Self-efficacy Variables Research Articles

The Influence of Self-Efficacy and Family Environment on Student Interest Learning in SMK PGRI 2 Kediri

The purpose of this study is to see how self-efficacy and family environment at SMK PGRI 2 Kediri affect student learning motivation. With a population of students of SMK PGRI 2 Kediri, especially accounting majors, this study used quantitative methodology. A total of 75 people were selected as samples using saturated sampling technique. The findings of the analysis show that the Sig. value of the self-efficacy variable, family environment, and interest in learning are all less than 0.05: the value of the self-efficacy variable is 0.001, the value of the family environment variable is 0.007, and the value of the interest in learning variable is 0.000. Analysis of research data using the F test (simultaneous test) obtained the results of Fcount = 36.432 with a significance value of 0.000 so that the learning interest variable (Y) is simultaneously influenced by the self-efficacy variable (X1) and the family environment (X2). Keywords: Self Efficacy, Family Environment, Learning Interest

Social Cognitive Predictors of Health Promotion Self-Efficacy Among Older Adults During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

To examine the relative importance of social cognitive predictors (ie, performance accomplishment, vicarious learning, verbal persuasion, affective state) on health promotion self-efficacy among older adults during COVID-19. Cross-sectional. Data collected online from participants in British Columbia (BC), Canada. Seventy-five adults (n = 75) aged ≥65years. Health promotion self-efficacy was measured using the Self-Rated Abilities for Health Practices Scale. Performance accomplishment was assessed using the health directed behavior subscale of the Health Education Impact Questionnaire; vicarious learning was measured using the positive social interaction subscale of the Medical Outcomes Survey - Social Support Scale (MOS-SSS); verbal persuasion was assessed using the informational support subscale from the MOS-SSS; and affective state was assessed using the depression subscale from the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21). Multiple linear regression was used to investigate the relative importance of each social cognitive predictor on self-efficacy, after controlling for age. Our analyses revealed statistically significant associations between self-efficacy and performance accomplishment (health-directed behavior; β = .20), verbal persuasion (informational support; β = .41), and affective state (depressive symptoms; β = -.44) at P < .05. Vicarious learning (β = -.15) did not significantly predict self-efficacy. The model was statistically significant (P < .001) explaining 43% of the self-efficacy variance. Performance accomplishment experiences, verbal persuasion strategies, and affective states may be the target of interventions to modify health promotion self-efficacy among older adults, in environments that require physical and social distancing.

Self Efficacy as a Mediator between Positive Parenting and Academic Resilience in Adolescents

Academic resilience has emerged as a problem in education and mental health among society, especially among teenagers. Positive parenting and self-efficacy are supporting factors that help adolescents develop academic resilience. This research aims to prove the influence of self-efficacy as a mediator between positive parenting and academic resilience in adolescents. This study employed a quantitative research design, specifically an ex-post facto, with a sample size of 302 adolescents. The sample for this research was determined using an accidental sampling technique. Data collection for this research involved the use of the Academic Resilience Scale-30 (ARS), positive parenting scale, and self-efficacy scale. The validity test employed factor loading results, while the reliability test utilized Cronbach's Alpha. The reliability coefficient values for the academic resilience scale, positive parenting scale, and self-efficacy scale are 0.911, 0.897, and 0.879, respectively. The data analysis utilized various techniques of multiple regression analysis. The findings of this study suggest that favourable parenting characteristics have a moderating effect on academic resilience. The impact of favourable parenting factors on academic resilience, initially at 27.1%, increases to 30.5% when the self-efficacy variable is considered.

Validity and Reliability of the Sickle Cell Self-Efficacy Scale in an Online, Anonymous Sample of Adults Living With Sickle Cell Disease.

Background and Purpose: The aim of the study was to examine the psychometric properties of the Sickle Cell Self-efficacy Scale (SCSES) in an anonymous, online cohort of adults with sickle cell disease (SCD). Methods: The SCSES was completed by 60 adults with SCD. An exploratory factor analysis was conducted. Convergent validity and discriminant validity were assessed using bivariate correlations between the SCSES and other study variables, and internal consistency reliability was evaluated through examining an alpha coefficient. Results: A unidimensional factor structure explained 49.6% of the variance in self-efficacy. The SCSES demonstrated convergent validity and discriminant validity with the select battery of measured concepts and sufficient internal consistency reliability (Cronbach's alpha = .87). Conclusions: The SCSES remains a valid and reliable measure of SCD self-efficacy among adults when used in anonymous, online research.

Personal characteristic differences among Doctor of Physical Therapy students with unique sociodemographic factors

BackgroundThe Association of American Medical Colleges suggests an Experiences-Attributes-Metrics framework for holistic review, but there is minimal research on demographic and personal characteristic attributes and the interplay between these Attributes subcategories. Understanding how personal attributes may vary among students considered represented and those considered underrepresented in one or more categories is critical to avoid unintentionally perpetuating practices that favor represented groups. This study explored differences in six personal characteristics either consistently related to academic performance or deemed positive professional traits based on diversity characteristics (categories of underrepresentation), age, and sex.MethodsThree cohorts of first-year Doctor of Physical Therapy students at a single institution were invited to participate in this prospective, observational study. Participants completed six surveys: PROMIS® General Self-efficacy, PROMIS® Anxiety, 12-item Grit Scale, Perceived Stress Scale-10 (PSS-10), Brief Resilience Scale (BRS), and PROMIS® Positive Affect. T-tests and ANOVAs (or nonparametric equivalents) were used to examine differences in these measures by number of diversity characteristics, age, and sex. Multivariate linear regression was used to determine if diversity characteristics explained additional variance in each of the personal attribute scores after controlling for age and sex.ResultsOne Hundred and Forty Five students participated (80.7% female, 77.9% < 25 years old, 51% 0 diversity characteristics). Students with more diversity characteristics and males reported higher self-efficacy and resilience (p’s < 0.05). Females reported higher anxiety (p’s < 0.01). Diversity characteristics explained additional variance in self-efficacy (3.3%, p = 0.02) and resilience (2.5%, p = 0.05) after controlling for age and sex. Grit, perceived stress, and positive affect did not show any group differences.ConclusionsUnderrepresented students demonstrated higher self-efficacy and resilience than their represented peers, qualities that may be important to overcome challenges prior to and during graduate school. Males exhibited higher self-efficacy and resilience, but lower anxiety than females which is generally consistent across higher education. Grit, perceived stress, and positive affect were similar across all students and may be less useful to create a diverse learning environment. Further studies should investigate differences in attributes among admitted and unadmitted students and the relationship to future performance for admitted students.

성장마인드셋이 자기효능감에 영향을 미침에 있어서 그릿의 매개효과: 중국 하이난성 무용전공 대학생을 대상으로

Objectives The purpose of this study is to reveal the structural relationship among growth mindset, self-efficacy, and grit to increase self-efficacy of university students majoring in dance, and to verify the mediating effect of grit in the effect of growth mindset on self-efficacy. Methods The subjects of this study are 239 university students majoring in dance at Q Normal University in Hainan of China, and reliability, average differences, correlations, and regression analysis are conducted using the SPSS 25.0 program. And to find out the mediating effect of grit between the growth mindset and self-efficacy, simple regression analysis of grit according to the growth mindset is performed, simple regression analysis of self-efficacy according to the growth mindset, and multiple regression analysis of self-efficacy according to the growth mindset and grit is performed. Results There is a positive(+) correlation between the growth mindset, grit, and self-efficacy. The effect of intelligence change beliefs and personality change beliefs, which are sub-variables of the growth mindset, on self-efficacy explains 58% of the total variance of self-efficacy. As a result of analyzing the effect of grit on self-efficacy, grit explains 50% of the total variance of self-efficacy. Predictors of 'sub-variables of the growth mindset' and grit explain 68% of the total variance of self-efficacy. The effect of intelligence change beliefs and personality change beliefs, which are sub-variables of the growth mindset, on grit is analyzed, and the growth mindset explains 36% of the total variance of grit. There is a partial mediating effect by grit in influence of growth mindset on self-efficacy of university students majoring in dance. Conclusions In this study, it is confirmed that the growth mindset and grit is a causal variable that increases self-efficacy, and the grit partially mediates the positive effect of the growth mindset on self-efficacy. Therefore, in order to cultivate the self-efficacy of university students, it is necessary to promote the growth mindset and grit. On the other hand, each variable of social support and self-expression will affect the self-efficacy of university students majoring in dance. And so, it will be necessary to conduct a study on the self-efficacy of university students majoring in dance according to the variables of social support and self-expression in future studies.

Entrepreneurial intentions and the role of educational and social support: do the self-efficacy and the theory of planned behavior variables matter?

Purpose The study aims to ascertain whether educational and social support for entrepreneurs significantly affects university students’ intentions to become successful entrepreneurs. This study examines the mediating role of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) variables (e.g. entrepreneurial personal attitude, subjective norms and entrepreneurial perceived behavioral control) and entrepreneurial self-efficacy in encouraging young entrepreneurs. Design/methodology/approach An online survey with a structured questionnaire collected data from different university students in Bangladesh; subsequently, it was analyzed through the structural equation model. Findings The results suggested that educational support has a direct positive relationship with the three variables of TPB. Moreover, the findings indicated that social support positively influences the variables of TPB, entrepreneurial self-efficacy and entrepreneurial intentions. The variables of TPB and entrepreneurial self-efficacy were found to have a significant direct impact on entrepreneurial intentions and also exhibited favorable mediating effects of educational and social support on entrepreneurial intentions. Research limitations/implications First, the study is only generalized to some sectors of entrepreneurship activities because the researchers used samples from university students across Bangladesh. Second, the implicit limitation of survey-based research is that respondents need to know more ways of understanding the questionnaires accurately, and some participants need to be taught how to answer the question items. Practical implications The main practical implication for the relationship between entrepreneurial intentions and educational support involves different entrepreneurial educational programs, which give rise to attitude, behavior, self-efficacy and intentions and enhance the student's awareness of advancing a successful entrepreneurial career. Social implications This study demonstrated that universities and social communities should promote the improvement of innovative thoughts for entrepreneurs and offer essential information about entrepreneurship. Originality/value Because entrepreneurial educational support is a crucial factor in entrepreneurial intentions, universities need to develop a practical education system that can help improve the skills required to start new ventures. The results will improve a new route to developing students’ entrepreneurial intentions using the variables of TPB and entrepreneurial self-efficacy. Subsequently, these research findings will help to achieve governmental goals and increase the number of startups in the future.

MODEL SELF EFFICACY DAN EMPLOYEE EMPOWERMENT TERHADAP KINERJA KARYAWAN PADA TRUNTUM KUTA HOTEL

This study aims to analyse the effect of self efficacy and employee empowerment partially and simultaneously on employee performance at Truntum Kuta Hotel, and to determine the model of self efficacy and employee empowerment on employee performance at Truntum Kuta Hotel. The population of this study amounted to 153 people who were permanent employees and contract employees, with a sample size of 60 people. Data collection from samples is done by distributing online questionnaires in the form of google forms. The data analysis technique used is descriptive statistical analysis, partial least squares (PLS) analysis and regression analysis (simultaneous f test) using SmartPLS v.4.1.0.0 software. The results of this study indicate that each variable of self efficacy and employee empowerment has a positive and significant effect partially on the performance of Truntum Kuta Hotel employees, self efficacy and employee empowerment have a positive and significant effect simultaneously on the performance of Truntum Kuta Hotel employees. The model of self efficacy and employee empowerment on the performance of Truntum Kuta Hotel employees is based on dimensions that have been measured.

Pengaruh Efikasi Diri Terhadap Hasil Belajar Siswa Yang Dimediasi Oleh Disiplin Diri

The success of the process of implementing teaching and learning activities can be measured by the learning outcomes achieved by students. Students's success in learning is influenced by two factors, namely external factors through self-discipline and internal factors namely self-efficacy. The external factor of self-discipline also acts as a mediator of self-efficacy with the learning outcomes of students at SMA Negeri 1 Driyorejo class XI IPS and XII IPS. This research uses a quantitative approach with a type of field research. The research population of students at SMA Negeri 1 Driyorejo class XI IPS and Data collection using questionnaires and data analysis using Moderated Regression Analysis (MRA) assisted by SPSS version 25 research software. The results of the research show that self-efficacy has a positive and significant effect on learning outcomes, self-efficacy has a positive and significant effect on self-discipline, self-discipline has a positive and significant effect on learning outcomes, and self-discipline has a positive and significant mediating effect on learning outcomes, which is clarified as a quasi moderator because the self-efficacy variable has a significant effect on learning outcome variables, the next test is that the self-discipline variable has a significant mediating effect on learning outcomes.

Pengaruh Disiplin Kerja dan Efikasi Diri terhadap Kinerja Pegawai Melalui Motivasi Kerja sebagai Variabel Intervening (Studi Empirik pada Balai Pelatihan Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan Bogor)

This research analyzes the relationship between work discipline, self-efficacy, work motivation and employee performance. The research method used quantitative instruments and survey methodology. The population of this study consisted of 110 BPLHK Bogor employees. Descriptive inferential statistical research and path analysis are implemented in the sampling method. Data analysis consists of descriptive statistics and structural equation modeling (SEM). The results of this research prove that there is a direct influence between work discipline, self-efficacy and work motivation on employee performance. Furthermore, there is a direct influence between work discipline and self-efficacy on work motivation. This research also found that work motivation variables can intervene in work discipline and self-efficacy variables on the performance of BPLHK Bogor employees.

Contribution of Self-Efficacy and Work Motivation in Shaping Caring Beharvior of Nurses

Caring is the core of nursing practice, reflecting a nurse's approach to expressing genuine concern for the patient. Caring behavior of nurses is a form of caretaking that facilitates patients to achieve an optimal improvement in the quality of their recovery and health. Caring is driven by the self-confidence and work motivation of an individual nurse. This study aims to explore the correlation between nurses' self-efficacy, work motivation, and the caring behavior at Military Hospital in South Jakarta. This study used a cross-sectional design to explore the relationship between the variables of self-efficacy, motivation, and caring behavior. The study population included nursing staff from both inpatient and outpatient units. A total sample size was 122 nurses and was collected through a e-questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive statistics and bivariate correlation analysis. The results showed that there was a significant relationship between self-efficacy (p value 0.001, R = 0.295) and work motivation (p value 0.012, R = 0.236) with nurses' caring behavior. The correlation coefficient showed that both self-efficacy and work motivation had a positive correlation with nurses' caring behavior. Self-efficacy and work motivation significantly influence nurses’ caring behavior, highlighting the need for interventions to enhance these factors among nursing staff to improve patient care.

Sex Behavior Self-Efficacy Among Women Experiencing Intimate Partner Violence

This study examined how mental health and intimate partner violence (IPV) relate to women’s beliefs about their ability to communicate with partners about sexual history and risk (i.e., sex behavior self-efficacy). Participants were composed of 148 women (Mage= 34.6; 69% non-Hispanic Black; 74% income &lt;$20,000/year) recruited from community organizations in the US Mid-South. A hierarchical linear regression was used to examine associations among sex behavior self-efficacy and depressive symptoms, resilience (Model 1) and physical IPV, psychological IPV, sexual IPV, negotiation, and IPV perpetration (Model 2). The final model was significant with variability in sex behavior self-efficacy explained by depressive symptoms, partner negotiation frequency, and IPV perpetration. Findings highlight novel areas to consider when assessing barriers and facilitators of partner communication and when developing culturally responsive interventions for women experiencing relationship-based adversity.

Influence of unilateral versus bilateral patellofemoral pain on physical activity, pain self-efficacy, and disability

BackgroundPatellofemoral pain (PFP) affects physical and psychosocial health; however, it is unclear if unilateral and bilateral PFP induce similar levels of impairments. ObjectivesWe aimed to compare physical activity (PA), pain self-efficacy, and disability between individuals with unilateral and bilateral PFP, and to compare these groups against pain-free controls. DesignCross-sectional case-control. MethodSixty-two individuals with PFP (25 unilateral and 37 bilateral) and 20 pain-free controls completed the PA assessment using an accelerometer by daily steps, light PA, and moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA). We also calculated variability in each PA variable. Pain self-efficacy and disability were measured using the Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire and Anterior Knee Pain Scale, respectively. ResultsIndividuals with bilateral PFP took fewer daily steps compared to pain-free controls (9568.1 ± 3827.0 vs. 12,285.8 ± 2821.2 steps/day; P = 0.018, Cohen d = 0.79), whereas individuals with unilateral PFP did not (11,099.2 ± 3547.1 steps/day; P = 0.503, Cohen d = 0.37). Individuals with bilateral PFP showed greater variability in MVPA compared to individuals with unilateral PFP (42.9 ± 23.1 vs. 29.0 ± 15.9; P = 0.011, Cohen d = 0.91) and pain-free controls (42.9 ± 23.1 vs. 17.6 ± 6.1; P < 0.001, Cohen d = 1.21). Individuals with unilateral and bilateral PFP similarly exhibited less time spent in MVPA, greater variability in daily steps, lower pain self-efficacy, and greater disability compared to pain-free controls (P < 0.001, Cohen d = 1.14–3.89). ConclusionsVersus pain-free controls, individuals with bilateral PFP displayed greater variability in MVPA than individuals with unilateral PFP. However, it is important to note that unilateral PFP influenced time spent in MVPA, variability in daily steps, pain self-efficacy, and disability at similar levels to bilateral PFP.

Pengaruh Leader Member Exchange (LMX) dan Efikasi Diri terhadap Kinerja Karyawan

The relationship between the leader and team members takes place in a one-on-one relationship, where each team member has a unique relationship with the leader. Transparency and fairness are increasingly appreciated, leaders who apply the Leader Member Exchange (LMX) principle can create a fair work environment and increase self-efficacy. A level of self-efficacy that is too high can cause individuals to become overconfident and not calculate risks adequately, resulting in a decline in employee performance. This research aims to determine the influence of Leader Member Exchange (LMX) and Self-Efficacy on Employee Performance at Dian Husada Hospital, Mojokerto. This research was conducted by distributing questionnaires online using Google Form to employees of Dian Husada Hospital, Mojokerto. The population of this study was 50 people with a sample of 50 people using a saturated sample. Data processing techniques were carried out using the SPSS 29.0 program. with the research results showing that there is a positive and significant influence of the LMX variable on performance, the Self-Efficacy variable on Performance, then the LMX and Self-Efficacy variables on employee performance at Dian Husada Hospital Mojokerto.

THE INFLUENCE OF LEARNING MOTIVATION AND SELF-EFFICACY ON ACADEMIC PROCRASTINATION OF PERTAMINA UNIVERSITY STUDENTS FOR THE Batch of 2020, 2021, 2022, AND 2023

This research aims to determine the relationship between Learning Motivation and Self-Efficacy on Academic Procrastination among Pertamina University students class 2020 to 2023. This research uses a quantitative descriptive approach using a questionnaire for data collection. Researchers used the Slovin formula to determine the number of respondents to be used in this research with a tolerance value of 10%. The results of this research are that learning motivation partially influences academic procrastination with a significance value of 0.001 &lt; 0.05, self-efficacy partially influences academic procrastination with a significance value of 0.000 &lt; 0.05 and the learning motivation and self-efficacy variables influence simultaneously or together towards academic procrastination with a significance value of 0.000 &lt;0.05. It was concluded that the two independent variables that the researcher used had a negative and significant effect on the dependent variable.

Increasing Lecturers' Organisational Commitment through Strengthening Transformational Leadership, Organisational Culture, Work Motivation and Trust: Quantitative Research Using Path Analysis and SITOREM on Pamulang University Lecturers

Sholihin, Improving the Organisational Commitment of Lecturers through Strengthening Transformational Leadership, Organisational Culture, Work Motivation, and Trust’ (Empirical Study Using Path Analysis Techniques and SITOREM Analysis on Pamulang University Lecturers). This study aims to produce strategies and ways to improve lecturer service quality through strengthening transformational leadership variables and organisational support as independent variables and self-efficacy variables and job satisfaction as intervening variables. The sample selected based on the slovin formula from a population of 427 resulted in a number of 207 samples taken by proportional random sampling in 26 Study Programmes at Pamulang University. This study used a survey method with a path analysis approach and continued with SITOREM analysis.

Pengaruh Efikasi Diri Akademik terhadap Hasil Belajar Geografi Fase F SMA Negeri 1 Linggo Sari Baganti Kabupaten Pesisir Selatan

The purpose of this study was to analyze whether there is a positive and significant influence of academic self-efficacy on the learning outcomes of geography phase F of SMA Negeri 1 Linggo Sari Baganti, Pesisir Selatan Regency. The type of research used is quantitative research with a correlational approach. The location of the study was at SMA Negeri 1 Linggo Sari Baganti, Pesisir Selatan Regency. The research period was April 22 to May 22. The population in this study were students of phase F who taught geography subjects at SMA Negeri 1 Linggo Sari Baganti, Pesisir Selatan Regency. The number of samples was 97 people using the total sampling technique. Data collection techniques used in this study were observation, surveys, and documentation records. The data analysis procedure technique in this study used validity tests, reliability tests, descriptive statistical analysis, normality tests, linearity tests and hypothesis tests. The results of this study concluded that 1) There is a significant relationship between academic self-efficacy and student learning outcomses at phase F of SMA Negeri 1 Linggo Sari Baganti, Pesisir Selatan Regency as indicated by a significant correlation level value of 0.000 which is smaller than 0.05. This means that the academic self-efficacy variable has an effect on the learning outcome variable. 2) The academic self-efficacy of students in phase F of SMA Negeri 1 Linggo Sari Baganti Pesisir Selatan as a whole is in the low classification, which can be seen from the pie chart and the academic self- efficacy percentage table. 3) The learning outcomes of students in phase F of SMA Negeri 1 Linggo Sari Baganti as a whole are in the context of the less group, based on the calculation of the pie chart and the Learning Outcome Criteria (KKTP) table set by the school.

Occupational self-efficacy scale: Validity in teachers

Occupational self-efficacy has gained attention because of its importance in understanding the effects of psychosocial factors at work, but because of its relevance, it is necessary to study it in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. The Occupational Self-Efficacy Short Scale Form (OSS-SF) is a measure of individual variability in self-efficacy within the work context and has been used in some studies in Latin America. The aim of this study was to obtain evidence of the validity of the OSS-SF for 214 Peruvian teachers and to evaluate its internal structure and associations with other constructs. The sample, composed of 214 teachers (Mage = 44, SDage = 10), was selected using nonprobabilistic convenience sampling and evaluated via online forms. Nonparametric item response theory was used. Among the results, a unidimensional structure and high scalability at the item and scale levels were obtained (>0.70). The reliability was approximately 0.90. There was moderate convergence with job satisfaction (0.39) and slight convergence with the perception of the management of virtual tools (0.18). The OSS-SF is a scale with adequate evidence of validity and reliability for Peruvian teachers who work remotely. Therefore, it can be used as a diagnostic measure of intervention and training needs to benefit teachers and students.

Pengaruh Self-Efficacy, Adversity Quotient, dan Dukungan Sosial Terhadap Kinerja Pelaku Usaha UMK Laguna Surabaya

Because in today's tight business competition, business actors must have good performance in managing their business. This study uses a quantitative approach. The sample in this research was the MSE business actors in Laguna Surabaya. The number of samples in this study was 50 respondents. The sampling technique used is non-probability sampling, with the method used being saturated sampling. The data analysis used in this research is the t test and F test. The results of this research show that the partial analysis test of the F test analysis in this research shows that Self-Efficacy, Adversity Quotient and Social Support have a significant effect together (simultaneously) on Actor Performance. Laguna Surabaya MSE Business. Thus, it can be said that the three variables, namely Self-Efficacy, Adversity Quotient and Social Support, simultaneously and partially have a significant influence on the Performance of Business Actors. The Self-Efficacy variable is the most dominant variable. on the Performance of Business Actors. Business actors are expected to increase their self-confidence in the business sector they are involved in, business actors must pay attention to themselves in controlling their emotions and the cooperation carried out by the business community with government institutions can help business actors.

Sense of Calling and Job Crafting: A Test of Mediating and Moderating Effects

This research aims to explore the influence of the sense of calling on job crafting by looking at the mediating variables of occupational self-efficacy and career commitment, as well as the moderating effect of job autonomy. By involving 264 employees in Indonesia, this research used a quantitative approach with the convenience sampling method and PLS-SEM analysis techniques to test the formulated hypotheses. Of the nine hypotheses, this study supported seven hypotheses. This study found partial mediation in the mediating effect of occupational self-efficacy and career commitment. However, the moderating relationship in this research shows opposing results that job autonomy will weaken the relationship between career commitment and job crafting. Future research hopefully will be able to look further into the impact of job autonomy to provide a better explanation regarding the phenomena of job autonomy and job crafting, which, until now, various studies have still focused on the positive effects of both.