Valve Location Research Articles

Deep Neural Network for Valve Fault Diagnosis Integrating Multivariate Time-Series Sensor Data

Faults in valves that regulate fluid flow and pressure in industrial systems can significantly degrade system performance. In systems where multiple valves are used simultaneously, a single valve fault can reduce overall efficiency. Existing fault diagnosis methods struggle with the complexity of multivariate time-series data and unseen fault scenarios. To overcome these challenges, this study proposes a method based on a one-dimensional convolutional neural network (1D CNN) for diagnosing the location and severity of valve faults in a multi-valve system. An experimental setup was constructed with 17 sensors, including 8 pressure sensors at the inlets and outlets of 4 valves, 4 flow sensors, and 5 pressure sensors along the main pipe. Sensor data were collected to observe the sensor values corresponding to valve behavior, and foreign objects of varying sizes were inserted into the valves to simulate faults of different severities. These data were used to train and evaluate the proposed model. The proposed method achieved robust prediction accuracy (MAE: 0.0306, RMSE: 0.0629) compared to existing networks, performing on both trained and unseen fault severities. It identified the location of the faulty valve and quantified fault severity, demonstrating generalization capabilities.

Clinical Value of Echocardiography in Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement: A Retrospective Study

Objective: To investigate the clinical value of echocardiography in the preoperative assessment, intraoperative monitoring, and postoperative follow-up of patients with aortic valve disease (AVD) undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). Materials and Methods: This retrospective study included clinical data of 158 patients with AVD who underwent TAVR. Patients were divided into three groups based on the type of AVD. The perivalvular structure of the patient was evaluated preoperatively using echocardiography and compared with multi-slice computed tomography (MSCT) measurements. Echocardiography was used to dynamically monitor the entire surgical process. Each patient was followed up for 1 month. Results: The success rate of TAVR was 94.9%. Preoperative measurements of the paravalvular (PVL) structure indicated good agreement between transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) and MSCT. Real-time TEE was used to adjust the location of the artificial valve to reduce leakage before completing TAVR, and the final incidence of moderate and above PVL was 1.3%. Data obtained 1 month after TAVR revealed that both the structure and function of the patient’s heart underwent benign reverse remodeling compared with those before surgery. Conclusion: Echocardiography played an important role in the entire procedure and may provide a basis for evaluating the efficacy and prognosis of TAVR.

Prospective feasibility study of a novel rigidizing stabilizing overtube in the resection of complex gastrointestinal polyps.

A novel rigidizing overtube (ROT) was developed to facilitate endoscopic removal of complex gastrointestinal polyps. We aimed to prospectively evaluate the efficacy and safety of the device in the management of large gastrointestinal polyps. A prospective, single-center study, conducted between May 2021 and April 2023, enrolled patients undergoing endoscopic resection of colon/duodenal polyps ≥25 mm. Primary outcomes were safety, technical success, and clinical success defined as the ability of ROT to facilitate endoscopic polyp removal without changing the initial resection method. 97 patients (98 polyps), with a mean polyp size of 33.2 mm (median 31.1), were evaluated. Technical and clinical success rates were 100% and 84%, respectively. Ileocecal valve location was the only predictor of clinical failure (P = 0.02). The mean time to reach the lesion was 7.2 minutes (95%CI 5-8), with overall resection and procedure times of 53.6 minutes (95%CI 48-61) and 88.9 minutes (95%CI 79-95), respectively. No device-related adverse events occurred. Lower technical (67%) and clinical (67%) success rates were seen for duodenal polyps (n = 6). The novel ROT was safe, with high technical and clinical success during resection of complex colon polyps. Future studies will determine timing of implementation during routine endoscopic resection.

Fluid-Dynamic Modeling of Flow in Embryonic Tissue Indicates That Lymphatic Valve Location Is Not Consistently Determined by the Local Fluid Shear or Its Gradient.

Intravascular lymphatic valves often occur in proximity to vessel junctions. It is commonly held that disturbed flow at junctions is responsible for accumulation of valve-forming cells (VFCs) at these locations as the initial step in valve creation, and the one which explains the association with these sites. However, evidence in favor is largely limited to cell culture experiments. We acquired images of embryonic lymphatic vascular networks from day E16.5, when VFC accumulation has started but the developing valve has not yet altered the local vessel geometry, stained for Prox1, which co-localizes with Foxc2. Using finite-element computational fluid mechanics, we simulated the flow through the networks, under conditions appropriate to this early development stage. Then we correlated the Prox1 distributions with the distributions of simulated fluid shear and shear stress gradient. Across a total of 16 image sets, no consistent correlation was found between Prox1 distribution and the local magnitude of fluid shear, or its positive or negative gradient. This, the first direct semi-empirical test of the localization hypothesis to interrogate the tissue from invivo at the critical moment of development, does not support the idea that a feature of the local flow determines valve localization.

Definition of Nasal Valve Location and Classification of Nasal Valve Stenosis in Computed Tomography

Recently, there has been confusion about the definition of nasal valve stenosis. To resolve this, it is necessary to establish clearly the location of the nasal valve and the definition of nasal valve stenosis. When scrolling the axial view from the top to the bottom, the angle between the upper lateral cartilage and the septum gradually increases, and the vertex becomes rounded. When the lower lateral cartilage is reached, the ceiling of the nasal cavity suddenly becomes higher, so the section immediately before it can be defined as the nasal valve. Nasal valve stenosis is classified as follows. If the difference between the diameters of the narrow and wide nasal valves is less than 1:3, it is normal, whereas if the difference is larger but some space is observed, it is partial stenosis, and if no space is observed, it is complete stenosis.

Venous valves of the azygos arch: A cadaveric study

PurposeThe existence of valves in the azygos vein are not discussed in depth in the current body of literature. Although the clinical relevance of the valves in these veins are not well understood, these valves may have implications in diagnostic imaging where their appearance on imaging studies can impact interpretation. This study aims to use cadaveric dissections to determine the anatomic prevalence and morphology of valves in the arch of the azygos vein in comparison to current data reported from clinical imaging studies and anatomy textbooks. MethodsApproval of this research study on human cadaveric specimen was sought from the St. George's University Institutional Review Board (IRB) and was deemed exempt from full review (IRB – 16015). This research project involved 47 azygos veins dissected from human cadaveric donor specimen. Azygos veins were harvested from the level of the diaphragm to the inflow into the superior vena cava for gross inspection of valve presence and morphology. The data collected was recorded and sorted by sex, valve presence, number and morphology and valve location. Chi square analysis was performed to assess possible relationships in valve findings based on sex. A brief search of the literature using the keywords “azygos vein” and “valves” was conducted to see the current understanding of azygos valve prevalence. ResultsOf the donor specimen, 53.2% (25 of 47) were male and 46.8% (22 of 47) were female. Of the 47 cadavers that were dissected, 89.3% (42 of 47) were found to have valves in the azygos vein, while 10.6% (5 of 47) were found to have none. The azygos vein contained mostly one valve along its length, mainly located in the arch. The valves were unicuspid (8.5%; 4 of 47), bicuspid (70.2%; 33 of 47) or tricuspid (10.64%; 5 of 47). Dividing the arch of the azygos into quartiles, valves were found most commonly in the third quartile of the distance from the opening of the right superior intercostal vein into the azygos vein to the superior vena cava. Four cadavers had multiple valves, each with varying valve morphology. The length of the cusp of the bicuspid valve ranged from 10 mm to 12 mm. ConclusionThis study shows that the azygos vein contains valves, predominantly within the arch at a prevalence of 89.3%. The presence and variability in morphology of valves in the azygos vein and its potential implications for contrast appearance on imaging studies is clinically important. Radiologists should have a working knowledge of the different appearances of azygos arch valves to minimize the risks of confusing normal variations with thoracic pathology. Though not commonly described in anatomy texts, the findings of this research not only add more detail to the historical cadaveric study information on azygos vein valves, but also shows that the prevalence of azygos arch valves surpasses the numbers reported in clinical studies. As such, it provides support for the inclusion of azygos arch valves in anatomical textbooks and in the teaching of image interpretation.

Identification of optimal number and location of isolation valves in an urban water distribution network

Abstract Urban water distribution networks (UWDNs) are critical infrastructures that provide essential services in an urban setting. Such infrastructures are subject to frequent breakdowns, disrupting services to downstream users. Installation of isolation valves (IVs) at strategic locations can reduce such adverse impacts by isolating small segments of the network and expediting repairs, which in turn contribute to water conservation and leak control. However, determining the optimal number of IVs and their placement is a disturbing question for the researchers. This study proposes a methodology to assess the optimal number of IVs in a UWDN and identify their placement in the best of the worst possible scenarios. Based on the network topology and the associated IV costs, it identifies the optimal numbers and their places to minimize the maximum undeliverable demand. The methodology is illustrated with the help of a small water distribution network. Thereafter, the proposed methodology is applied to a real-type UWDN. The results indicate that the optimal number of IVs for the case study is 10, which should be placed at strategic locations to reduce the maximum undeliverable demand to 18% of the total demand.

Optimal parameters of protection devices for controlling hydraulic transient using genetic algorithms

Abstract Air valves and pressure vessels are among the most important protection devices used to protect the main pumping lines due to their reliability in controlling transient pressures. The proper and rational design of the water hammer protection devices ensures high efficiency in controlling the values of transient pressures in addition to achieving acceptable cost. For this purpose, the genetic algorithm approach was adopted in the process of selecting the optimal parameters for both pressure vessels (size and orifice diameter) and air valves (orifice diameter of inlet and outlet, discharge coefficients of inlet and outlet) in addition to determining the type and location of the air valve. The performance of the proposed protection devices was verified by comparing three objective equations: (1) minimizing the cost of protection devices, (2) minimizing the difference between the maximum and minimum pressure, and (3) minimizing the difference between the maximum and minimum pressure with a specific constraint on the budget of protection devices. The study results showed that selecting the optimal design parameters for pressure vessels and air valves helps control the cost of protection devices and transient pressure values.

Temperature reduction of an HTS transformer under short circuit fault by modifying the cryostat structure: Impact of Perlator and valve location

High Temperature Superconducting (HTS) transformers are one of the potential technologies for power systems connected to offshore wind farms and stand-alone and bulk power grids. In such systems, proper fault performance of any electric device including HTS transformer is a vital factor to ensure a safe, and reliable delivery of electric power as well as power quality in electric grid. Short circuits can increase the risk of developing hot spots in superconducting tapes and as a consequence burning the windings in severe fault current cases. One important way to limit the temperature increase of the superconducting winding during short circuit is to increase the heat transfer of the liquid nitrogen (LN2) during fault. In this paper, the impact of increasing the turbulence of the inlet fluid on the Hot Spot Point (HSP) temperature of superconducting windings of a 120 kVA HTS transformer was investigated during a short circuit fault. To increase turbulence and consequently, heat transfer, a device known as Perlator was used. Then, the impact of the Perlator structure and the location and angle of inlet valves were investigated on the HSP temperature of an HTS transformer, under 65 K and 77 K operating temperatures. The results indicated that by using a Perlator and adjusting valve number and location in the cryostat structure, the HSP temperature of the HTS transformer under the fault current was significantly reduced by about 46.2 K which can be vital to save the transformer from failure.

A133 MARGIN THERMAL ABLATION WITH SNARE-TIP SOFT COAGULATION EFFECTIVELY MITIGATES RECURRENCE AFTER ENDOSCOPIC MUCOSAL RESECTION OF LARGE NON-PEDUNCULATED COLORECTAL POLYPS

Abstract Background Recurrence following endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) historically occurs in approximately 15-20% of large (≥20 mm) non-pedunculated colorectal polyps (LNPCPs). Margin thermal ablation with snare-tip soft coagulation (STSC) of the post-EMR defect is an evidence-based modality to mitigate recurrence. However, international validation of margin thermal ablation outcomes is needed. Aims To evaluate the frequencies of endoscopic and histologic recurrence following margin thermal ablation with STSC for LNPCPs managed by EMR. Methods Consecutive patients ampersand:003E 18 years of age who underwent endoscopic resection for a LNPCP were enrolled in a prospective single center observation cohort study (clinicaltrials.gov ID: NCT05402696). Of those lesions which underwent successful EMR, margin STSC was applied systematically aiming to create at least a 2-3mm rim of completed ablated tissue (complete whitening). Recurrence was evaluated both endoscopically, using a standardized protocol for the post-EMR scar, and histologically. Results From 06/2022-09/2023, 335 LNPCPs were endoscopically resected, including 209 by EMR. Following successful EMR, 182 (87.1%) underwent margin STSC. Of these lesions, 49 LNPCPs in 46 patients were assessed at first surveillance colonoscopy. Margin STSC was complete for 44 (89.8%) lesions and incomplete for 5 (10.2%) due to difficult angulation/positioning (n=3) and ileocecal valve location (n=2). Median interval to first surveillance colonoscopy was 6 (IQR 6-7) months. There was no evidence of recurrence noted on endoscopy. Biopsy was performed in 44 (89.8%) with no evidence of histologic recurrence. Conclusions Thermal ablation of the defect margin with STSC effectively negates recurrence and should be considered standard of care following EMR. Funding Agencies None

A Laboratory Investigation on the Effects of Intermittent Water Supply and Remedial Measures

AbstractThe intermittent water supply (IWS) of water distribution systems is a common practice caused by the imbalance between available water resources and customers' demands. Transition to the continuous water supply (CWS) is desirable to reduce quality, equity distribution, and pipe integrity issues but is often practically unachievable in the short or medium term. The World Bank funded a laboratory activity at the Water Engineering laboratory of the University of Perugia, Italy, to investigate how remedies can be introduced to mitigate the impacts of IWS and preserve pipe integrity, facilitating the transition from IWS to CWS. The results of the tests with different feeding conditions, downstream outflows, and air valve dimensions and locations are described and discussed in this paper, culminating in typical interventions that can be implemented to reduce, if not completely eliminate, the undesirable consequences.

Mitral valvuloplasty using real-time three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography.

This study aimed to investigate the structure of the mitral valve in patients undergoing mitral valvuloplasty (MVP) using real-time three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography (RT-3D-TEE). The main objective was to study the relationship between intraoperative annuloplasty ring size and mitral valve structure dimensions, with a focus on exploring the application value of RT-3D-TEE in MVP. A total of 28 patients with degenerative mitral regurgitation (DMR), who underwent MVP between February and September 2022, as well as 12 normal control cases, were enrolled in this study. The MV annulus and leaflets were quantitatively analyzed using MVN software. The DMR group exhibited significantly greater dimensions in various parameters of the mitral valve, including the anterolateral-to-posteromedial diameter (DAlPm ), anterior-to-posterior diameter (DAP ), annulus height (HA ), three-dimensional annulus circumference (CA3D ), two-dimensional annulus area (AA2D ), anterior leaflet area (Aant ), posterior leaflet area (Apost ), anterior leaflet length (Lant ), posterior leaflet length (Lpost ), and tenting volume (Vtent ) compared to the control group. Real-time three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography provides valuable insights into the morphological structure of the mitral valve and lesion location. It can aid in surgical decision-making, validate the success of MVP, and potentially reduce mortality and complications associated with mitral valve repair procedures.

ИНТЕРЕСНАЯ НАХОДКА ЦЕНТРИЧЕСКОЙ ДИАТОМОВОЙ ВОДОРОСЛИ PANTOCSEKIELLA COMENSIS (BACILLARIOPHYTA) В ВОДОЕМАХ СРЕДНЕГО И ЮЖНОГО УРАЛА

The study of phytoplankton in the lakes of the Middle and Southern Urals (Arakul, Elovoe and Bolshie Kasli) using scanning electron microscopy made it possible to detect a small-sized species of diatoms Pantocsekiella comensis that is new for this region. The study of phytoplankton of the lakes of the Middle and Southern Urals (Arakul, Elovoe and Bolshie Kasli) using scanning electron microscopy made it possible to detect a small-sized species of diatoms Pantocsekiella comensis that is new to this region. The study of its morphology in a population from Lake Elovoe showed a coincidence of quantitative (valve diameter, the number of striae in 10 µm, the number of central fultoportulae, the frequency of marginal fultoportulae, the number of lacunae on the valve) and qualitative (valve relief, the presence and location of granules on the valve, the location of lacunae, the orientation of the slit of the rimoportula) features with those of the diagnosis of the species and literature data.

Erosion wear characterisation of an open Ductile Iron butterfly valve subjected to Aluminium Oxide particle slurry flow

This study attempts to identify the most erosion-sensitive valve locations due to aluminium oxide particle impingement under various pressure drops and valve closing angles, utilising the Ansys discrete phase model (DPM). Additionally, this research explores the feasibility of integrating laser scanning technology into the fields of tribology and particle erosion analysis. The results indicate higher erosion damage on the top valve surface due to the direct effects of particle velocity and impingement angles compared to the underside of the valve, where particle trajectories are highly affected by turbulence. Moreover, smaller closing angles proved to be detrimental to valve service life, due to accelerated wear at both the leading and trailing edges, which are identified as the most vulnerable locations.

Risk factors for coronary artery complications after prosthetic pulmonary valve implantation in congenital heart diseases

Abstract Background The incidence and risk factors for coronary artery complications in patients who underwent pulmonary valve replacement or valved conduit interposition for congenital heart diseases were unknown. Purpose This study was an extension of the previous study† to investigate the incidence and risk factors of coronary artery complications among patients who underwent prosthetic pulmonary valve implantation. Methods Retrospective cohort study was performed for the patients who underwent cardiac CT or invasive coronary angiography after the prosthetic pulmonary valve implantation at the tertiary referral hospital from June 1986 to May 2021. The rotation angle of the aorta and angles of both coronary artery orifices were measured on a Picture Archiving and Communication System (Figure 1). The Cox regression analysis was used to identify variables predicting the occurrence of coronary artery complications. Survival rates were assessed by Kaplan-Meier analysis. Results Coronary artery complications were identified in 25 patients among the 341 patients (7.3%), and two of them died. The median age at diagnosis of coronary artery complications was 20 years (interquartile range: 12.5-25 years). The coronary artery complication-free survival rate was predicted to be 97.3% at 5 years, 92.5% at 10 years, 85.5% at 20 years, and 61.1% at 30 years. The risk of cardiac death was 1.865 times higher [95% CI: 0.403, 8.628] in patients with coronary artery complications than in those without it; nevertheless, the difference was not statistically significant (p-value = 0.425). Among the patients with coronary artery complications, congenital coronary anomalies were identified in 11 (44 %), interarterial course of coronary artery in 18 (72 %), and intramural course in 4 patients (16%). Interarterial course and intramural course of the coronary artery were associated with a 4.4 and 10.6-fold increased risk of coronary artery complications, respectively. When subgroup analysis was performed in patients with tetralogy of Fallot and pulmonary atresia, the aortic root rotated more clockwise in patients with coronary artery compression than in patients without it (128.0°± 19.9° versus 113.5°± 23.7°, p-value = 0.024). The cut-off value of the rotation angle to predict the occurrence of coronary artery compression was 133˚ (Figure 2). Conclusion Preoperative and postoperative long-term coronary assessment should be performed in patients with conotruncal anomalies undergoing prosthetic pulmonary valve implantation, especially in those with abnormal courses of coronary arteries or severe rotation of aortic root. The rotation angle of aorta could be measured on cardiac CT angiography prior to surgery, and the location of the prosthetic valve or conduit should be carefully determined.Measurement of anglesKaplan-Meier curves

Exploring the Sensitivity of the Transient Response following Power Failure to Air Valve and Pipeline Characteristics

Air valves are protective devices often used in pressurised water pipelines, ideally admitting air to limit sub-atmospheric pressures and controlling the release of entrapped air. This work summarises a comprehensive sensitivity analysis of the transient behaviour in a rising water pipeline with an air valve following a pump trip. The paper examines the water hammer stages associated with a pump trip, namely, the initial depressurisation, followed by air admission, then air expulsion, and finally the creation of a secondary pressure wave. For each air valve location and specific set of design conditions, the relationship between the transient magnitude and air valve outflow capacity is found to be non-linear, but to roughly follow the shape of a logistic curve having a lower left plateau for attenuated (type 1) behaviour and transitioning through type 2 behaviour to a higher right plateau for water-hammer-dominated (type 3) behaviour. Through an extensive set of simulations covering a wide range of conditions, the study identifies the size of the critical outflow orifices associated with both type 1 and type 3 responses and assesses the influence of the location of the air valve on the transient magnitude and on the timing of air pocket collapse. Furthermore, the paper highlights that a non-slam air valve is capable of effectively mitigating transient magnitudes provided that its design parameters are judiciously chosen and account for both the system’s attributes and the characteristics of the transient event.

In vitro bench testing using patient-specific 3D models for percutaneous pulmonary valve implantation with Venus P-valve.

Due to the wide variety of morphology, size, and dynamics, selecting an optimal valve size and location poses great difficulty in percutaneous pulmonary valve implantation (PPVI). This study aimed to report our experience with in vitro bench testing using patient-specific three-dimensional (3D)-printed models for planning PPVI with the Venus P-valve. Patient-specific 3D soft models were generated using PolyJet printing with a compliant synthetic material in 15 patients scheduled to undergo PPVI between July 2018 and July 2020 in Central China Fuwai Hospital of Zhengzhou University. 3D model bench testing altered treatment strategy in all patients (100%). One patient was referred for surgery because testing revealed that even the largest Venus P-valve would not anchor properly. In the remaining 14 patients, valve size and/or implantation location was altered to avoid valve migration and/or compression coronary artery. In four patients, it was decided to change the point anchoring because of inverted cone-shaped right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) ( n = 2) or risk of compression coronary artery ( n = 2). Concerning sizing, we found that an oversize of 2-5 mm suffices. Anchoring of the valve was dictated by the flaring of the in- and outflow portion in the pulmonary artery. PPVI was successful in all 14 patients (absence of valve migration, no coronary compression, and none-to-mild residual pulmonary regurgitation [PR]). The diameter of the Venus P-valve in the 3D simulation group was significantly smaller than that of the conventional planning group (36 [2] vs. 32 [4], Z = -3.77, P <0.001). In vitro testing indicated no need to oversize the Venus P-valve to the degree recommended by the balloon-sizing technique, as 2-5 mm sufficed.

Optimal Segmentation Approach for Reducing Water Outage Damage Considering Urbanization in Water Distribution Systems

Damage due to abnormal conditions in water distribution systems is attributable to direct causes, such as facility deterioration, as well as indirect causes, including inadequate management, natural disasters, and negligence of a manager. Such damage can be prevented from being spread by closing a shut-off valve to isolate the incident area, although additional damage may occur in the area isolated by the control valve due to water outage, thus requiring a structural solution. Therefore, this study proposed an optimal segment division technique that minimizes the damage due to water outage occurring in the isolated area by installing a shut-off valve at an appropriate location through an optimal valve location determination model designed based on various urban development scenarios. The proposed technique was applied to a benchmark network and J-city network in Korea for performance verification. This technique can be used to select the number of installable valves and find the optimal valve locations according to the urban development scenario.

Optimization of design variables and control rules in field development under uncertainty: A case of intelligent wells and CO2 water alternating gas injection

This paper focuses on life-cycle optimization of oil field development plan under uncertainty. The optimization problem included a wide range of design variables and control rules related to wells and platform in a realistic benchmark case (UNISIM–II–D) with a known ground truth reservoir model, UNISIM–II–R, that resembles Brazilian pre-salt fractured carbonate reservoirs in their early development stage. The design variables were the number and location of wells, the fluid processing capacity of the platform, and the location of internal control valves (ICVs), whereas the control rules were the setting of ICVs, production and injection rates, and the duration of the water-alternating-gas (WAG-CO2) cycle. An iterative sequential optimization framework was developed to deal with the massive search space and complex parameterization. The optimization further took into consideration the subsurface, operational and economic uncertainties, and used iterative discrete Latin hypercube method as the search algorithm. The robust optimization was carried out on a subset of representative models derived from the reduction of a large ensemble of data-assimilated models. As a low-fidelity representation of the compositional fluid model, a black-oil model was used to reduce simulation runtime. To validate our optimization framework, we applied the optimal development strategy to the ensemble of compositional simulation models, as well as the ground truth model. The true model's responses were within the ranges predicted by the compositional ensemble, confirming the optimization framework's reliability. The general methodology developed in this study, as well as our findings, can be used to optimize other similar real-world complex and high-risk field development projects, and are especially useful in closed-loop field development and management practices.

IAQ in CCU units: an experimental and numerical investigation based on the outlet air height (case study: Namazi Hospital, Shiraz)

Indoor air quality (IAQ) is a significant concern that affects our health. Recent studies show how poor IAQ amplifies the effects of airborne viruses, which endanger the health of the population relative to the COVID-19. This study aims to find the relationship among IAQ, the location of the air outlet valve and the behavior of the IAQ indicators in the cardiac care unit (CCU) at Namazi Hospital, Shiraz, Iran. In this context, the condition of the air outlet valve can play an important part in preparing a better IAQ. To test the hypothesis, articles based on IAQ guidelines have been studied. Also, certain emissions (CO2, CO, PM2.5 and PM10) have been measured, and the relationship between IAQ, the location of the air outlet valve and the behavior of these emissions in the patient’s room at Namazi Hospital. This room has been analyzed using computational fluid dynamics for the prediction of the specification of incoming air flow particles. Also, a Eulerian–Lagrangian model was used. In constant, the turbulence model (realizable k – ԑ) and discrete particle model were employed. The results show that when the outlet valve is placed on the wall at 20 cm, it decreased particle deposition in the room, and as a result, IAQ will be improved and at the same time, the chances of transmitting infectious diseases will be reduced. It is also indicated that a higher amount of particle deposition fraction (ca. 0.71) obtains when the outlet valve is located on the top of the wall.