

Scour due to wall jet is one of the important problems in hydraulic engineering field. Prediction of the scour hole dimensions with acceptable accuracy is necessary for the structures around the jets. In this issue, use of soft computing (SC) methods is unavoidable due to the complex process of jet scour. In this research, SC techniques such as random forests (RF), particle swarm optimization based fuzzy inference system (PSOFIS), slime mould algorithm based fuzzy inference system (SMAFIS) and adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) were implemented for predicting temporal variation of the scour hole dimensions due to plane wall jets for the first time. The performance indices and the data distribution showed that among the above-mentioned methods, the RF could predict the scour hole dimensions with the highest accuracy. This is attributed to this fact that RF which is a substantial modification of Bootstrap averaging, increases the precision of estimated prediction by a collection of de-correlated regression trees. The hybrid methods, PSOFIS, SMAFIS and ANFIS were ranked from the best to the worst based on the performance indices of the test data. The sensitivity analysis showed that among the effective parameters, the scouring time and sediment standard deviation had the most and the least effects on the temporal variation of scour hole dimensions, respectively. Use of channel width ratio and jet Reynolds number along with other effective parameters such as densimetric Froude number, tailwater depth ratio, sediment size ratio in the models are recommended to reach appropriate accuracies. Comparison with the existing literature indicated that the accuracy of the proposed methods is considerably better than the previous researches.

The morphometric analysis of calcaneus and its articular facets

Calcaneus being the key bone of the longitudinal arch forms the posterior pillar. It is responsible for receiving the body weight and transmitting it to the plantar arch below. The aim of the present study is to see the variations in articular facets and dimensions of calcaneus. Ninety-eight dry calcaneus were procured from department of Anatomy, Mediciti Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad. All the bones were of unknown gender that are housed in the collection at department of Anatomy grossly normal without any physical damage. Among the ninety-eight dry calcaneus, type-B articular facets were seen mostly. Morphometric measurements of calcaneus were similar to that of other studies. Mild variations that were observed might be due to racial or different points taken as reference for measurements. Analysis of morphometric parameters plays key role in reconstruction surgeries and foot rehabilitation procedures.

Ontogenetic shift in diet of a large elapid snake is facilitated by allometric change in skull morphology

As snakes are limbless, gape-limited predators, their skull is the main feeding structure involved in prey handling, manipulation and feeding. Ontogenetic changes in prey type and size are likely to be associated with distinct morphological changes in the skull during growth. We investigated ontogenetic variation in diet from stomach contents of 161 Dugite specimens (Pseudonaja affinis, Elapidae) representing the full range of body size for the species, and skull morphology of 46 specimens (range 0.25–1.64 m snout-vent-length; SVL). We hypothesised that changes in prey type throughout postnatal ontogeny would coincide with distinct changes in skull shape. Dugites demonstrate a distinct size-related shift in diet: the smallest individuals ate autotomised reptile tails and reptiles, medium-sized individuals predominantly ate mammals, and the largest individuals had the most diverse diet, including large reptiles. Morphometric analysis revealed that ~40% of the variation in skull shape was associated with body size (SVL). Through ontogeny, skulls changed from a smooth, bulbous cranium with relatively small trophic bones (upper and lower jaws and their attachments), to more rugose bones (as a likely reflection of muscle attachment) and relatively longer trophic bones that would extend gape. Individual shape variation in trophic bone dimensions was greater in larger adults and this likely reflects natural plasticity of individuals feeding on different prey sizes/types. Rather than a distinct morphological shift with diet, the ontogenetic changes were gradual, but positive allometry of individual trophic bones resulted in disproportionate growth of the skull, reflected in increased gape size and mobility of jaw bones in adults to aid the ingestion of larger prey and improve manipulation and processing ability. These results indicate that allometric scaling is an important mechanism by which snakes can change their dietary niche.

Crown dimensions of primary teeth-A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Odontometrics, also known as metric traits, includes mesiodistal, buccolingual dimensions, and crown height. The purpose of this study was to assess pancontinental odontometric variations in the crown dimensions of primary teeth. Ten electronic databases were searched to identify studies that measured crown dimensions of primary teeth, published in English language, without year restriction up to July 2020. Studies included cross-sectional research measuring on casts, subjects, and on radiographs of healthy children. Meta-analysis was performed, and risk of bias was assessed using modified Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Eighty-seven observational studies were included, with 24,634 participants (9487 males, 11,083 females; 19 studies lacked gender information). Only one study showed a low bias risk, whereas 81 and 5 studies had moderate and high risk, respectively. Sixty-five studies included for meta-analysis revealed heterogeneity in mean mesiodistal dimensions of maxillary first molars from Asia (I2 -99.7%), buccolingual measurements of mandibular first molars from Europe (I2 -99.9%), crown height of mandibular second molars from Africa and Europe (I2 -79.8%). Among mesiodistal and buccolingual dimensions, Australians have larger while Asians have smaller teeth. Pertaining to crown height, very few studies could be found in the literature. This review highlights the variations in crown dimensions of primary teeth among populations.

The Role of Minimizing Residential Plot Area and Width in Characteristics of Spatial Organization for Urban House Spaces in Mosul City

The increasing costs of providing a residential unit is the main reason behind the residents well of minimizing the area of the plot which forms the big burden within the total cost. This change of the dimensions and area of the residential plot is expected to influence the functional plan of the residential unit . It is necessary to study this expected effect in creating some diversities on the functional pattern of the residential unit as a matter of fact ,which is known to be well-established with the bigger areas of the residential unit. These patterns could form new adaptations for living style towards the change in proportions and dimensions of the residential plot. Although some specialized studies have provided diverse functional patterns for functional organization following the variations of residential plot dimensions, the research points out that there is no full competence of the functional view created from the real effect of such variations, therefore the research problem is set to be" there is no clear theoretical imagination of the effects of minimizing the dimensions of residential plot on the spatial organization plans of actual residential units. The aim of the research is to limit the spatial organizations expected to emerge in actual residential units because of the variations of the dimensions of a residential plot and its ability to provide more economically appropriate models within the minimum areas the residential plot. The research hypothesizes that minimizing the width and the area of the residential plot leads to spatial organizations which form new adaptations of social needs for residents.. These six models represent the reliable areas and proportions adopted in dividing the city within applied partitions. The research the smaller residential plots, which were evaluated according to a scale to correspond with achieving the social needs within the concept of affordable residential unit.

A modified rectangular resonant cavity utilizing frequency selective coupled end‐plate for dielectric constant measurement by perturbation technique

In this article, a modified rectangular resonant cavity consisting of a rectangular waveguide (RWG) and two frequency selective coupled (FSC) end-plates with embedded parallel metallic strips (PMS) is proposed. The proposed FSC end-plate converts the semi-constant coupling mechanism of the conventional iris-coupled end-plate to the tunable FSC characteristics. This is due to adding capacitive coupling properties to inductive coupling characteristics of the conventional iris-coupled end-plate by embedding PMS inside the iris-hole. So, the proposed FSC end-plate enhances output power of the resonant frequency of the cavity. Consequently, the proposed modified cavity can determine the permittivity properties of the high-loss specimens. Also, the parametric study of the effect of variation of the physical dimensions and position of these strips to tune and trim the performance of the proposed FSC end-plate is presented. Also, the present study proposes an approach for determining the maximum complex permittivity with the rectangular resonant cavity perturbation method. Based on WR-229 RWG specifications, conventional and investigated cavities are fabricated and measured. The evaluated results of the proposed configuration and conventional model indicate about 184% determination enhancement in the imaginary part of the dielectric constant. Also, this design is validated by distilled water specimen and TiO2 films at a various partial pressure of oxygen that are deposited by utilizing radio frequency magnetron sputtering technologies and their complex permittivity are determined by manufactured cavities.

Combustion Characteristics of Methane-Air Mixtures in Millimeter-Scale Systems With a Cavity Structure: An Experimental and Numerical Study

The management of internal features of a cavity structure for channels offers the possibility of inherently effective operation within the flammable limits of a combustible fluid stream while preserving high stability for the flame. However, the precise mechanism by which the cavity method generally provides increased flame stability for millimeter-scale systems remains unclear. The combustion characteristics of methane-air mixtures in millimeter-scale systems with a cavity structure were investigated experimentally and numerically to gain a greater understanding of the mechanisms of flame stabilization and to gain new insights into the characteristics of combustion within spaces with extremely small dimensions. The quenching distance was determined both experimentally and numerically. Stable temperature profiles were obtained from thermographic measurements using infrared radiation. The measurements were compared with the model predictions. Subsequent model calculations demonstrate the effects of variations in wall thermal conductivity, heat losses, flow velocity, equivalence ratio, and channel dimensions. Design recommendations were made. The experimental and numerical results indicated that the quenching distance is slightly larger than commonly believed. The cavity structure has little effect on the quenching distance, but can improve the efficiency and performance of the systems considerably. The cavity structure can effectively extend flammability limits, with an increase of about 18% in the operating range defined by the equivalence ratio of the mixture. The length scale of the systems plays a vital role in stabilizing the flame. The thermal conductivity of the solid material is vital in determining the efficiency and performance of the systems. The design with anisotropic thermal conductivity has significant performance advantages. The flow velocity of the fluid and the equivalence ratio of the mixture are important factors affecting the efficiency and performance of the systems.

Binding energy, polarizability, and diamagnetic response of shallow donor impurity in zinc blende GaN quantum dots

In this theoretical investigation, the binding energy, the binding energy Stark-shift, the dipole moment, the polarizability, and the diamagnetic susceptibility related with a confined shallow donor impurity in zinc blende GaN conical-shaped quantum dots are calculated under the effect of an electric field applied along the z-direction. Calculations have been made by using a variational approach within the infinite confining potential model and considering the parabolic conduction band and the effective mass approximations. The results suggest important dependencies of the calculated physical properties on the variation of the dot dimensions, axial impurity position, and the intensity of the applied electric field. It is observed that: i) the binding energy Stark shift increases up to a maximum value and then decreases with increasing the strength of the electric field, and it is strongly influenced by the impurity position and geometrical parameters, ii) for a fixed electric field value, the binding energy Stark shift is always an increasing function of the dot height, and iii) for fixed electric field values, the binding energy Stark shift shows a mixed behavior concerning the dot radius, i.e., for low field strength, the binding energy is always a growing function of the radius, and for large field strengths, such physical quantity grows with the radius up to a maximum and then decreases. Furthermore, the electric field (the strong quantum confinement) enhances slightly (diminishes) the diamagnetic susceptibility of impurity.

Assessment of Dental Arch Parameters in Turkish Twins.

The aim of this study is to investigate the relative contributions of genetic and environmental factors to variations in dental dimensions in a sample of Turkish twins, and to estimate heritability using dental casts. The study samples were selected from the twin children between 3-15 years old who referred for their first dental examination. Fifty nine monozygotic and one hundred and forty three dizygotic twin pairs were examined in the study. The alginate impression material used to create the plaster model of maxilla and mandible. Anterior arch width, posterior arch width, arch length and arch circumference were measured on models prepared from measurements taken for both maxilla and mandible with digital caliper. The similarities and differences of the measurements were compared between pairs of twins and zygocytes. Morever, the effects of bad oral habits, bruxism, a result of psychosocial factors on measurements were examined. Statistical analysis was performed using Paired T Test, Wilcoxon Test and Mann Whitney U test. A total of 404 dental models of 118 (29.2%) monozygotic and 286 (70.8%) dizygotic twins were evaluated. There was no statistical difference between sibling pairs in both monozygotic and dizygotic twins. The measurement similarity between twin siblings differed according to zygosity in all measurements (p<0.05). It has been observed that the finger sucking and mouth breathing affect the dental arch measurements (p<0.05). These results indicate that the differences in dental arch dimensions between monozygotic twin pairs are less than the difference between dizygotic twin pairs.

Assembly Gap Tolerance Calculation Using ANFIS and Cost Function Optimization

Abstract: Tolerance plays a crucial role in the quality of a product. When different parts of an assembly are assembled, gap arises due to variation in dimensions. The tolerance for the gap is calculated using two methodologies: ANFIS and cost function optimization. In ANFIS the network is trained using mean dimensions, standard deviations as inputs and tolerances as output. The tolerances are predicted from the trained network. In cost function optimization, a cost function is formulated. The machinability of a part is calculated using Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation method. The tolerances are calculated by optimizing the cost function. The tolerances calculated using the two methods are compared and optimal tolerance is considered for manufacturing. Keywords: Tolerance, ANFIS, Assembly gap, Cost function, Optimization.

Acoustic Performance of a Metascreen-Based Coating for Maritime Applications

Abstract Time- and frequency-domain numerical models are developed to investigate the acoustic performance of metascreen-based coatings for maritime applications. The coating designs are composed of periodic air-filled cavities embedded in a soft elastic medium, which is attached to a hard backing and submerged in water. Numerical results for an acoustic coating with cylindrical cavities are favorably compared with analytical and experimental results from the literature. Frequencies associated with peak sound absorption as a function of the geometric parameters of the cavities and material properties of the host medium are predicted. Variation in the cavity dimensions that modifies the cylindrical-shaped cavities to flat disks or thin needles is modeled. Results reveal that high sound absorption occurs when either the diameter or length of the cavities is reduced. Physical mechanisms governing sound absorption for the various cavity designs are described.

Assessing Storm Response of Multiple Intertidal Bars Using an Open-Source Automatic Processing Toolbox

Intertidal bars are common features of sandy beaches in meso- and macro-tidal environments, yet their behaviour under storm impact and subsequent recovery remain poorly documented. Intensive surveys provide valuable information; however, it takes time to process the vast amount of data. This study presents the morphological response of a multibarred macro-tidal beach along the Belgian coast after a severe storm that happened on 8–12 February 2020, and to develop and apply an oPen-source Raster prOcessing Toolbox for invEstigation Coast intertidal bar displacemenT (PROTECT) in Python for automated bar extraction. This toolbox was applied to the digital surface models of pre- and post-storm airborne LiDAR surveys of a multibarred intertidal beach. The PROTECT toolbox is capable of detecting the position and elevation of intertidal bars accurately. The uncertainty in the elevation characteristics of the bars induces an error in the elevation dimension of 0.10 m. Using the toolbox, the results showed that the intertidal bars changed in term of variations in bar number, dimensions and shape across the storm event. Overall, the storm significantly eroded the dune and the upper-beach zone with a sand loss equivalent elevation decrease of −0.14 m. This was followed by a continuous and full recovery after 9 months under fair weather conditions. In contrast, the sand budget in the intertidal zone did not change over the entire monitoring period although the bars showed significant morphological change. Applying the PROTECT toolbox on high-resolution 3D topographic datasets allows to increase the temporal mapping resolution of intertidal bars from long-term (years) to short (storm events) time scales. Similar assessments at locations worldwide would allow the improvement of our knowledge on the morphodynamical role of multibarred beaches and to forecast their evolution, thus contributing to manage future storm response and the progressively accelerating sea level rise.

Optimal design of electrical power distribution grid spacers using finite element method

Spacers in the compact power distribution network are essential components for the support, organization, and spacing of conductors. To improve the reliability of these components and have an optimized network design, it is necessary to evaluate the performance of the variation of their geometric parameters. The analysis of these components is fundamental, considering that there are several models available that are validated by the electric power utilities. Due to the various possible design shapes, it is necessary to use an optimized model to reduce the electric potential located in specific sites, improving the reliability in the component, as the higher electrical potential results in a greater chance of failure to occur. The finite element method (FEM) stands out for evaluating the distribution of electrical potential. In this paper, an FEM is used to evaluate variations in vertical and horizontal dimensions in spacers used in the 13.8 kV power grid. The models are analyzed in relation to their behavior regarding the potential distribution on their surface. From the results of these variations, the model is optimized by means of a mixed-integer linear problem (MILP), replacing the FEM output with a ReLU network substitute model, to obtain a spacer with more efficiency to be used in semi-insulated distribution networks.

Fabrication tolerant coupling between silicon strip and subdiffraction V-groove waveguides

We consider the problem of efficiently coupling light into a recently proposed all-dielectric subdiffraction waveguide exhibiting an ultra-small mode area (An ∼ 10−3 λ 0 2 ), more than one order of magnitude lower than a diffraction limited strip waveguide (An ∼ 10−2 λ 0 2 ). Two prospective coupling solutions are compared with respect to coupling efficiency, fabrication tolerance, and optical bandwidth. The strategy based on adiabatic mode evolution is shown to be superior with respect to fabrication tolerance as it preserves ≥99% efficiency under +/- 10 nm critical dimension (CD) variations, whereas the directional coupling approach achieves only ≥60% efficiency for the same CD errors. Similar results are obtained with respect to optical bandwidth, with the nominal adiabatic mode evolution and directional coupling based designs achieving &gt;95% efficiency over wavelength ranges of &gt;200 nm and ∼50 nm respectively. The superior performance of the adiabatic design requires a coupler length in the range L ≈ 100–250 µm. The results yield a high performance, compact, and straightforward design solution for efficiently interfacing between conventional diffraction limited waveguides and all-dielectric subdiffraction waveguides with an ultra-small mode area.