Vanilla Production Research Articles

EKSPOR VANILI DAN PENGARUHNYA TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI INDONESIA

The purpose of this study is to analyze the factors that affect the export of Vanilla Indonesia and the influence of Vanilla Indonesia's exports to Indonesia's economic growth. The research method used SPSS by using Multiple Linier Regression Model. Data collected in this study are secondary data from 1998-2016 from the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS), Directorate General of Estate Crops, Bank Indonesia, Ministry of Trade and other sources. The results showed that the nominal exchange rate (exchange rate of Rupiah to Dollar) and Export Price (FOB) gave insignificant influence to the export of Vanilla Indonesia, the production and consumption of Vanilla in the country gave a significant and positive influence to the export volume of Vanilla Indonesia. Vanilla export volumes have no significant and significant effect on Indonesia's economic growth and export volume Rubber positively affects economic growth in Indonesia. DOI : https://doi.org/10.33005/adv.v8i2.1802

Vanilla distribution modeling for conservation and sustainable cultivation in a joint land sparing/sharing concept

AbstractVanilla, an expensive but popular spice used in many industries, faces problems related to its supply. Some of these problems are due to the fact that vanilla cultivation is based on clonal material of a single species (Vanilla planifolia) and is dominated by just a few countries located outside the native growing areas of aromatic vanilla species, which is the neotropics. Despite the economic importance of this crop, relatively little attention has been paid to its wild relatives, in particular with respect to their biology, ecology, and potential use. We hypothesized that species distribution models (SDMs) can identify suitable areas for both the conservation and cultivation of vanilla crop wild relatives (CWRs), following a joint land sparing/land sharing (SPASHA) approach, thus offering alternative sourcing areas and production methods. This is the first study that explored the use of ensemble SDMs to provide applicable land use maps related to the conservation and sustainable cultivation of wild vanilla species in Costa Rica, contributing to a solution for the problems related to current vanilla production systems. We focused on four aromatic vanilla CWRs, native to Costa Rica, to make land use policy recommendations for this country, and more specifically for the biological corridor Osa and its surroundings within our study region Área de Conservación Osa (ACOSA). The resulting distribution maps, with a mean AUC of 0.89, reflected their current potential distribution (ranging from unsuitable to suitable) in Costa Rica. Combining them with recent land use and conservation area maps of our study region, we defined (1) areas for vanilla conservation and (2) areas for sustainable vanilla cultivation within agroforestry systems. These land use recommendations can now be integrated within the National Bio‐Corridor Program (PNCB) that aims at making biological corridors more productive by proposing alternative income generation for local communities living within these areas. Our approach can be applied to identify priority areas for implementing the SPASHA approach on other vanilla CWRs and in more regions across its native growing ranges, given the availability of land use maps and enough occurrence records to build accurate SDMs.

Producción de vainilla (Vanilla planifolia) en México: análisis y pronóstico

La vainilla (Vanilla planifolia) es uno de los aromáticos más demandados en la industria culinaria y refresquera, y entre los cultivos lícitos es de los más rentables, solo después del azafrán. En 2017 la producción en México fue 505.32 toneladas, ubicándolo como el cuarto productor mundial después de Madagascar, Indonesia y China. El objetivo de este estudio fue desarrollar un modelo de pronóstico para la producción anual de vainilla en México (PVAINI). Los datos fueron del periodo 2000 a 2016 y se utilizó la metodología Box-Jenkins de procesos autorregresivos integrados de medias móviles (ARIMA). Los parámetros de los modelos se estimaron con el método de máxima verosimilitud con el paquete de cómputo Statistical Analysis System. Un modelo basado en la serie PVAINI se adaptó para el periodo 2000 a 2016 y se validó con los datos de los años 2016 y 2017. El mejor modelo estimado fue ARIMA (1, 1, 1) e indicó que los PVAINI se explican con la producción ocurrida 4 años previos. Los valores pronosticados para 2017 fueron cercanos a los valores observados. El modelo ARIMA representó con cierta precisión el PVAINI en el próximo año y proporcionó información para planificar y tomar decisiones para los próximos seis años.

Cost and demand ecosystem of vanilla production In India: Current trends and economic prospects

The crop economy of vanilla, known as the prince of spice, has not fared well in India during the last decade. Though the crop has immense potential for enhancing farm incomes, the high price fluctuations and other unfavourable factors adversely affected the crop economy. In this paper we use the primary data from a sample of 30 vanilla growers from three states to develop and understand the cost ecosystem of the crop and the prospects for its profitability. Secondary data on trade and global production is also use to identify the potential of this crop. The cost ecosystem analysis indicate a healthy profitability margin even in case of substantial adverse movements of key variables like price of output and yield level. The major constraints in production include the skill deficit in pollination, high labour intensity, long gestation period and high incidence of biotic stress. The crop ecosystem analysis indicate the immense latent potential of the crop and suggests that institutional support and sustainable fair price policies for the produce along with small farmer aggregation can bring in a revival of the vanilla crop economy in India.

An ICT Integration Approach on Malagasy Agriculture: The Case of Vanilla Production

The cultivation of vanilla is one of the economic pillars of Madagascar. Yet, since its liberalization in 1995, this sector has experienced recurrent production instability. In an attempt to enhance the production performance in this sector, this article will try to study the causes of this production instability, and propose a sustainable alternative to the vanilla production in Madagascar. Indeed, during this research, the empirical research analysis revealed on the one hand a poor communication management of the vanilla sector in the spread of timely information and an annual passage of tropical cyclones. Besides, the literature review suggests that one alternative could be introduced through the integration of new technologies such as ICT.

Economical important phytopathogenic diseases in Vanilla planifolia: A review paper.

The vanilla orchid is one of the high value and most favorite culinary crops in the world. The aroma or flavor of vanillin make the plant as an important economic crop in the food and beverage industry. Nevertheless, the production of vanilla is hindering by two main factors which are the propagation and diseases. Devastating disease has cause losses in bean production as it can infect the vines at any times and at all stages of the plant growth. As a result, it is cause the losses of quality and quantity of pod production. Some of important diseases associated with fungal and viral on vanilla such as Fusarium root and stem rot, anthracnose, black rot, sclerotium rot, rust, mosaic and stem necrosis are discussed in this review paper.

Adaptación de Vanilla planifolia Andrews en acahual intercalado con Gliricidia sepium

El objetivo principal del experimento fue comprobar y mostrar al productor la forma correcta de siembra y manejo del cultivo de vainilla enriqueciendo el acahual con tutores de Gliricidia sepium para generar ingresos en la región asociado a la producción de vainilla, además de integrar a personas de la comunidad en las diferentes actividades del huerto. Las variables de respuesta utilizadas fueron crecimiento de brotes, distancia entre nudos, días de formación de raíces terrestres, número de hojas, longitud y ancho de las hojas encontrando que las condiciones edafoclimáticas de la Sierra Otontepec, Veracruz son perfectamente viables para el cultivo de Vanilla planifolia A, incitando a la comunidad a crear más huertos en toda la región, ya que el experimento presentó una excelente adaptación a pesar de que la época de siembra de los esquejes no fue la indicada.

Vanilla bahiana, a contribution from the Atlantic Forest biodiversity for the production of vanilla: A proteomic approach through high-definition nanoLC/MS

Only a few cultivated species of Vanilla are used to produce vanilla, despite the high demand, predatory exploitation, and low genetic variability that threaten the production of natural vanilla. Vanilla bahiana pods from the Atlantic Forest may be an alternative source of natural vanilla. This study applied bottom-up and shotgun proteomics analysis to identify proteins related to flowering, fruiting, and vanilla-flavor production. Extraction solutions, including Tris-HCl buffer, β-mercaptoethanol and SDS, were assayed. SDS proved to be feasible for extraction of Vanilla fruit proteins and could be an alternative to the phenol method of protein extraction. Progenesis QI for Proteomics (QIP) software loaded with an Orchidaceae database identified 2326 proteins in our samples. Among these, 75 were highlighted as useful for the synthesis of compounds related to vanilla flavor, such as vanillin synthase, which was successfully extracted with 1% SDS, which also improved the variety of the extracted proteins. The proteins identified in V. bahiana pods indicate the enzymatic potential of this species, as further validated by quantifying the vanilla in the samples.

Vanilla fragrance is refreshing. Why farmers are not attracted?

Fluctuations in the prices of the agricultural produce make the farmers to grow some sub-crops. When the price of areca nut crashed during 2000-01, the price of Vanilla started to rise. Farmers of Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu were attracted to Vanilla cultivation, the price of which was on the rise. They started to grow Vanilla on a large scale. During the periods of 2002, 2003 and 2004, the price of processed Vanilla beans was in the range of - Rs, 20,000/kg to 35,000/kg, and later there was an abrupt fall. After a long gap, the price of Vanilla started to rise especially from 2015 onwards and during the period of August 2020, the price of dried beans of Vanilla: Rs, 25,000/- to 35,000/. Even though, there is an attractive price, there is a considerable shortage in the supply of Vanilla. The study has conducted by the objective of identify the causes of less elasticity of supply of Vanilla and by hypothesizing - a dramatic fluctuation in the price of Vanilla hampers the Vanilla Production and the problems of labour and Vanillism also impede to Vanilla production. Declining in the profit rate will discourage the producer and the result of this, either he has to stop the production of that commodity or he has to reduce the production. The study reveals that, from farmers' point of view, the past experience of Vanilla growers taught them not to produce the commodity immediately without observing and studying the market price. Therefore, previous economic actions of a sudden rise and fall in the price of Vanilla have made the farmers to re think before to come close to Vanilla production. Vanilla production also reduced by the barriers of shortage in the labour supply, Diseases to Vanilla vine and Vanillism.

Vanilla bahiana Hoehne (Orchidaceae): studies on fruit development and new perspectives into crop improvement for the Vanilla planifolia group

Abstract: Vanilla is the most well-known and economically important genus of Orchidaceae in the world. Vanilla bahiana is restricted to Brazil and its conservation status was recently assessed as ‘Endangered’. The species is phylogenetically closely related to V. planifolia, whose pods are the main natural source of vanillin. The primary desirable traits for vanilla production are high fruit set and great resistance to abiotic stress. High temperatures (> 32ºC) and heavy rain favor fungal infection, and thus are indirectly responsible for fruit drop by V. planifolia in cultivation. The aim of the present study was to follow the process of pod ripening of V. bahiana in a restinga fragment in an Environmental Protection Area of Bahia State, and to highlight implications for vanilla crop improvement. Fieldwork was carried out from April 2016 to January 2017. A total of nine manual self-pollinations and nine manual cross-pollinations were successfully carried out. Fruit length, diameter and girth were recorded every two weeks. Fruit permanence in the infrutescence was measured as consecutive days from pollination. Descriptive statistics were calculated and Pearson correlation analysis performed among all attributes per pollination method. The influence of temperature and rainfall was also analyzed. Pod measurements and fruit permanence in the infrutescence were higher for cross-pollination than self-pollination. Higher rainfall results in fruit drop. The use of V. bahiana in breeding efforts for the genus is here strongly suggested and supported by previously published studies that allowed us to highlight several desirable traits: vanillin production, its wide geographical distribution and occurrence in a variety of habitats; substantial populations; resistance to conditions of drought and high luminosity and temperature; extensive blooming period; high number of flowers per raceme; possible synchronised flowering with V. planifolia, and fruiting throughout the year. These prospects are promising and should be further evaluated, not only for V. bahiana but for other vanilla crop wild relatives. Studies of pollination ecology can be used to set guidelines for the conservation of the V. planifolia group and to encourage the development of strategies to increase the production of fruit and, consequently, vanillin for its culinary uses and medical applications.

The collocating local volatility framework – a fresh look at efficient pricing with smile

ABSTRACTIt is a market practice to price exotic derivatives, like callable basket options, with the local volatility model [B. Dupire, Pricing with a smile, Risk 7 (1994), pp. 18–20; E. Derman and I. Kani, Stochastic implied trees: Arbitrage pricing with stochastic term and strike structure of volatility, Int. J. Theor. Appl. Finance 1 (1998), pp. 61–110.] which can, contrary to stochastic volatility frameworks, handle multi-dimensionality easily. On the other hand, a well-known limitation of the nonparametric local volatility model is the necessity of a short-stepping simulation, which, in high dimensions, is computationally expensive. In this article, we propose a new local volatility framework called the collocating local volatility (CLV) model which allows for large Monte Carlo steps and therefore it is computationally efficient. The CLV model is by its construction guaranteed to be almost perfectly calibrated to implied volatility smiles/skews at a given set of expiries. Additionally, the framework allows to control forward volatilities without affecting the fit to plain vanillas. The model requires only a fraction of a second for complete calibration to simple vanilla products.

La productividad de la vainilla (Vanilla planifolia Jacks. ex Andrews) en México de 2003 a 2014

En México la producción de vainilla (Vanilla planifolia) ha disminuido como resultado de una escasa aplicación de paquetes tecnológicos adecuados a las condiciones edafoclimáticas del cultivo. Para comprobar esta hipótesis se realizó un análisis de su productividad de 2003 a 2014 a nivel internacional, mediante pruebas de medias de Tukey, y a nivel nacional con el modelo de descomposición de factores del crecimiento de la producción propuesto por la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura. Los resultados mostraron que, en el periodo de estudio, México no incrementó su exportación de vainilla a nivel internacional debido a que se destinó una escasa superficie al cultivo. En el contexto nacional, para el periodo 2009-2014 en comparación con 2003-2008 hubo un incremento en la producción de 2.5 % como respuesta a los rendimientos de campo (2.0 %). Esto se registró en 14 de los 52 municipios involucrados, que presentaron un aumento de 1.6 % en la superficie sembrada y 1.8 % en el campo, lo que contrasta con la caída de producción (-0.1 %) de los restantes 38 municipios, producto de una reducción en el área cultivada (-2.3 %). Estos resultados indican que a pesar de los buenos rendimientos en campo que se obtuvieron de 2009-2014, el país no ha podido incrementar su productividad a nivel internacional, principalmente por la escasa superficie sembrada y a la falta de transferencia de tecnología para impulsar el desarrollo del sector.

Capillary electrophoresis method for the discrimination between natural and artificial vanilla flavor for controlling food frauds.

A capillary electrophoresis method was developed for the determination of coumarin (COUM), ethyl vanillin (EVA), p-hydroxybenzaldehyde (PHB), p-hydroxybenzoic acid (PHBA), vanillin (VAN), vanillic acid (VANA) and vanillic alcohol (VOH) in vanilla products. The measured concentrations are compared to values obtained by liquid chromatography (LC) method. Analytical results, method precision, and accuracy data are presented and limits of detection for the method ranged from 2 to 5μg/mL. The results obtained are used in monitoring the composition of vanilla flavorings, as well as for confirmation of natural or non-natural origin of vanilla in samples using four selected food samples containing this flavor.

Initial Margin Forecast - Bermudan Swaption Methodology and Case Study

The introduction of mandatory margining for non-cleared portfolios has major implications for the pricing and risk measurement of OTC derivatives. In particular, it requires a model for estimating future initial margin to determine pricing adjustments and counterparty credit exposures. Recent literature on the topic suggests that regression techniques, as described in, are capable of estimating future initial margin for vanilla products, but are challenged by option products, in particular products with multiple exercise rights, and diversified portfolios. In this paper we investigate how these limitations can be overcome, using the the example of Bermudan Swaptions. Building on recent research we show how the calculation of accurate “forward sensitivities” can be effectively embedded into the Longstaff Schwartz or American Monte Carlo (AMC) pricing algorithm using Algorithmic Differentiation (AD). We benchmark our AMC/AD results against lattice and semi-analytical calculations, and investigate the impact of differentiating the “indicator functions” involved in making exercise decisions. We then show that the AMC/AD approach is efficient from both a computational speed and a memory usage point of view and is hence a promising candidate for application across portfolios of multi-callable exotics.

Perceptions regarding the challenges and constraints faced by smallholder farmers of vanilla in Mexico

Mexico was the main vanilla producer worldwide many years ago. However, it currently provides just around 5 % of the global production. The issues that have led to the current stagnation of the vanilla production in Mexico have been addressed from various perspectives, but few studies have included the opinion of smallholder farmers. For this reason, the aim of this study was to conduct a participatory diagnostic to identify the challenges and constraints that affect the vanilla productive sector in Mexico from the smallholder farmers perspective. This study was conducted under the of Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) approach; consequently, we used PRA techniques for data collection. The qualitative data obtained were transcribed and analyzed using the Content Analysis Method (CAM) and Constant Comparative Method (CCM). The results showed that most of the challenges and limitations referred to by smallholder farmers result from the lack of training to improve production, processing, and marketing. Likewise, various restrictive aspects were identified in the production process that affect crop productivity, such as cultivation in small parcels, high incidence of diseases, premature abortion of fruits, and low tolerance of plants to stress. An aspect common to all processes is the need to promote organization and training schemes, since under the conditions described for the vanilla production chain in Mexico, relationships have been built in highly competitive communities and, in general, the targets seek have been mutually exclusive. For the above, we consider that achieving more profitable and sustainable production schemes require placing smallholder farmers at the base of an inclusive production system supported by fair trade, with organization, institutions, technology transfer, level of trust, and cooperation as core elements.

Modeling the Path-Dependency of the Credit Exposure in Vanilla Products

This paper focuses on modeling the scenario path-dependency of the counterparty credit exposure. The purpose of this paper is threefold: (1) to propose a simple method for consistent estimation of pathwise European swaption exercise probability; (2) to discuss accurate pathwise simulation of barrier option exposure; and (3) to present some exact formulas for the calculation of standalone expected positive exposure and potential future exposure for a single-currency vanilla swap, a physically settled European swaption, and a barrier option without Monte Carlo simulation. These exact formulations are of practical importance to computing standalone exposure profiles, exposure model validation, and system benchmarking.

The CLV Framework - A Fresh Look at Efficient Pricing with Smile

It is a market practice to price exotic derivatives, like callable basket options, with the local volatility model (B. Dupire, 1994, E. Derman & I. Kani, 1994) which can, contrary to stochastic volatility frameworks, handle multi-dimensionality easily. On the other hand a well-known limitation of the nonparametric local volatility model is the necessity of a short-stepping simulation, which, in high dimensions, is computationally expensive. In this article we propose a new local volatility framework called the Collocating Local Volatility (CLV) model which allows for large Monte Carlo steps and therefore it is computationally efficient. The CLV model is by its construction guaranteed to be almost perfectly calibrated to implied volatility smiles/skews at a given set of expiries. Additionally, the framework allows to control forward volatilities without affecting the fit to plain vanillas. The model requires only a fraction of a second for complete calibration to simple vanilla products and, finally, it allows for calculation of the Greeks without re-simulating of the Monte Carlo paths. We will apply the CLV model for pricing FX barrier options and also show that under this new framework we can easily price Bermudan options on 100-dimensional baskets of correlated underlyings within just a few seconds. Illustrative examples will be also presented.

CHEMICAL CATALYTIC AND BIOCATALYTIC PROCESS OF CLOVE OIL DERIVATIVES REVIEW

In 2011, Indonesian clove oil supply reached about 75 % (4,500 of 6,000 tons) of the world market. Utilization of clove oil and clove oil derivatives in aromatic chemical industry primarily as a mixture or additive of fragrances in the daily consumed product, such as perfumes, skin care products, deodorant, soap, shampoo, detergent, besides it is also used as an ingredient in the production of synthetic vanilla. The content of eugenol as the main compound in the essential oil in the clove flower, flower stalk and leaf have a range of 90-95 %, 83-95 % and 82-87 % respectively. The compounds content in clove oil is divided into two categories, phenolics (eugenol) and non-phenolic (beta-caryophyllene) that can be derivatized with various chemocatalytic and biocatalytic processes. Separation of the compounds in clove oil can be conducted by adding NaOH with repeated distillation. This process produces two layers product, the first layer contains eugenol and NaOH, while the second layer contains beta-caryophyllene. Derivatization of eugenol are conducted to produce various products such as vanilla, eugenyl ether, methyl ether eugenyl, eugenyl ethyl ether, eugenyl acetate, eugenyl cinnamate, dimmer eugenol and eugenyl benzoate, whereas derivatization of beta-caryophyllene are conducted to produce products such as caryophyllene oxide, kobusan, glycols, alcohols caryophyllene, β-caryolanylformate and kovanilformate, klovanildiformate, caryophyllene ketol. Biocatalysis or biotransformation can be defined as the use of biological systems (intact cells, cell extracts or isolated enzymes) to catalyze the conversion of a compound into another. Besides the common chemocatalysis system for derivatization of clove oil and clove oil compound such as eugenol into other compounds some biocatalysis systems were also described in this paper.Keywords: Clove oil, eugenol, beta-caryophyllene, derivatization, chemical catalysis, biocatalysis

Aislamiento de una bacteria endófita de vainilla (Vanilla planifolia) con actividad biocontroladora in vitro contra Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Vanillae

<p class="p1">El género <em>Vanilla </em>pertenece a la familia Orchidaceae. Algunas de sus especies con interés comercial son <em>V. planifolia</em>, <em>V. pompona </em>y <em>V. tahitensis</em>. La clasificación de la calidad de la vainilla se efectúa según el largo de la cápsula y el contenido de vainillina, la cual se utiliza para elaborar alimentos y bebidas, como materia prima en la industria farmacéutica y en la producción de cosméticos y perfumes, entre otros usos. Se considera que el mayor problema que enfrenta la producción de vainilla es la pudrición de la raíz ocasionada por el hongo <em>Fusarium oxyporum </em>f. sp. Vanillae, que provoca entre 30-52% de la muerte de las plantas al atacar las raíces adventicias, impidiéndoles absorber agua y nutrientes. El hongo no puede erradicarse por la acción de agroquímicos ya que dañan la viabilidad de las plantas; además, el cultivo de vainilla sin la aplicación de agroquímicos de manera orgánica en sistemas agroforestales es una actividad que está cobrando gran interés entre los pequeños productores del país. Es por tal razón que en esta investigación se evaluó la capacidad de control de bacterias endófitas aisladas de muestras de vainilla procedentes de Corcovado, Puriscal, Dota y Guápiles, mediante pruebas de antagonismo in vitro entre la bacterias aisladasy el hongo <em>F. oxysporum</em>. El resultado es que la cepa bacteriana B1M11 es una candidata promisoria para responder al ataque del patógeno<em>, </em>lo que se corroboró con la aparición de un halo de inhibición del crecimiento del hongo en placa. </p>

Phylogeny and origin of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vanillae in Indonesia

Vanilla stem rot, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vanillae (Fov), is the main constraint to increasing vanilla production in the major vanilla‐producing countries, including Indonesia. The current study investigated the origin of Fov in Indonesia using a multigene phylogenetic approach. Nineteen Fov isolates were selected to represent Indonesia, the Comoros, Mexico and Réunion Island. The translation elongation factor 1 alpha gene and the mitochondrial small subunit ribosomal RNA gene phylogenies resolved the Fov isolates into three distinct clades in both phylogenetic species of the F. oxysporum species complex, indicating a polyphyletic pattern of evolution. In addition, Fov isolates from Indonesia were also polyphyletic. These results suggest that the vanilla stem rot pathogen in Indonesia has a complex origin. The implications for disease management are discussed.