Variable Line Width Research Articles

Artistic Robotic Arm: Drawing Portraits on Physical Canvas under 80 Seconds.

In recent years, the field of robotic portrait drawing has garnered considerable interest, as evidenced by the growing number of researchers focusing on either the speed or quality of the output drawing. However, the pursuit of either speed or quality alone has resulted in a trade-off between the two objectives. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a new approach that combines both objectives by leveraging advanced machine learning techniques and a variable line width Chinese calligraphy pen. Our proposed system emulates the human drawing process, which entails planning the sketch and creating it on the canvas, thus providing a realistic and high-quality output. One of the main challenges in portrait drawing is preserving the facial features, such as the eyes, mouth, nose, and hair, which are crucial for capturing the essence of a person. To overcome this challenge, we employ CycleGAN, a powerful technique that retains important facial details while transferring the visualized sketch onto the canvas. Moreover, we introduce the Drawing Motion Generation and Robot Motion Control Modules to transfer the visualized sketch onto a physical canvas. These modules enable our system to create high-quality portraits within seconds, surpassing existing methods in terms of both time efficiency and detail quality. Our proposed system was evaluated through extensive real-life experiments and showcased at the RoboWorld 2022 exhibition. During the exhibition, our system drew portraits of more than 40 visitors, yielding a survey outcome with a satisfaction rate of 95%. This result indicates the effectiveness of our approach in creating high-quality portraits that are not only visually pleasing but also accurate.

Effects of a variable linewidth laser and variable linewidth shape laser on coherent FMCW LiDAR

To investigate the tolerance of laser linewidth, a stable and variable light source is essential. This study proposes a novel method for generating a variable linewidth and variable light source using a lithium niobite phase modulator, achieved through the application of white Gaussian noise and random walk noise with a limited wall. The proposed approach was thoroughly examined through equations, simulations, and experiments. Further, a practical application was demonstrated while investigating the effects of variable linewidth and shape on FMCW LiDAR performance. The results highlight the importance of optimizing the light source for LiDAR applications to ensure the maximum accuracy and resolution.

Analytic Design of on-Chip Spiral Inductor with Variable Line Width

On-chip spiral inductors with variable line width layouts are known for their high quality factor (Q-factor). In this paper, we present an analytical approach to facilitate the design of such inductors. Based on an analysis of ohmic and eddy-current losses, we first derive an analytical formula for the metal resistance calculation of a spiral inductor. By minimizing the metal resistance, a simple design equation for finding the proper line width of each coil is then presented. Several 0.18 μm CMOS spiral inductors are investigated, via electromagnetic simulations and experimental studies, to test the proposed resistance calculation, as well as the variable line width design method. It is found that the developed resistance calculation can effectively model the metal-line resistance of a spiral inductor. Moreover, the inductor with a variable line width obtained using the proposed method can significantly improve the Q-factor with little compromise to inductance, which validates the capacity of the developed variable line width design technique. Since the proposed approach can be carried out using analytical calculations, it may be a more efficient design method than those previously reported in the literature.

All-Fiber Passive Alignment-Free Depolarizers Capable of Depolarizing Narrow Linewidth Signals

We report on two fully-fiberized, input polarization independent depolarizer configurations that do not need any alignment once fabricated. This makes them suitable for real-world applications. The first configuration uses polarization-maintaining (PM) fibers and relatively few components. The second configuration uses standard (non-PM) single mode fibers to introduce the large time delays needed to enable narrow-linewidth signal depolarization, albeit at the cost of a slightly increased component count and insertion loss. We theoretically analyze the depolarization performance of the proposed configurations as a function of various depolarizer parameters. Subsequently, we design the depolarizers considering the imperfections of standard commercially available components. Finally, we fabricate prototypes of both configurations, characterize their depolarization performance using sources of variable linewidth, and compare the experimental results with theoretical analysis. The fabricated depolarizers are shown to be capable of the depolarization of 20 MHz and 1 MHz linewidth signals with residual degree of polarization below 4%.

Frequency stabilized diode laser with variable linewidth at a wavelength of 404.7 nm.

We report on a frequency stabilized laser system with a variable linewidth at a wavelength of 404.7 nm used as an incoherent repump on the 6P30↔7S31 transition in mercury. By directly modulating the laser diode current with Gaussian white noise, the laser linewidth can be broadened up to 68 MHz. A Doppler-free dichroic atomic vapor laser lock spectroscopy provides an error signal suitable for frequency stabilization even for the broadened laser. Without the need of an acousto-optic modulator for the linewidth tuning or lock-in technique for frequency stabilization, this laser system provides an inexpensive approach for an incoherent and highly efficient repumper in atomic experiments.

Electrohydrodynamic printing: a potential tool for high-resolution hydrogel/cell patterning

ABSTRACTElectrohydrodynamic printing has gained increasing attentions to fabricate micro/nanoscale patterns in a controlled and cost-effective manner. However, most of the existing studies focus on printing tiny dried fibres, which limits its applications in high-resolution cell printing. Here we investigated the feasibility of using electrohydrodynamic printing to pattern microscale liquid filaments. Process parameters like stage moving speed and substrate resistance were optimised to stably print polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) liquid lines with the smallest line width of 37.4 μm. Complex patterns like XJTU logo with constant or variable line width were successfully printed by dynamically adjusting the moving speed. Fluorescent microparticles, with a similar diameter to living cells, were patterned in a one-by-one manner along with the PVA filaments. It is envisioned that the presented electrohydrodynamic printing method could be potentially used to high-resolution hydrogel/cell patterning for the studies of microscale cell–cell interactions or organ printing.

용액 미립화공정 기반의 마이크로 스텐실 프린팅에 관한 연구

In this study, experiments were conducted for micro pattern printing to combine solution atomization process and stencil printing based on electrospray deposition. The stencil mask fabricated by etching the photosensitive glass placed below 0.3 mm distance to substrate has 100 um line width. The process parameters of electrospray deposition system for the atomization of the solution are applied voltage and supply flow rate of the solution. Meniscus angle of cone-jet was optimized by varying the supply flow rate from 0.3 ml/hr to 0.7 ml/hr. Voltage condition was verified having symmetric cone-jet angle and no pulsation at 8.5 kV applied voltage. In addition, a number of micro patterns are printed using a single 1 step process by solution atomization process. Variable line width of approximate 100 um was confirmed by changing conditions of solution atomization regardless of the pattern size of stencil mask.

A multi-model approach to X-ray pulsars

The emission characteristics of X-ray pulsars are governed by magnetospheric accretion within the Alfven radius, leading to a direct coupling of accretion column properties and interactions at the magnetosphere. The complexity of the physical processes governing the formation of radiation within the accreted, strongly magnetized plasma has led to several sophisticated theoretical modelling efforts over the last decade, dedicated to either the formation of the broad band continuum, the formation of cyclotron resonance scattering features (CRSFs) or the formation of pulse profiles. While these individual approaches are powerful in themselves, they quickly reach their limits when aiming at a quantitative comparison to observational data. Too many fundamental parameters, describing the formation of the accretion columns and the systems’ overall geometry are unconstrained and different models are often based on different fundamental assumptions, while everything is intertwined in the observed, highly phase-dependent spectra and energy-dependent pulse profiles. To name just one example: the (phase variable) line width of the CRSFs is highly dependent on the plasma temperature, the existence of B-field gradients (geometry) and observation angle, parameters which, in turn, drive the continuum radiation and are driven by the overall two-pole geometry for the light bending model respectively. This renders a parallel assessment of all available spectral and timing information by a compatible across-models-approach indispensable. In a collaboration of theoreticians and observers, we have been working on a model unification project over the last years, bringing together theoretical calculations of the Comptonized continuum, Monte Carlo simulations and Radiation Transfer calculations of CRSFs as well as a General Relativity (GR) light bending model for ray tracing of the incident emission pattern from both magnetic poles. The ultimate goal is to implement a unified fitting model for phase-resolved spectral and timing data analysis. We present the current status of this project.

Microstrip Grid and Comb Array Antennas

The design of a high-gain microstrip grid array antenna (MGAA) for 24-GHz automotive radar sensor applications is first presented. An amplitude tapering technique utilizing variable line width on the individual radiating element is then applied to lower sidelobe level. Next, the MGAA is simplified to a microstrip comb array antenna (MCAA). The MCAA shows broader impedance bandwidth and lower cross-polarization radiation as compared with those of the MGAA. The MCAA is designed not as a travelling-wave but a standing-wave antenna. As a result, the match load and the reflection-cancelling structure can be avoided, which is important, especially in the millimeter-wave frequencies. Finally, an emphasis is given to 45 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">°</sup> linearly-polarized MCAA because the radiation with the orthogonal polarization from cars coming from the opposite direction does not affect the radar operation.

Regularized optimization (RO) reconstruction for oximetric EPR imaging

A new algorithm for EPR imaging oximetry is described and tested with experimental data for the case of one spatial and one spectral dimension. A single species with variable linewidth is assumed. Instead of creating a 2D image, two one-dimensional profiles are reconstructed: the concentration of the radical and the corresponding oxygen concentration, which reduces the dimensionality of the problem. The algorithm (i) seeks to minimize the discrepancy between experimental data and projections calculated from the profiles and (ii) uses Tikhonov regularization to constrain the smoothness of the results. This approach controllably smoothes profiles rather than the data, while preserving sharp features.

Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves in a Sinusoidally Modulated Dielectric Substrate

A single-layer microstrip structure with variable line width is considered in order to create, by periodic repetition, an electromagnetic bandgap structure. The width of the line is varied in such a way as to guarantee a sinusoidally modulated value of the effective dielectric constant along the longitudinal direction. By repeating periodically the structure in the orthogonal direction, a high-impedance surface is obtained. Continuous and discrete line configurations are considered, and the performances of the two-dimensional structure with respect to the uniform line case are compared

Optical near-field and thermal nanolithography using organic dry developingphotoresist

A combination of new organic photoresist films based on naphthoquinone with aconventional AFM using a tapered fibre tip as a near-field source enables the developmentof ‘real time’ dry process nano-lithography. The methodology of the adaptation of thesefilms as well as the system configuration for a nano-scale fabrication will be described.Using these materials the exposure can be performed either by the optical near field ornano-thermal effect to achieve positive or negative lithography. Sub-wavelength gratingsfabricated using this system with a variable line width down to 45 nm will be demonstrated.

2-D Code for Simulating a Hollow Gas Puff Z-Pinch

We compare the dynamics of plasma in a hollow gas puff Z-pinch device, obtained with Schlieren pictures, with the predictions of a 2-D MHD Lagrangian code. We show that agreement between the model and experiment require an axially variable line density and width of the injected gas.

レンダリングのための対話型線画表現法

The objective oh this study is the development of a method which draw high quality pictures of line drawing with variable linewidth easiliy and quickly. It is basically important that the representation method makes it easy to understand 3-D shape pictures. This paper presents (1) a system of line drawing for high quality pictures ; (2) line drawing method with variable Linewidth ; (3) a construction of the PostRender system (Rendering system of line drawing using Post Script printer) ; (4) examples of line drawing using this system.

Variable linewidth high-power TEA CO_2 laser

A variable linewidth high-power TEA CO2 laser, utilizing a multiple-prism beam expander in conjunction with a Littrow-mounted grating, is described. Linewidths of approximately 250-MHz (FWHM) at a total output energy exceeding 250 mJ have been obtained at the P20 (00 degrees 1-10 degrees 0), lambda = 10.59-microm line. Laser linewidths can be varied continuously in the 250-650-MHz range for a corresponding change in output energy from 250 to 400 mJ. The present frequency selectivity method, which employs ZnSe prisms, can be applied directly to considerably higher-power CO2 lasers.

Cadmium-113 NMR investigations of cadmium oxide

1 1 3Cd NMR has been used to examine the Cd–CdO solid solution. A series of samples prepared under different conditions was analyzed for percent Cd(0) using a direct chemical analysis. Conduction electrons arising from the ionization of Cd(0) appear to be affected by the chemisorption of water on the CdO surface. The conduction electrons influence the resonance frequencies and spin-lattice relaxation times of the Cd(II) moieties detected in Bloch decay experiments. The low-shielding signals observed for CdO samples have a variable linewidth, which correlates directly to the temperature of sample preparation. Selective saturation, Hahn spin echo and two-dimensional NMR experiments showed that this line width is produced by an inhomogeneous broadening mechanism, probably resulting from a distribution of CdO crystallites having different Cd(0) concentrations. Korringa-relation predictions of spin-lattice relaxation as a function of resonance frequency confirm the importance of conduction electron concentrations in determining the 113Cd NMR parameters.

The Simulation and Interpretation of the EPR Powder Spectra of Gd3+‐Doped LaAlO3

AbstractThe EPR powder spectra of Gd3+ doped LaAlO3 are simulated for a number of temperatures between 4 and 800 K by means of the usual spin‐Hamiltonian. Values are found for the zero field splitting parameters B(n, 0) only, which agree with single crystal measurements. For an accurate simulation of the axial powder spectra a variable linewidth has to be introduced, because an inhomogeneous broadening of the resonances in the xy plane is observed. This broadening is successfully described by a variable B(2, 2) parameter. This indicates that the Gd3+ ion does not fit within the LaAlO3 lattice, because GdAlO3 is not isostructural with LaAlO3. Crystal field calculations support this assumption.

Characteristics of O(I) and N(I) resonance line broadening in low pressure helium discharge lamps

O(I) (130 nm) and N(I) (120 nm) resonance line broadening in a variety of rf- and microwave- excited low-pressure helium discharge lamps of the type used in laboratory and atmospheric experiments has been characterized by a line-absorption-titration technique. A line-absorption model with variable emission line width is used to fit experimentally observed absorptions of ground state O and N produced in a discharge-flow apparatus where the concentrations of the absorbing atoms are indepedently determined by chemical titration. The observed broadening is in general non-thermal and the effect is more pronounced for the O(I) lamps, for which the degree of line broadening increases with decreasing lamp pressure and discharge power. The O(I) results are interpreted in terms of an excitation mechanism which includes electron-impact excitation of O and dissociative excitation of O 2 by helium metastables.